Ariā kirimana i roto i te economics pütahitanga: te mauri, te mau parau tumu

puta kirimana ariā i roto i te 70. Ko reira ka e te ao economists whai ingoa kua timata ki te rapu hoki, ki te poapoa hou te mahi tōtika i roto i te mākete noa.

mohiotia Little ki te ariā kirimana tūmatanui whānui kua ngā aro ao i muri i ona pūtaiao tūhura riro Oliver Hart me Bengt Holmstrem te Nobel i roto i te ohaoha mō te 2016. Tenei whakapae kua tino pāngia maha ngā wāhi e pā ana. horahia Ko tōna mana ki te ōhanga tōrangapū hou, me te ariā o te pūtea rangatōpū.

ngakau

Theory o kirimana e whakamahia ana ki te whakatau i te utu tika o kaimahi. Ko tōna tono he ao. Ko te rite e tika ana mō ngā pakihi ki te kaimahi ohie ki wahi-auau utu pūmau ranei, me ngā take ki te mahi nui-te aufauraa i o runga kaiwhakahaere me whakahaere rangatōpū o rerekē (ko ratou kaupapa utu nui atu uaua) te ariā. Mā te whakamahi i te tikanga e whakaaturia ana i te taha o pūtaiao, me te ārahi economists o te ao, ka taea e tatou te whakatau i te ara tino tika ana ki ngā taha e rua o te utu. whakaaro ratou te whiriwhiri tika i waenganui i te mōhio i roto i te puka o te moni, hea hinonga kōwhiringa ranei mo te tika ki te hoko a ratou.

Fundamentals o te ariā o kirimana e taea e whai hua i roto i ture te ōhanga. Hoki te rangahau i roto i te mara o te Nobel i roto i 2014 ko Zhan Tirol. Ko tētahi atu wāhi nui o te tono - kāwanatanga rangatōpū me te pūtea rangatōpū. Hoki ratou ako haere ki te whakamahi o tauira ti'amâraa.

Ano, he pātata ki te ariā mākete kirimana ariā. Ko tino rite enei wāhi o te ōhanga mōhiohio me te whai maha ngā āhuatanga noa. I teie mahana, te whanaketanga o te mākete ārahi mahi economists tairanga. I roto i to ratou mahi whakamahi ratou tikanga whakawhanakehia tae atu i te ariā o kirimana. Tika hanga mākete he pai i runga i te whakahau o te nui nui atu i te hui rite, ki te he te reira ki te whakarite i te tikanga slipshod.

Papā i mahi

E heke tumu matua o te ariā o kirimana, tauira me ngā whāinga o te ako ki te hanga o rarahi, pēnei i te tauira o "pononga-Head" "māngai-tino" ranei. fehangahangai reira e rua mata. E rua o ratou ake hiahia me ngā ngākau nuitanga. whakaaro kirimana ariā he āhuatanga i roto i nei i reira e meinga e ratou whāinga rerekē me ngā mahi o te pakanga Mezhuyev pai, me te kaimahi.

E kore e te tautohe tikanga e hiahia ana tetahi rōpū ki te kino ia i te tahi atu. He wāhi mō te pakanga me te mo te tahi-mahi. Ko te āhuatanga matua o te ariā o kirimana pānga te āhuatanga rite taua, ina hiahia te rangatira ki te kaimahi ona mahi nui, a kahore e nui haere tona utu. I te kaimahi taa e ātete hiahia. Ki te he Mēnā i pēnei, puta te tino matawaenga: he aha manawarü ki tavini mo ana mahi i roto i te ngākau nuitanga o te kaituku mahi? Ko te ngako o te ariā kirimana ko ki te tātari me te whakarato i ngā kōwhiringa ki te whakatau i taua pakanga.

Ko te mau parau tumu o te ariā

Ko tētahi otinga mō te upoko kia he kōwhiringa ina hokona e ia tona kaupapa tuarua, ko te kupu whakarite i te karapu hou. utu te kaihoko te nui tetahi, me te riro he penihana, timata i te kau whiwhi utu me hua katoa. titiro huatau, me te whai hua i roto i te ariā tenei otinga. Heoi, e whai i te reira drawbacks, tae atu ariā. arata'i tenei āhuatanga ki te meka e te inihua i te tino ki te tūponotanga ka taea, me te pononga, i runga i te anga ke, e ratou katoa e koe.

Na reira, e kore e taea e te otinga taua mahi. Na te mea ko e te kaha ki te tango i te tūpono he āhuatanga tika hoki te rangatira, kaua ki te kaiwhakahaere. Kirimana ariā, i roto i te poto te oti rawa, ki te tika te huru taua. Hei mahi i roto i te reira, whakaaro pūtaiao me te whakaaro i ngā wā rerekē e rave rahi rongoā waitara i roto i te āhuatanga o te pakanga o te moni.

E kore e whatiia te reira i te te pēnei ka me te whakahaere i runga i nga ope kaimahi. I roto i tenei take e faahepo i te rangatira, ka hopukia atu ia ki te mahi anake e e hāngai ana ki te taonga o ngā ngākau nuitanga o te kaituku mahi. He faahoho'araa o te hononga taua e taea e te hītori rau tau-tawhito o te ōhanga i raro i te pūnaha o te faaohiparaa. I roto i te vairaa mau, maha mahi te pononga hou anake i runga i tou ake, e kua he pānga nui i runga i te hua.

āhuatanga utu

Kotahi ariā, e tuku ariā kirimana i roto i te economics pütahitanga - ko te ture tauwehe tauanga rawaka. No te reira ki te kua whakahuatia Nobel Bengt Holmstremu. whakarato ana tēnei ture tauwehe te otinga ki te pakanga i roto i te tauira "pai-kaimahi". He aha te mea te reira? Holmstrem whakaaro a tātarihia i roto i taipitopito te āhuatanga i roto i nei te matenga o tohu ine, whakamōhio ia o nga hua o te kaimahi. Tei te reira i runga i a ratou i te utu tūmanakohia whiu ranei.

haere mai Holmstrem ki te mutunga e kia mutu i te rangatira ki te whakaaro i te āhuatanga e kore e ki te aroha o tona kaimahi e. Tangohia te kore rongoā waihanga tūponotanga faufaa a anake whakaware mahi ki te whakaongaonga i kaimahi. I te wa ano ki te matenga o te hiahia arotahi ki runga i te toenga o te kōrero e wātea ana e pā ana ki te whai huatanga o te kaha kaimahi.

poapoa māmā

e kore e maha āhuatanga pai i te tauira matarohia. He tauira o tenei e taea te mahi kia rite ki te take i roto i i tukua te pononga ki te maha mahi, a ko reira e tika ana ki te tono i te momo o tautooraa. Hei tauira, e te kaimahi tiaki o te mīhini, te tango i tiaki o tona haumaru, tāpiri ki te hinu, me te i te wa ano tetea reira i runga i etahi kōrero. Ahakoa, ki te te utu mo te taua mahi he piecework, taea arahi reira ki etahi raruraru. Ko te mau parau tumu o te ariā ohaoha e hāngai ana o ngā kirimana e i runga i te hiahia ki te karo taua whanaketanga. Tauira o te whakatau he - he manawarū ohie, me te kaha e ka faauru i te kaimahi ki te mahi pakeke a kia wareware ia ia e pā ana ki ētahi atu hono ngaahi fatongia (tokanga tupato ki te mīhini e ka whati, ki te kore koe e tiaki o reira) i te wa ano.

tautooraa multidimensional e mahi wehe ki tūponotanga atu mo te rangatira tonu. Hanga hoki tenei take kaupapa manawarü tango e ki pūkete nga āhuatanga takitahi katoa o te āhuatanga. Whakangāwaritanga - Ko te tahi mea ki i nga whawhai te ariā o kirimana tenei. Poto e taea te tuhituhia iho e te hi'oraa o te kaiako. Ki te rapu utu hua whakamātautau motuhake te kaiako i roto i te kura, ia e "hopu ake" tamariki i runga i te hua, wareware te mea tino nui - i roto i te meka, e pā ana ki te matauranga. I roto i te mahanga taua kia ara tiki ngaio taukei, ki te e hoatu e ratou te kino, poapoa whanoke. Ratou ākonga kore te mutunga i te tiki i te pūkenga matua, tae atu te hunga e kore e waia ki te whakaaro arohaehae me te takitahi ki te matau i te tumu parau.

Ko tētahi atu tauira o te pakanga - i te rōpū kaupapa katoa, i te mea mārama mana tohaina me te kawenga o ngā kaimahi. E faaiteraa te reira e kore e taea e te upoko te aromatawai i te whai takitahi ki te hua o ia o tona kaimahi. Ko te taua pakanga e ako economists, tona rangahau hāngai ana ki te ariā o ngā kirimana. Ara ki te whakatau i ngā papā - e e rapu mō ēnei ngaio. feinga ratou ki te kitea te wāhi i ai nga ngākau nuitanga, me te e whakawhiti i te rangatira, me te kaimahi.

kirimana tūhonohono

A, no te mahi koe i te tahi mau momo o te mahi te tūranga rawa nui takaro e te huarahi o te ingoa. Ko tōna tino ako me Hart Holmstrem. Ko te ariā o kirimana i roto i taua āhuatanga, kei te ako kirimana tūhonohono. whakatika ratou ka mahi tahi te matenga o te pononga, me mo rawa he wa roa. Ko te atu wheako o ngā whai hua, te atu e mauruuru ratou ratou mahi. He he he whakawhirinaki. I roto i tenei take, iti tupono e ka mahi te iwi i runga i to ratou ake ngākau nuitanga anake, engari ka arata'ihia e te hiahia ko o painga tahi. Hei tauira, ka hei te rangatira ohaoha ki mōhio, a kahore he wehi o kaupapa meá te pononga.

Rawa nui ko te take ingoa, no te kore ngā te aromatawai whāinga o te hua. kia waiho te reira i te pikitia o te kaitoi atu ahanoa o te mahi auaha ranei. I roto i taua āhuatanga, i reira he maha he rōpū tuatoru, e taea e whakatau i te tautohe. Hei whakatau i te mea tika te pikitia, ka taea e anake te kiritaki e haere mai o ratou ake, pea kahore tetahi whakaaro marama e pā ana ki te toi. Here, he kahakore te marae, engari ka taea e te āwhina i te ariā o kirimana. E ako ana te tikanga pütahitanga mo te ingoa o te ōhanga i ngā taha.

kirimana Part-wā

I roto i, te tahi atu mea kirimana ariā Oliver Hart, hoki i riro ia te Nobel, whakatapua ki te kaupapa o kirimana oti. Ko tōna ngako whewhe ki raro ki te tuhinga whakapae e he matatini rawa me te kanorau ki te whakaaetanga taketake i waenganui i nga rōpū ora, i taea e whakarato i tetahi huru i möhio. Ko Ko te aha te tukanga, ka whiriwhiri kē whai wāhi i roto i te ahunga whakamua. Taua kōrero tukua ki te whakatau i ngā raruraru hou, me wero puta i te kaimahi, me te pai. whakakiia ratou nga āputa e te taniwha, tupu i runga i te wā i roto i te kirimana tuatahi.

He nui atu taipitopito. Ko wai e te tika ki te hanga whakatau me te whai pānga i runga i te whiriwhiringa? Pera i te matara o te rōpū e hiahia i roto i te mahi tahi atu, i roto i te noa'tu o te raruraru tūpono? oti rawa katoa o tenei te ki te ariā o kirimana Oliver Hart. awe ia maha kaupapa e pā ana. pa whakaaro o Hart ki runga ki te ariā o te pūtea rangatōpū me ariā o ngā rōpū. Ana rongoā whakaarohia e whakamahia e maha kaipakihi me kaihokohoko. Ko te ariā o te pūtaiao, kua roa i mahi pūtea me te whakariterite, o te whakapaipai o kamupene tūmatanui. Ki te tona awhina whakatau i te akoranga o te whakahaerenga kaihau o kaipakihi kaihau, me hinonga.

Ko te ariā o kirimana oti i tono kua i roto i te tautohetohe e pā ana ki te tohatoha ōhanga i waenganui i nga rāngai tūmatanui, me te tūmataiti. āwangawanga tēnei kōrero te whakarau o ngā rōpū whakarato ratonga maimoatanga me te mātauranga. Me waiho ratou kāwanatanga ranei noho wahi o te mākete noa? Ko te ariā o kirimana kāore i roto i tenei take pānga te taua hihiri katoa o kaiwhakahaere. Hei tauira, ki te te kaiwhakahaere e utua ana e te kāwanatanga, ka ko reira iti manawarü ki te haumi, rite te State ai, te tikanga e kore e utu i ana tautooraa i roto i te heriheri tūmataiti. I roto i te mākete whakataetae ki te rota o kamupene tūmataiti ko tino rerekē. I roto i taua mau huru, rapu nga kaituku mahi ki te hanga i roto i to ratou hanga whakaratonga o ratonga ranei he tahi mea hou ki te mau hoariri. Na reira, i te kamupene e utu kaiwhakahaere mo te kaupapa me te auahatanga i he pono ki te riro wahi o te kirimana.

Poapoa me hinengaro

Āpiti atu ki te ariā o kirimana, mai te 80, kua tipu ohaoha whanonga. I roto i tona anga, ako tatou te whanonga o te iwi ki te whakaawe-whakatau kaupapa, me te hihiri o ngā kaimahi. Kei te pā hāngai tenei katoa ki te ariā o ngā kirimana. E rave rahi o te mau mana'o i kua āhua ona mau marôraa taketake, unu tika i ohaoha whanonga.

kia huaina ai tētahi tauira o taua te tarahuraa te whakaaro e kore e ue'i iwi kia nui i te āhua o te utu rauemi rite te tikanga o te pai tūmatanui i roto i to ratou mara, whakawa, a na i runga i. D. I roto i te rangahau i roto i tenei rohe i whakawhiwhia te Nobel i Economics (2016). Kirimana ariā rawa tere whakawhanake i roto i tenei aronga i roto i te 10-15 tau whakamutunga. I roto i tenei wā, i reira ko tetahi rota o te mahi nui kei roto i te tātaritanga o te hihiri tūturu o kaiwhakahaere i runga i te whanaungatanga ki ētahi atu. E tono ēnei whakaaro ki te aronui tauira pai-whakapumautia o kirimana ariā e whakatika te pūtaiao pātai hou tuwhera ki te kia whakahoki.

Na roto i te ariā o kirimana i roto i te ohaoha whakaurua te ariā o tikanga pāpori me tuakiri. Ka taea te takina ratou āhuatanga o te pāpori me te hinengaro. No te mea o tenei ki te ariā o kirimana he tohunga i roto i ngā mara pūtaiao. whakahere ratou tikanga kē o te hihiri o kaiwhakahaere, i roto i nei whakanohoia aro i runga i to ratou tikanga o te tuakiri me te toi whenua (hei tauira, ki te tetahi rōpū pāpori).

Utu me te hua

I roto i te 1979 Bengt Holmstrem i tetahi o ona mau papai, te whakatakoto ahau tetahi o nga parau tumu o te kirimana tino arotau. Tümanako, kia herea ai utu ki te hua o te mahi o kaiwhakahaere. Hei tauira, ki te he kawenga mō te utu kararehe te kaiwhakahaere, ka kia iti tona utu, ki te e hinga i te auau utu. Heoi, parekura pūtea i te whai wāhi ki te tupu i roto i tetahi he ona, o te kaihoko. huru no rapae (hei tauira, mākete tikanga) kia wawao. Kirimana ariā tuku rongoā rerekē o tenei totohe. Hei tauira, e taea te whakaritea hoki te utu o te kaiwhakahaere o te runga ake i rite ki nga moni o te whakataetae kamupene. Ki te whakatika i te hea i te take tuatoru-rōpū e pā te ahumahi katoa, e te mea kahore he ratonga kaihoko, a ka whakatairanga i te reira noa hoki tetahi mea.

Kei te maha te hononga i waenganui i te mahi o kaiwhakahaere, me te mahi o te kamupene mio'i e āhuatanga maha. Ko te atu o enei huru, kia whakawhirinaki iti te whakahaere moni i runga i te mahi i te kamupene o. whakaaro Motuhaketia kirimana ariā wāhi ki mōrea tiketike. kia waiho he wāhi hou mō te haumi tenei. whai wāhi i roto i te rohe pononga te kaha, pai hanga reira he utu i whakaritea. I roto i tenei take, ka te mārika i heke wiri (ahakoa o te mauritau pöuri ranei) tūponotanga o te tukinga i waenganui i te kaimahi me te kaituku mahi.

poapoa taurite

Ka taea e Kaimahi hihiri e kore teitei anake utu, engari ano hoki te 'amanaki o tupu mahi. Ko te kaituhi o te ariā o kirimana arotakengia i taipitopito te pāhekoheko o enei āhuatanga noa'i e rua. I roto i te tikanga mākete whakataetae, me whakahere te kamupene kaimahi utu teitei, te kore e haere ratou ki o koutou whakataetae. He ona ake o näianei tö tenei pūnaha. Hei tauira, i reira he he fakatu'utāmaki e ka te kaimahi hou kia mahi pakeke rawa, i ngā tohunga i runga i te taahiraa runga o te arawhata umanga, i runga i te anga ke, timata ki te ape ratou kawenga, rite ratou tono i te tikanga makona.

I roto i tenei horopaki, te tauira kua ona AtAKi utu whakaritea. Kua hua kē matou te tauira o te kaiako, e titau mahi nui o ngā ākonga i roto i ngā whakamātautau. Peheé tūmanako arahi ki distortions me arotahi i runga i etahi kaupapa raruraru ranei. Ki te ka whakaritea te utu, ahakoa o nga tohu mahi, ka ke mafamafatatau te tohatoha o tautooraa i waenganui i nga mahi.

Āhuatanga ariā

Katia aronga o te kirimana ariā ko te economics o ngā mōhiohio. Rangahau i roto i ēnei wāhanga e tonu ki te tino tata. Tae noa te tahi tau ahuru matahiti i ma'iri a'e, e kore e ara nga economists tino nui, me te whare tairanga whakarongo ki te whakautu o te iwi ki akiaki rerekē, me te hanga o te poapoa hoki whanonga e te mea tino pai mo te whakaaro ngā. Kua nui haere Interest i roto i taua tītohunga i roto i 70 tau.

timata te faaitoitoraa ōhanga tuatahi ki te ako Dzheyms Mirrlis me Uilyam Vikri. Kua pāngia ēnei ngaio te hanganga o te ariā taake tino pai, e he whanaunga tata ki te ariā o ngā kirimana. Books Mirrlees ko Vickrey i kō atu e mahi o taua pūtaiao tairanga rite Zhan Tirol, Eric Maskin, Jean-Zhak Laffon, Rodzher Mayerson. He tokomaha o ratou i whakawhiwhia te Nobel i te ohaoha. Te runga ake Oliver Hart me Bengt Holmstrem no ano hoki ki tenei nga tupuni o kairangahau.

mahi lemmas tonu me theorems ariā kirimana ki ngā ariā waitara me i roto i tenei tikanga, ko te tata rawa ki te pāngarau. I te wa ano whakaaro reira hangaia he tauira rite ki te hihiri tūturu-ora. Kei te whānui nga kitenga, i hanga te ariā o kirimana e whakamahia ana i roto i te mahi. hei pauna i te reira i te pai me ngā raruraru o maha ngā take i tautohetia. He tauira o te tono o te ariā e taea te mahi rite te tautohe e pā ana ki te tika o nga utu tiketike o runga kaiwhakahaere o kamupene Russian, me te ke. Kaua enei kaimahi te ite riro i te taua tohu nui mo to ratou mahi? Kirimana ariā i roto i te mau parau ohie e taea whakahoki tenei pātai, no te mea i roto i tona täoro ki reira e maha tohenga ōhanga.