Hapori kiritaki - he aha te mea te reira?

He aha te mea hapori kiritaki? Ko ratou nga kaiwhakaari ōhanga matua i roto i ētahi ahuwhenua. I hanga e te Kamupene i runga i te pūtake noa. Ko te tikanga ki te tiaki i nga tika, me ngā ngākau nuitanga ōhanga o ona ngā mema - rangatira o hinonga iti me pāmu.

Ko te putanga o ngā rōpū kiritaki

puta te hapori kiritaki tuatahi i roto i Ingarangi i roto i te rau tau wawe XIX. Tuatahi whakaritea e ratou he whakaaro haaputuputuraa taonga. Otiia āta i puta ke te whakaaro, a ka tu ia ki te matenga o nga kaimahi ratou e te kaimahi nei i kitea rangatira o mira, toa me bakeries ratou ranei.

hanga kaimahi he hapori kiritaki i roto i te tikanga ki te whakapai ake i te taumata o to ratou iho oraraa. Roto te whakahaere, ona te mau melo i taea te hoko he o te kounga pai ngā hua iti. Co-operatives ka ake a Bank o People. hoatu ratou loans ki te rawakore. Ki te ki te hapori kiritaki kia whai taonga, ka hoki ratou hea apinganui. Ko te pai o te whakahaere i te nuinga ki te whakapiki ake i te whakapaipai mana, e kawea moni ki ona ngā mema katoa.

Ko te angitu o te mahi tahi

ētahi Ingarangi o te rau tau XIX i hanga he maha o te mau parau tumu e te hunga tūturu i roto i ngā rōpū kiritaki hou, ka e kia whakahuatia i raro. I āhuatanga ratou e share takoha iti, he iti te maha o nga hea mo te melo tata'itahi o te whakahaere, taurite o ngā rangatira katoa o hea rite te pai kia rite ki te kaupapa here utu taua.

Kua arahina e te angitu o te kaupapa ki te meka i roto i te tau 1860 ka timata nga ētahi ki te uru atu uniana. Kei te hoko atu kaha, me te ake mana i roto i te katoa o te ōhanga Pākehā ēnei whakahaere. I te mutunga o te rau tau XIX i roto i te Ao Tahito, i reira i kua e rua miriona ngā mema ngātahi. ka mau te hapori kiritaki International ratou tikanga hinonga fakahā atu e te pāpori International. Kei roto i tēnei kotahi waru-haora mahi ra, tiaki noa hauora me te mātauranga, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te tātaitanga o te penihana whakahauanga ki kaimahi. Kaimahi me peasants koa pehu piri te whakahaere hou, tumanako hoki ratou awhina i roto i te tiaki o ngā tika mahi.

Ko te hapori kiritaki tuatahi i roto i Russia

I te wa ano, kua ako Russia e pā ana ki te mea he hapori kiritaki. Reviews i runga i tenei pūnaha i patai ki te taiao ahuwhenua motu. I te mutunga o te kainga Russian XIX rautau i roto i fifi, ahakoa te whakakāhoretanga tata o serfdom. tonu nga peasants ki te ora i roto i te rawakore. Ko te take hoki tenei āhuatanga ko te auau whanau tiketike i roto i te mau utuafare, me te opurutanga, whenua mana wehewehenga, hua iti, he kore o hoiho me kararehe.

I roto i tenei whakaaro, i roto i 1900 i hanga te piha haapiiraa o kore mahi, te maha o i moni ki pā ana ki 23 miriona te iwi. Na Ko enei iwi ki te taupori mahi. I roto i te whakarara ki tenei pūtea kāwanatanga tipu, i takoto i runga i nga pokohiwi o te peasants kua rawakore.

Ko reira ka pāmu ahuwhenua anake hapori ngātahi ahuwhenua. Farmers ako e pā ana ki te angitu o te mahi tahi i roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru, ka anga ki te whaiaro tuarua-i roto i enei taua hanganga ki te tiaki i ona ngā pānga i roto i te mākete kāinga.

ngā rōpū Kiritaki i roto i te ahuwhenua

whakamatauria te whakahaere papatipu hou o te mahi, me te hokohoko ki te kia watea mo nga peasants, mo te take e hiahia ana te käinga ki te oaoa i te painga e homai hinonga nui, a e kore e mate ano ia i te hononga ki to ratou ake ahuwhenua-tauine iti. Union o Consumer Societies whakarato ona ngā mema ki te whai wāhi.

I mua i te kainga i reira, ko tetahi pūnaha taua o ētahi, ngä ahuwhenua mate ana i te moni whakatupu, me te maha nui o takawaenga faufaa. A, no te tae mai ngahuru, te rerewē kāinga noa e kore i taea e kawe nga taonga katoa hua i roto i te pa. No te mea o tenei, kua tamata iwi ki "overstock" i roto i te mua, te hanga kua hinga nga utu taro kaupeka.

Āta ki te ōhanga kaiahuwhenua i roto i Russia ngaro ona āhuatanga māori, me te tahuri ki te production arumoni. I roto i tenei whakaaro, kua hiahiatia wawe te ōhanga kāinga, he puka hou o te whakahaere o te hokohoko i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua. Puta hapori kiritaki hei te pire rawa roa-tatari, ka atawhai kaimahi i manukanuka faufaa me kaitukino. I mua ki taua, te taro i te aroaro whiwhi koe ki te counter, ka mau i te torutoru ringa o takawaenga. I roto i te pūnaha taua nga kaipupuri whenua i ki te utu i te moni o kaihoko me Kamupane ratou.

Kua i te timatanga o te rau tau XX, kua meinga Russia he rangatira te ao i roto i te maha o taua whakahaere, me te maha o ratou i te mau melo. Ehara i te mea tika tupu ōhanga, reira ko te tino peke. I runga i te mahana o 1917 i roto i te whenua ngāue tata 50 mano ētahi. kaua e nui ake i te 50 ngā kaiuru ia pai-kore hapori kiritaki i roto i te toharite ngā. I roto i te katoa wāhi ki runga ki te 14 miriona iwi i roto i tenei kaupapa ōhanga, me 80% o taua tau, he peasants. Organization o te hapori kiritaki i roto i te kainga ka ora ake ki te kaha ngā i muri i te revolution 1905. I te wa ano i āwhina te whakahou Stolypin, i roto i nei hanga peasants reira māmā ki te waiho i te hapori. tono ratou a ka tono tangata ki a Siberia, i reira tatari ratou mo te whenua untilled. I roto i tenei rohe, ina koa te whakawhanake kiritaki hapori rohe.

Te mahi tahi i roto i te USSR

Whakakahoretia kaupapa ohu Independent i roto i Russia i muri i te Oketopa Revolution, a ka haere mai nga mua ki te mana. I arahina nga Socialists i te parau tumu o "tango katoa, me te faaite." I te taua whakahe i faaite tetahi uniana rohe o ngā rōpū kiritaki, e kore te tikanga i tangohia ki pūkete.

Ko fakamamahi te hua. Kua ngaro Farmers kore anake te mea o te mahi tahi i waenganui i a ratou, engari i mahue hohoro katoa kahore whenua. i ama käinga ki pāmu ngā. Pai ki te mahi tahi ki te mana Soviet whakaatu weropepahia ka waiho i raro ki te tāmitanga. He maha kaipupuri o mua o ngā rōpū kiritaki kitea ratou i roto i te whakarau, i roto i katatānga me ētahi atu rohe tawhiti. whenumi State me rāhuitia tautooraa takawaenga, i tū te ētahi o mua.

hapori kiritaki i roto i te puka o te mua mutu ki te tīariari. Otiia, ka anga etahi o ratou āhuatanga ki te kawe i roto i pāmu tūmataiti o peasants me mahi iwi ngātahi-pāmu. Enei pokepokea ai wehi tukua tahi mua nga peasants ki ora, ahakoa nga fakakehe'i o te ōhanga kāwanatanga whakaritea.

Society kiritaki i roto i te mutunga o te wā Soviet

E te 90 wawe ', ka hinga te Soviet Union, i reira i anake tuhituhia i roto i te anga tino o te kiritaki mahi. Na i reira ko te Central Union tuatahi, a ka Rospotrebsoyuz. E whakahaeretia e te timatanga o ngā rōpū kiritaki hou ēnei rōpū.

I roto i te 1990, 40% o te taupori o te RSFSR mahi i tenei pūnaha. Tuhinga reira o 30 miriona käinga. I roto i nga ra o te matekai, me te kai rārangi ia hapori kiritaki rohe hanga he mahi ōhanga nui mo te whenua katoa. Ko te wahi o te pūnaha kiia hoki te 25% o hoko hokohoko o taonga, preforms potato tata hawhe ähua toru o raupapa huawhenua, me te pera i runga i. D.

I roto i Russia hou

I roto i te 90 tau, te hapori kiritaki Russian haere i roto i te mau taime fifi. ke katoa i muri i te taunoa o 1998, me te hekenga o te RUPO. tukua wewete niches ōhanga tahi-operatives ki te hoki ki te mākete. I teie mahana, i roto i nga rohe o te Russian Federation i reira e 20-25 taua whakahaere. Te nuinga o ratou ngā o ngā rōpū kiritaki ahuwhenua. I roto i tenei take, tata e pai katoa o ratou ahakoa o te momo o ratou mahi ōhanga.

Hoki tenei poi ōhanga nui o te Code Tax. Ko te "kore" tau, i ia he tokomaha o whakatikatika, ki te whakarato i ngā rōpū hua kiritaki, tomo ki te Kaunihera Central o te Russian Federation. Ko tenei hanganga te tinana tuitui matua mo te nuinga o ētahi.

Te reira i whakatau Tsetrosoyuz te opuaraa o tona rāngai ōhanga katoa. Ia tau, hei wāhanga o ona Congresses me hui whakahaere he tautohetohe tūmatanui i runga i te āhua o ki te whakapai ake i te pūnaha o ngā rōpū kiritaki i roto i te ahuwhenua kāinga.

Rawa ngā rōpū kiritaki o tenei ra

E rua Russian me tetahi hapori kiritaki ao ko te hanganga nonprofit. Ko, he whakahaere mahi i roto i te mahi pakihi, engari i te wa te whakaputa hua taua hoki reira e kore ko te tuatahi, me te tāutu i te mahi. hanga he uniana taua kei i runga i te pūtake noa mo te tiaki o te ngākau nuitanga o ona ngā kaipupuri hea. Ko te taputapu matua o te hapori kiritaki ko tona haamaitairaa i roto i te tohatoha o te moni, i riro ona ngā mema. Ko te kupu, i roto i te inihua nga takoha me te whai wāhitanga i roto i te ora ōhanga o te kaipupuri hea ngā tahi e te tahi, me te ratou riro tiakina i te mau hopearaa o te kore mahi.

Ki te rā, te hapori kiritaki ko te puka whai hua te nuinga me te noa o te ahuwhenua ngātahi. Roto reira fakatahai he momo o mahi me ngā āhuatanga. Tuatahi, ko te pūnaha ahurei o whanaunga, i te mea i roto i te haumi tahi o kaipupuri tenei. Tuarua, puta rerekē haere rawa therebetween. Te toru, Ko te hapori kiritaki he taiao nui ki te whakatau i nga hiahia pāpori me te rauemi o nga kaipupuri hea. I tenei kaupapa, ka taea e tatou te mea e nga kaipakihi tuawhenua Russian hou ko nui māmā me te haumaru ki te whakahaere i to ratou mahi i roto i te haumi ki ona hoa tata atu i te mākete anake ki te ite i te ati.

mahi

Ko tētahi o nga mahi matua o te hapori kiritaki ko ki te tiaki i nga tika o kiritaki. kia tono tangata ki taua whakahaere mo ratou tautoko i roto i te puka o te tohutohu ture. Ka taea e Mataotao whakahaere he whakamātautau motuhake o te kounga o taonga pāhekeheke. Lawyers tātari tuhinga me ngā kirimana o te hoko, rite ratou e taea te tohu o ratou kiritaki i roto i te kōti. whakakitea ana tēnei te whakaaro pāpori nui o taua sotaiete.

Ko te mahi o te whakahaere taua regulates te tūtohinga o te hapori kiritaki, i hanga nei i te hui whānui o te feia tei mau o hea. tautuhi ana tēnei tuhinga i te mau ohipa, me tika o ngā mema o te whakahaere. whai e kaipupuri i te tika maitai ia te hoko me te hoko o taonga, me mo te ratonga e kua whakaratohia e te whakahaere. E āwhina to'na mau melo i roto i te whakahaere o ngā pāmu āpiti, me te hoko o ratou hua. whakawhetai hapori kiritaki ki tona kanorau nui o hua. wehea te nuinga o tenei moni i roto i te whai pānga. Kua pau te toe pūtea i runga i te whanaketanga o te hapori iho.

Ko te āhua i roto i te tau tata kua mahi nui ki te whakatika i te hōkai o whanaunga ngātahi. Ko te mana o te tautoko tūmatanui, i te mea he wae ōhanga nui o te ahuwhenua kāinga. Ko te ture taketake mō te ahumahi tonu te ture "I kiritaki mahi tahi". te mauria e te Kamupene i roto i te tiaki kiritaki i runga i te pūtake o tētahi atu tuhinga "I te Protection o Tika Consumers '.

mārama Ture me te mārama ngā whakaritenga mahi ngātahi hanga reira he turanga watea mo te mahi tahi o nga rangatira katoa o pāmu i roto i te kainga. He mea nui ki te mōhio e te ture o ōkawa tuhituhia huru o kāwanatanga ki enei whakahaere. ngā rōpū kiritaki me ngā uniana - mea ai - ko te take nui i roto i te ora pāpori i te whenua o.

Tsentrosoyuz

Ko te āhuatanga tautuhi o ngā rōpū kiritaki ko to ratou manapori. E whakahaeretia e te hui whānui o ngā kaipupuri hea, te wahi te melo tata'itahi e te tika ki te pōti taua whakahaere. Kei raro ko te arawhata whakahaere te he tinana māngai, i te mea te nuinga o mahi kaunihera ahu e te heamana. Hoki i roto i te hapori kia te Tātari me Mana Komihana, i te mea haepapa ki te aroturuki i te Ture me te tika o ngā whakataunga.

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, te tino aratai matua o te mahi ngātahi i roto i te katoa o Russia, te Central Union o Consumer Tauturu, tika Tsentrosoyuz ranei. I roto i te tahuri, e whakahaeretia ai e nga mema o Runanga. Ka whiwhi te reira i māngai o ngā rōpū kiritaki kāinga katoa. ka tutaki i te iti rawa kotahi Runanga he tau, ka i roto i Moscow mai ki te kau fakafofonga i huri noa i te motu. I te hui kōrero raruraru o nāianei, me opuaraa o te whanaketanga o te hapori kiritaki.