He aha e te ariā o "tikanga tōrangapū"? Ariā, ngako, āhuatanga, momo, puka o tikanga kāwanatanga tōrangapū

Ko te ngako o te pūnaha tōrangapū, tāutatia nei i roto i te whenua i roto i te wā i homai o te hītori, ina kua te kāwanatanga whāinga motuhake, ngā tikanga, me te tikanga ki te whakatinana i tona mana kōkiri - e ko te aha te tikanga o te i "tikanga tōrangapū".

Ko te hanganga motuhake ara o pāhekoheko ranei?

I roto i te āhua o te tikanga tōrangapū te pūnaha tōrangapū ranei whakatau kore te mea rite nui rite te tāutu ara o ngā taunekeneke i waenganui i te kāwanatanga me te hapori, te rite o nga tika me nga rangatiratanga o te takitahi katoa, te tikanga o te hanganga o pūtahi tōrangapū, tikanga, me te kāhua whakahaere. He aha tautuhi tetahi tikanga tōrangapū: te ariā, ngā āhuatanga, ngā momo o reira - he tino kanorau enei huru, a taea te whakarerekē.

Ahakoa e taea e te taua momo o ngā hanganga kāwanatanga kia tino rerekē tikanga whakahaere tōrangapū. Hoki o te momo rite ranei aratau taua ngāwari e ara i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā pūnaha i runga i te hanganga o te kaupapa here. Hei tauira, te tikanga tōrangapū etahi monarchies kaupapa ture (Belgium, Norway, me ētahi atu) ko te Republican hanganga mana, i whakamahia ngā tikanga manapori o ture. Na, mo te tauira, Iran, e kua he hanganga manapori i roto i te whakahaere kaupapa here o te kāwanatanga, i roto i te meka - āhua fakaaoao. I muri te tātari i te āhuatanga i roto i te whakamāramatanga whenua me te putanga, i te tikanga e te ariā o te tikanga tōrangapū.

Ko te āhuatanga matua o

Ko tētahi o nga āhuatanga tino nui ko te parau tumu whakahaere o pūtahi kāwanatanga katoa, me te whaia whāinga tōrangapū me ngā tikanga, me ngā huarahi o te whakatutuki ia ratou. Pepeha pērā i "riro i utu katoa" ranei "kaiwhakatika te mutunga nga tikanga" āhuatanga e te tikanga tōrangapū āhua totalitarian. Whakaröpütia Concept me ngā momo o aratau rite ki tenei tātaritanga.

Ko te āhua o te tikanga tōrangapū ngā o te taumata o te ahurea tōrangapū tūmatanui me ngā tikanga hītori o te iwi. Tetahi tonotono te tohutohu ranei whiriwhiri neke te mana rite nui rite e tukua e ratou ki te mahi i te hapori kia, ā-me nga tini. I roto i te tahi mau whenua, e whakaaetia pule fakaaoaó ngāwari, fakanatula, ko to ratou ahurea tōrangapū tuku iho.

momo

Kairangahau te tikanga wehewehe toru ngā momo matua o ngā momo tini o te kāwanatanga: Democratic, fakatikitato, me te fakaaoao. Ka whakaaro katoa o ratou, ka tātarihia, ka taea ki te hanga i te faaotiraa e te tikanga o "tikanga tōrangapū".

Ko te āhua totalitarian

Totalitarianism - he pūnaha pāpori kaua motuhake, puta reira rite te āhuatanga pāpori me te tōrangapū i roto i te rau tau rua tekau. mai te wā i te totalis Latin - oti, katoa, katoa, e ko, tono ki te pūnaha kāwanatanga, katoa, e ko, te subordination oti o te kāwanatanga o ona tangata.

I roto i te kupu tōrangapū whakaurua e ia te ariā o te totalitarianism i 1925 te rangatira Itari o te pāpori-nationalism B. Mussolini. Heoi, ahu hoki i roto i te āhua pai o Plato te mau parau tumu o te totalitarianism, a i roto i te mahi o utopian T. Campanella, T. Mora me ētahi atu.

Ko te āhuatanga tino a Tūrongo, me te ātaahua o te totalitarianism ka he whakaritenga taurite tino ao. ka karanga a Gracchus Babeuf hoki otyatiyu tūmanako he tangata ki te riro noa atu kaha, taonga, mōhio, i te tahi atu tangata. Tenei hanganga nahanaha o hanganga me te whanaketanga o te kāwanatanga, te huringa o te hapori i ngā whakaaro hapori.

hinonga tōrangapū

kauwhautia te whakaaro o te subordination o tangata kāwanatanga katoa J.-J. Rousseau, philosopho French. Te kore okotahi whāwhā kamupene haere mai te reira i tino mārama "pāpā" hiahia ki te arahi i tona iwi ki te oaoa, engari mo tenei te mea e tika ana ki te taui i tenei hapori ki te awhina o taurite, take, te tōkeke pāpori me te haere noa. Ko te tangata te tangata rite memeha te reira i roto i te politic o te kāwanatanga tinana, i roto i tona katoa ngā morare.

Ko te āhua - tautoko te pai ai whānui o te tangata, i te mana Ariki, me te pūmau wehewehe. Tutu me te ātete ki ngā rōpū takitahi ranei ai ona tono o te kaha, akina kia noa i roto i te pai ai whānui. Ko te āhuatanga matua o te totalitarianism:

• tata tonu te raruraru ki te whaitake o te mana, no te mea whakaturia enei aratau e i muri i te koroke, coups me ētahi atu usurpations o kaha;
• te nuinga o tangata nui e kore e taea e ki te whakaputa i te mana, me te whakaawe i te reira, tona mahi mana;
• bureaucratization katoa o whanaunga pāpori katoa, tae atu i te mahi toi, me ihi, e e hoki te mana e te kāwanatanga; te fakafalala tino o nga tangata o te kāwanatanga, wehi ā-;
• pūnaha o ture hei utu o te pūnaha ture, e kore e ao nga ture, e kore te mana e pā ana tikanga o te ture; maha i te rōpū tōrangapū anake i roto i te āhua, i nona te mana;
• te fifi tuakiri o te rangatira;
• ideologization me politicization o te whanaungatanga katoa i roto i te hapori;
• haafatataraa o te ao ao.

ngā wä wehea totalitarianism i roto i te "tika" me "mahue." fakahu'unga te ariā o te tikanga tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga e te "mahue" - tetahi hāngai e te i runga i te mau parau tumu o Marxism-Leninism, me te "tika" - kaimahi ki te whakaaro o te hapori National, e ko te fascism. He nga āhuatanga āhuatanga Tetahi tikanga totalitarian: he whakahaere paramilitary o te hapori katoa, whiriwhiringa e talangofua ki te mana teitei, me te mārō poutū o te kaha.

āhua fakaaoao

Origin o te wā i te Latin auctoritas - te pānga o te kaha. hāngai katoa te mana i roto i te tangata kotahi - he tonotono, he ariki ranei, ko te tikanga o te ariā. āhuatanga te tikanga tōrangapū e i te whakakotahitanga teitei o te mana, tata āhuatanga katoa o te ora ogosudarstvleny, tikanga whakahaere, whakahau-a-mana, pūnaha herekore ngohengohe, kua ngakaukore iwi i a ia, e kore e te pato'iraa tūturu tīariari, he iti haere noa o te press.

e kore he wehenga Real o te mana i runga i te ture, whakahaere me te-ture, ahakoa kia tīariari pono hanganga ōkawa rite enei. Ko te Ture i raro i te tikanga whakahaere fakaaoao kia tohe, engari parau. vai pūnaha pōti, engari mahi nui-whakakahore, he mua fakapapau'i-nga hua, a kahore e te huru o te tikanga tōrangapū ngā pā.

tikanga tauwhirowhiro

Ko te momo tika noa o te pūnaha tōrangapū tenei. hoatu Whakatakotoranga he tikanga fakaaoao i roto i te tūranga takawaenga ina tīmata te hapori totalitarian ki te titau ki te manapori, hurihia ranei, e te tikanga e te ariā o "whakawhitinga tikanga tōrangapū."

He kanorau te tikanga fakaaoao, kua kitea i te reira e te whāinga me ngā tikanga o te raruraru hopanga, me te te puka o whakahaere o te kaha - ahu whakamua, momo ai pe. Ko te ariā o te tikanga tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga ngā ïa i roto i te meka e te faufaa o te mana kei te uaua whakapumautia mo te wa roa, a kahore e te pūnaha kāwanatanga tonu te tīariari.

manapori

ahu te wā i te tauira Latin me kratos - te iwi, me te kaha o te manapori. I roto i tenei puka o te iwi kia pāpori whakaaro te rangatira o te kāwanatanga, tona tautoko. Ko te ariā me te ngako o te tikanga tōrangapū o te manapori, matamaha rawa. Tenei kāwanatanga, e te tino kitenga o te manapori e kore e tīari, he reira he pāpori tikanga pai.

I roto i te manapori kia kaimahi tabulahia i raro nei wawata o te iwi: haere noa, te whakawa, taurite, te faatura i tika katoa tangata, te whai wāhitanga o tangata i roto i te kāwanatanga. Ko te tikanga kī kitea iho rite te manapori, totohe ana ki fakaaoao, totalitarian me fakatikitató tikanga whakahaere o ētahi atu momo.

tohu o te manapori

e kore i roto i ano whakapumautia puka parakore o manapori tetahi kāwanatanga, na maha whiriwhiri iwi he kēmu ki te ingoa rua: Christian Democrat, Social Democrat, Rīpera Democrat, ara democrats motu. Na e tamata nekehanga pāpori kuiti hapori hāngai ki te whakaatu i te ngākau nui ki ngā uara manapori. aratau Political, ngā āhuatanga, momo whakarōpūtia e ona paearu taketake i takea mai i te tātari.

Ko te tikanga i raro i i whakaritea i te āhua e te tikanga manapori:

• mana arii o te ture mohio te iwi;
• mana matua wā pootitia;
• Ko te ao pōti, me ki whai wāhi i roto i te kāwanatanga me te hanganga o nga tinana māngai katoa me ngä pütahi kāwanatanga taea nga tangata;
• nga tangata e te tika ki te whiriwhiri e kore anake kaiwhakahaere tūmatanui, engari kia hoki kia pōtitia ki tetahi tari fili tūmatanui;
• E riro whakatau i te nuinga, me te paerikiriki kaimahi ki te nuinga;
• tirotiro tinana māngai nga mahi o te peka whakahaere;
• tinana pōtitia fakamatala ki o ratou kaipōti.

momo o te manapori

Ko te ara matua o te whakatinana i te manapori whakawhirinaki i runga i te āhua o te iwi e taea faaohipa i to ratou tika ki te kaha, me pehea he ia i raro ki te tikanga tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga. E wehea Concept me ngā momo e whai ake:

he) manapori tika, te wahi ngā kaipōti tika hanga whakatau, me te aroturuki ratou whakatinanatanga - e te āhuatanga te wawe momo o te manapori momo hapori iwi (Atene tahito, Roma i tahito, Novgorod, Florence me ētahi atu pa o te Republic);

b) he manapori he filí, ka hanga te iwi whakatau anake i roto i te wā ngā - te runanga, Independence tāpaetanga;

c) he manapori māngai, te wahi tukua te mana i roto i nga māngai o te iwi, me te faatere i te āhua, ko te puka tino noa, me te whai hua o te manapori, e kore he kowaiwai o drawbacks me (raruraru whiriwhiri).

tūranga o te kāwanatanga i roto i te aratau mana

E ai ki te ahua o te kāwanatanga, me te hanganga rohe o te whenua e kore e taea ki te ite i te auraa o te wā "tikanga tōrangapū". Tenei te mea e tika ana ki te mohio te huarahi i roto i nei ki te pāhekoheko o te mana kāwanatanga, kite i te uara o ope piha haapiiraa i roto i te ao tōrangapū, ki matau i te tūranga takaro e te kāwanatanga i roto i te meka i te whakahaere o te taupori o te rohe.

hanga huarahi Whānui te tikanga tōrangapū, te ariā, te ahua o tona tītohunga ora pāpori me te pūnaha kāwanatanga katoa o te hapori rite te katoa. hanga huarahi Narrow no reira anake o te ora kāwanatanga, me te tūmatanui, rite te faa'ite mai ia i runga i te maha atu momo o te kāwanatanga (te puka o te kāwanatanga, hei tauira).

Ko te aha tikanga ki te haumi i roto i te ariā o "tikanga tōrangapū" iwi e mauruuru i te āhuatanga i roto i te kotahi āhuatanga? He Me e rua huarahi, a te whanui, me te kuiti, ranei e kore e matau i te tukanga tōrangapū tango wahi i roto i te wāhi e rua - me te pāpori-tōrangapū, me te āhua. Ano ka noho āhua mārama o te pūnaha tōrangapū - katoa o ona whakahaere tūmatanui, rōpū, e whai wāhi nui i roto i te ora tūmatanui.

momo āhuatanga o te kāwanatanga

Hei hanga i te whakautu tūmatanui o te pūnaha tōrangapū, e hiahia ana koe maha nga mea ki te whakaaro. He huinga o ngā tikanga me ngā tūāhua o te ārahitanga i roto i te āhua e ngā te "kuiti" tikanga me te ariā o te tikanga tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga. Ko tēnei whakamāramatanga o te taumata o taurangi o tika me ona rangatiratanga, tūturu ranei kore tautukunga ki te ture (e pā ana), me te o te ture tūturu. Ko te āhua o whanaunga i waenganui i nga mana me nga turanga ture o te kāwanatanga titau te "whanui" view o tikanga tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga. Ko te ara anake ki te kite i te pikitia katoa.

I roto i te kiripuaki taua te matua mohio tikanga ture extralegal ranei o te kāwanatanga. He mea rite nui ki te whakawhanake i te whakamahi o te mana: herehere, me te ētahi atu whare aatianga, tikanga manapori fakatikitató ranei o te pānga i runga i te taupori harangotengote, te aroaro ngaro o te pēhanga wä ranei, waimaero herekore o te takitahi ranei, tiaki o tika, haere noa ōhanga, te huru ki te puka o te mana, me te pera i runga i.

Ko te hanganga o te pūnaha tōrangapū

Ka pā Tākiekina o te kāwanatanga ki te katoa kaore he aweretanga, nga wahi wāhanga o te pūnaha tōrangapū: rōpū tōrangapū, me ngā rōpū mahi, me ngā whakahaere hapori, katoa pūnaha-kore, e te mea he, ko Ekalesia, siyumomentnye nekehanga papatipu, me te pera i runga i. wāhanga katoa o te pūnaha e tino awe e te pūnaha.

I te wa ano kia mārō, me te urupare, kia rite ki te kāwanatanga, i te whakamāramatanga, me ite te pānga o te taiao tōrangapū, me te pāpori. Ko te kupu, whai wāhi te mana tahi ki te whakatūnga o te tikanga tōrangapū.

Puka te kingitanga kāwanatanga

Na te mea e "tikanga tōrangapū"? Poto, e ai ta tetahi o nga tauākī - ko te āhua o te piha haapiiraa o te kaha (Marx). Hoki, kia rite ki a Marx, e taea te wehea tikanga whakahaere tōrangapū katoa ki-pāpori / protosotsialisticheskie capitalist me / protokapitalisticheskie. He mārama, me te mana, monocratic (fakatikitató), Ngātuere, me te manapori ratou, taea e he whaiaronga (ki te tikanga ngā) me ngā.

Nuinga o ngā wā, kua wehea nga momo me ngā momo o tikanga whakahaere tōrangapū i muri i te tātari o whanaunga mana, te hapori, me te takitahi. Tenei whakarōpū homai he pai, e ko, takahi, etahi momo o tikanga whakahaere tōrangapū tūmatanui. I roto i te ora tūturu, e kore e kore te tikanga tōrangapū kotahi i roto i tona puka parakore te tīariari.

Heoi, ko te wehenga ki toru ngā momo matua (totalitarianism, manapori me te Mana) hāngai ki te meka e, ki rerekē nekehanga, tata te täkupu ariā, enei momo tino maha hakari i roto i te aamu o te taata, me te i roto i te ao hou. Kua tipu te kaha o nga tikanga whakahaere tōrangapū ahua fakafaingata'a'ia'i te tātari me te whakarōpū, ko te āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana ki te hoatu ano ua. Hei tauira, te tikanga tōrangapū, te ariā me ngā āhuatanga o e hāngai ki te mau parau tumu manapori, rite ki te hua o te tukipoto, tutu, Ka taea e tukipoto tahuri ki tetahi atu.