Ko te ngako, me nga tohu taketake o te mana heriheri

whakaaro Tohu o te mana heriheri e te kamupene kua whai wāhi ki te whakaawe i te utu o ona hua e te huri i te nui o taonga hokona i roto i te mākete. Ko te tino whanaunga te tohu o taua mea, ki te kahore te mea te mākete kotahi, engari he maha ngā kaiwhakanao o ngā hua rite.

Rauemi āhuatanga ranei

Hoki kamupene i roto i te kainga hokohoko e tuku ko nga e whai ake nei ngä tohu o tokitoki kaha:

• wahi nui o te whakahaere mākete i roto i te tono;
• te ngaro o tetahi taonga whakakapinga e tika, e hua te kamupene ki te kaha heriheri.

I tua atu, e taea te huaina te tohu he elasticity iti o tono mo te hua o te whakahaere.

Taua tohu o te mana heriheri whakaaro e kia whakapumautia te kamupene te uara teitei o to tatou iho hua, e kore e mangere tetahi āhuatanga whāiti.

tauwhāinga kūiti

Ko te motuhake tenei hanganga mākete, i roto i nei e hanga e te torutoru anake rōpū nui, ia o nei i te rave'a tika ki whakaawe i te utu mākete te nuinga rawa o hoko. Ko tōna āhuatanga ngā te āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

• He torutoru kamupene tino te mākete;
• kamupene i te wahi mākete nui nui, e ko, tapaea ratou tohu o te mana heriheri mo te utu;
• te hiahia ānau hoki ia whakahaere ko rerekē, "e horo" pūāhua;
• He tata kōtuitui o, me te taupuhipuhi umanga;
• He maha aukati ki tīmata te mākete ki te whakahaere i tetahi kamupene hou;
• kahore he pea o tata tono noa;
• e kore e taea ki te whakatau i te MR;
• i reira he nunu'a o ngatahi ao.

Puka me ngā momo o te whanonga

Nā ki te papu ore o te whanonga mākete puta he maha nui o tauira rerekē o tauwhāinga kūiti, e kua wehea ki hōputu noncooperative whanonga paheko ranei.

Ki te korero tatou e pā ana ki te whanonga kore-amui, Ka taea e kaihoko ia takitahi rawa takitahi whakaoti i te raruraru o te whakatau i te uara me te tapeke putanga o te hua. A, no te te whanonga mahi ngātahi o nga kamupene katoa e whai tohu o te mana heriheri i te mākete, te mahi tahi ki te whakaoti i ēnei take.

He maha ngā nga taua momo o te whanonga.

whakaaetanga Cartel

Collusion Ko te whanonga oligopolistic puka, e te mutunga arata'i ki te hanganga o te cartels pera-ka karanga, e te mea, ngā rōpū o kamupene, ōrite te ngā whakatau e pā ana ki te hanga pukapuka o etahi hua, me o ratou uara i roto i te ara pērā i te mea e ratou i te whakahaere kotahi he mahi motuhake mana mākete.

Whakatau i o tetahi utu ki te whakanui ake moni mo te mema takitahi ia o te Cartel, engari, i te wa ano ki te hua i roto i te utu i reira ko te whakaiti whakahauanga i roto i te hanga rōrahi. I te mutunga o taua te kawenata, i ia kamupene ko fifi ki hua tona pai ki te mōrahi, maha reira haamata ki matao te kirimana i roto i te wahi ngaro i etahi āta te whakaiti te utu o production, i te mutunga arata'i ki te whakangaromanga o hanga e cartels.

Ki te kore e tangohia e koutou ki te pūkete te meka e ngā he tohu mana tokitoki he maha o ngā āhuatanga rerekē, e ārai he uaua te ahua, i reira e rave rahi atu e taea ki te aukati i te taea o te collusion. I roto i ngā, āwangawanga reira te whakaratonga o te tikanga e whai ake nei:

• rerekētanga i roto i ngā utu, me te tono;
• he nui te maha o ngā kamupene i roto i te ahumahi;
• te takanga o te hekenga ohorere;
• te taea o tomo te mākete te ahumahi urunga hou.

I tua atu, ko reira ia tapao i te meka e kia arai i te collusion nga kamupene ratou, e mau ana i roto i te tinihanga, e hāngai ana i runga i te whakaiti utu huna i runga i te pūtake o te whakahāweatanga utu hua hoko.

Leadership i roto i te utu

Te ārahitanga i roto i te utu ranei, e kiia ana ko, e whakatakotoria puku ko te whakaaetanga tomo ki waenganui i te maha oligopolists me kōrero te whakatū o te uara etahi mo ratou hua. Ko te wāhi matua i konei, ko te e E arahina nga whakahaere ngā i roto i tenei rohe i te utu e kua whakaritea e te rangatira kotahi. I te wa ano, aua, i roto i te nuinga rawa o ngā take rite te rangatira o te whiriwhiri te whakahaere, i te mea te nui rawa i roto i tona ao motuhake.

Ahakoa o te tikanga i roto i nei ki te tohu ngā he momo o te whakahaere heriheri ahumahi mana, kia te rangatira o tātai i roto i te whakarerekētanga utu e whai ake:

• utu huringa wā kawea i roto i te mea he nui ngā rerekētanga i roto i ngā utu;
• te whakahounga onaianei o utu korerotia i roto i te pāpāho i mua;
• e kore e whiriwhiri tonu rangatira utu te utu pai taea.

utu mana

Tenei mahi ko ki tautapa te utu iti o te hanga, i hanga i tīmata mau haafifiraa nui ki etahi atu kamupene ki whai wāhi i roto i te mākete. E tano ia tapao i te meka e kia ara hoatu i te kamupene mo te tetahi wa ake tetahi pai noa ki te ārai i te whakataki ki te mākete whakahaere whakataetae.

Ko te tikanga o tenei mahi he tino māmā. I te tīmatanga, i te kamupene e whai mahi mana tokitoki o te kaiwhakanao, tata te utu iti ka taea whakataetae toharite heke mai, a ka tika te hoatu i te utu o te hanga ki te taumata o raro.

"Utu-plus"

Tenei kōwhiringa utu ko ki te whai i te tātai i roto i nei i roto i te tukanga o te whakatau i te uara o te oligopolist tuatahi whakahaere he aromatawai taipitopito o ona ake utu tāupe toharite mō te ngā taumata production whakamaheretia, i muri nei te tapiritia reira ki te "mātārae" i roto i te puka o te ōrau o hua. E tano ia tapao e kua te Cape ki te whai i te nui e tika ana ki te tino hipokina te AFC, i te whakarato te pai noa.

whakataetae tino

I raro i whakataetae tino whakarato mo te whakatū o te taua hanganga mākete i roto i nei i reira e he maha nui o kamupene rerekē wāhi i roto i te whakaputa, me te hoko o ngā hua rite, kia kia e kore tetahi puta tohu mana tokitoki o te u. I roto i tenei take, e kore te tāurunga putanga ranei o tetahi ngā kaiuru mākete hou whāiti, ka ko tino iti te wahi o ia whakahaere i roto i te moni katoa, a na reira e kore e taea i tetahi pānga nui i runga i te uara mākete o te hua. Ko te kupu, ara i runga i te anga ke, tei tika kaiuru ia takitahi i runga i nga ope mākete huānga me tohu tsenopoluchatelya.

tokitoki

Tetahi kamupene kua nga tohu taketake katoa o te mana heriheri - whakatika te ia he maha nui o kiritaki, me i te wa ano he anake te kaihanga o te hua e kore e whai i tetahi hua whakakapi taratara. I roto i tenei tauira, i reira e rave rahi āhuatanga ahurei:

• te kamupene He te kapu kaihanga o etahi hua;
• te tohu matua o te mana heriheri ko e whakatinanahia te hua kei te tino ahurei, mai te mea e mono;
• urunga mākete kaha kōmaka iti heriheri ngā ārai teimaha e taea te hanga āwenewene fakanatula ranei;
• He te kaiwhakanao nga tohu katoa o te kukū o te mana heriheri, no te mea mana te reira i te supply o te mākete me te utu o enei hua.

I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te monopolist ko te uara iriti ture no kapu, arā vahe reira tetahi he utu, a muri iho e kia te kaihoko kia takoto e te tini o o nga hua e wātea ana ki a ia. Ko te kupu he mea e tika ana ki te mahino tika, e i roto i te nuinga rawa o ngā take e kore e taea e tautapa reira reira tiketike rawa te mea heke tono ki te hua.

Ka rite ki te tauira, ka taea e ngā rōpū e whai tohu o te mana mākete heriheri meinga he momo o taputapu tūmatanui pērā i ngā kamupene wai, hau me te kamupene hiko, me te kamupene waka me nga mea katoa o ngā hononga. I roto i tenei take, tauārai horihori ko te ngā raihana me Mua e whakarato etahi umanga te tika motuhake ki te mahi i roto i te mākete ngā.

tokitoki whakataetae

he maha rawa o ngā kaiwhakanao i tenei ra whakahere rite, engari e kore e tino hua ōrite, kia kore te mea e pera ngāwari taea te hanga i te mana tokitoki. He tohu o te mana heriheri tonu reira, engari ko te mākete, ko te taonga heterogeneous ahua kua e whakaiti i te pānga o ia o nga kaihanga.

Here o te whakataetae tino, whakarato hoki te hanga o ngā hua paerewa, i te whakataetae apunga ngā te hanga o rerekëtanga, te tuatahi, me te tuatahi, pā ana tenei ki te kounga o te hua, te ratonga rānei e e taea ai te kaiwhakamahi ki te tiki i te tahi mau manakohanga utu. utu te tuhituhi hoki ko e taea te rerekëtanga nga hua rite ki tikanga mahi o hoko, te kaha o te pānuitanga whakamahia, pātata ki kiritaki, me te ara he maha o te tahi atu āhuatanga nui.

Na reira, kamupene mahi i roto i te mākete o te whakataetae apunga kore te anake whakataetae ki ia atu na roto i te te whakatakoto i te uara motuhake, engari ano hoki i te tikanga o differentiating koutou ratonga me ngā hua, i te whakaiti i to ratou mahi o te kaha heriheri.

Lerner taupū me etahi atu mārama whakaata tenei hononga, no te mea i nga kotahi i kamupene i roto i taua tikanga kua he tetahi tokitoki kaha i runga i to ratou ake ngā hua. E ko, te mea he taea o te hua-whaiaro ranei whakaiti te uara, i runga i etahi mahi e whakataetae rānei, engari kei te tika iti tenei mana i te meka e i roto i te mākete i reira he kaihanga e te hanga hua rite. I tua atu, e kore matou e wareware e te aroaro o ngā mākete apunga whakarato, i roto i te tua ki kamupene iti, me te reo, kia rite ki ngā māngai o te mākete, kaua nui.

Tenei tauira mākete whakarato te hiahia tonu i runga i te wahi o ona ngā mema ki te whakawhānui ratou ake rohe manakohanga e te meka e ratou hua ko te takitahi tino. Tuatahi o te katoa, rite tenei te i roto i te whakamahi o tohu me te tetahi tūemi me te whakahau pānuitanga whānui ahurei kia e tautuhi i te rerekētanga i waenganui i nga momo o ngā hua arumoni e rave rahi.

Ko te rerekētanga matua

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te mea he rerekē i te polipoliya whakataetae apunga Perfect, te wahi maha kamupene i te tohu tika tiketike o tohu heriheri mana, i reira e rave rahi ngā āhuatanga taketake:

• i roto i te hoko mākete tino hanga o heterogeneous, hua kore ōrite;
• hoki ngā kaiuru mākete e kore te mea tino mārama, a kahore tonu he kaupapa ki te mau parau tumu ōhanga ratou mahi;
• kamupene Kei te ngana ki te whakanui i tō rohe manakohanga, tonu individualizing ratou ake ngā hua;
• i reira he mau fifi i roto i te whiwhi te uru ki te mākete o tetahi kaihoko hou no te mea o te manakohanga.

Āhuatanga o te tauwhāinga kūiti

Ki te kore nga kaiuru e whai nui whakataetae, me te etahi anake maha o kamupene nuinga i roto i te wāhi ngā, ka karanga te tauira taua te te tauwhāinga kūiti. Ka rite ki tauira o tauwhāinga kūiti matarohia e taea te wehewehe "nui e toru" i roto i te US, e ngā taua whakahaere pai-mohiotia rite «Ford», «General Motors» me «Chrysler».

kia tauwhāinga kūiti te hanga o te kākahu e kore e anake, engari hua rerekëtanga ano hoki. I roto i te nuinga rawa o te wā te homogeneity o te lahi kitea i roto i te mākete i reira te whakatinanatanga whānui o ngā hua āhua-oti, me nga mea katoa o ngā rauemi mata, arā te hinu, maitai, haora, sima me ētahi atu hua ōrite, i te mea kei angamaheni mō te kiritaki taonga hokohoko, te wahi kuputohu (kuputohu pārōnaki ) e kore te mea pera tiketike mana heriheri.

He maha iti o kamupene whakarite e tomo ratou ki roto ki ngā whakaaetanga apunga e pā ana ki te whakapanga o utu, me te arai ranei tohatoha o ngā mākete, me ētahi atu ara o te whakauru here i runga i whakataetae. He roa mai kï e whakataetae i roto i enei hokohoko ko tika ti'aturi i runga i te taumata o te kukū o te hanga, na te maha o kamupene whai wāhi whakatakotoria.

Hoki utu te tuhituhi ko te meka e te tūranga feunga nui i roto i te huru o whanaunga whakataetae i roto i tenei mākete hoatu ki te rōrahi me te hanganga o ngā momo o ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki o koutou whakataetae, me te tikanga taketake o te tono, i te mea e wātea ana ki ia o nga kaiuru. Ki te he iti tenei mōhiohio, whai wāhi ai ki te whanonga nui atu whakataetae o ia kamupene.

rerekētanga

Ko te rerekētanga matua i te puka mākete oligopolistic o whakataetae tino he reira konei akiaki utu. I roto i tenei take, ia kamupene he auau tika tiketike o te heriheri mana Lerner, arā, te utu haurokuroku i raro i te utu heriheri, me ia whakahaere e te kaha ki te whakaturia ratou ake utu o production, te iti tō ki te mana o ona whakataetae, me te mākete i roto i te whānui.

I roto i te mākete tino, te utu o taonga tonu me kōhikohikotia panapana rite tika ti'aturi i runga i te rerekē tupu i roto i te putanga me te hiahiatanga, i maha whakarato te tauwhāinga kūiti he utu tika pūmau o te whakatika me te he rawa onge huringa konei.

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, angamaheni ko te kaiārahi utu pera-ka karanga, te wahi mangai te utu o te rōpū o taonga e tetahi anake kamupene, i te mea aru ai i te toenga o te oligopolists e whai etahi mana heriheri. tohu Uho - ine enei āhuatanga e puritia tamau, no te mea tamata ia whakahaere ki te whakawhanake me te tango i te mata i roto i tenei puka.

I te wa ano he uaua hoki tetahi mema o hou te mākete, me te mea mutu oligopolists he whakaaetanga e pā ana ki te utu, ka te āta neke i te whakataetae ki pānuitanga, te kounga, me te wehewehe.

momo o te whakataetae

whakataetae Non-utu tā miramira tika teitei i te "utu o te kohi" raro, he hoahoa o nāianei, me te ope o te tahi atu āhuatanga. Ko te kupu, maha e pai ki te utu i atu mo te tikanga Japanese pono, me te tamatahia hei utu o hoko taonga hua motu iwi.

Hoki utu te tuhituhi ko e i roto i te utu-kore tikanga o te whakataetae e manakohia ki te whakarato i te maha nui o ngā ratonga, e pupuri hua tawhito takoha i te puka o te utu tuatahi mo nga hua hou, me te tini ke atu. Ko te kohi whakarewa iti, kohi pūngao, kino ki te āhua me te ope o te tahi atu āhuatanga pai ake kiritaki i runga i te tekau tau torutoru mua kua haere mai i mua i roto i te mara o te hua utu-kore o te hua.

O te akoranga, te ara tino kaha o te mahi whakataetae utu-kore i nga wa katoa ko te pānuitanga nei tūranga i tenei ra kei te nui teitei rite ki te mea i reira noa te tahi tau ahuru matahiti i ma'iri a'e. Ki te awhina o pānui katoa kamupene kore anake e taea te tuku ki te kiritaki hopea te mōhiohio e tika ana e pā ana ki enei atu āhuatanga kiritaki o ona ake hua ranei, engari te hanga ano hoki pono o tona kaupapa, e ngana ana ki te hanga i te whakapakoko o te ahua o "tangata pai" o te State i nei mahi i te mākete.

I roto i nga tikanga ture o te whakataetae utu-kore tohaina te he huru ahumahi, tuku o nga taonga, e kore i te āhua i ngā rerekētanga i te hua-hōtuhi, engari he mea nui kino i roto i te kounga, te hoko tauira mo te tārua muri, me te kaha awakeri roro, me etahi mea ngaro hokohoko.

Ko te kupu, i taea whakataetae kia whakamana e te tikanga rerekē, ia o nei he ona ake āhuatanga, me te tohu o te pai.