Ko te rapunga whakaaro o te rau tau XX. Neo - neo ko ...: māngai, whakaahuatanga me ngā āhuatanga

Neo - tenei kura o whakaaro, e ngā te whakaaro o te empiricism. Tenei mahi ko ki te tūhura i te ao mā te whakamahi i wheako tairongo. A, whakawhirinaki i runga i arorau, rationality me te pāngarau ki kia taea ki te systematize te matauranga. Kei te hoki te kore i huaina positivism arorau tenei rohe, i te reira ta e ki te whakakore i koe nga mea katoa i te mea e taea ki te mohio, mohiotia te ao te. Neo, ora te nuinga i roto i Warsaw ko Lvov, Berlin nei te mau melo, a tae noa i roto i te United States, whakapehapeha kawe tenei taitara. I muri i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, he tokomaha o ratou heke ki te hauauru i Europa, me puta noa te Atlantic Ocean, i whai wāhi ki te whakahörapatanga o te mau haapiiraa.

History o te whanaketanga

Tuatahi korero e pā ana ki te aronga hou o Ernst Mach me Lyudvig Vitgenshteyn. E ai ki a ratou puta reira e neo - he kōtuitui o metaphysics, arorau me te pūtaiao. Ko tētahi o ratou ara i tuhituhi te pukapuka i runga i arorau, i fakamamafa'i te tūranga pokapū o te kura puta:

1. iti to tatou whakaaro e anake i te reo, na reira, e matau he tangata te atu te reo me te whānui tona hanganga, te tata atu atu tona whakaaro.
2. He he kotahi ao, meka, ngā me te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao anake takoto te, rite whakaaro tatou i te reira ki te hei.
3. Ia tono whakaata te ao rite hanga e te taua ture.
4. Ka taea te pakaru tetahi rerenga matatini iho ki te kuware torutoru, arā, tino o te meka.
5. Higher momo o te ora e taea te. Mämä noa iho, e kore e taea ana te ruri te hōkai fakalaumālie me putanga rite te tātai pūtaiao.

Machism

Kei te maha whakamahia tēnei wā rite he uhinga tatau ki te whakamāramatanga o "positivism". whakaaro ona kaihanga Mach ko Richard Avenarius.

Mach ko te ahupūngao Austria, me te philosopho, ako ia rehe, akiaki hau, Acoustics, tuku kōrero me te otorhinolaryngology. Ko te whakaaro matua ko te Machism e kia hanga wheako he tirohanga o te ao. Positivism me neo-positivism rite te parau haapiiraa, whawhai hoki te ara tëtehi o te matauranga, paopao Machism, te whakapae taketake e - herea te kaupapa kei te ki te riro i te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te tikanga tangata. A ki anake te ara riro mōhiotanga e pā ana ki te ao tūturu.

ōhanga o te whakaaro

Neo-rapunga whakaaro - he whakakitenga hou o te raruraru tawhito. "Economy o whakaaro" e kia tukua ki te taupoki ana i te mōrahi o ngā pātai ki te iti o te kaha. Ko tenei huarahi kiko nga kaiwhakatū o neo-whakaaro te rangahau tino manakohia, arorau, me te whakaritea. I tua atu, i whakapono enei philosopho e ki te whakatere i te hanga pūtaiao me ngā whakamārama, me whakamārama o te reo kia nekehia atu i a ratou.

Mach whakapono e te noa te pūtaiao, pera he reira ofi ki te pai. Ki te whakatakoto noa, me te mārama i te whakamāramatanga o te mōrahi, whakaata reira te pikitia pono o te ao. Machism ko te pūtake o te neo, i tāutuhia e ia ki te "bio-ōhanga" ariā o te matauranga. Kua ngaro Ahupūngao tona wāhanga metaphysical, ano ka kaupapa anake te ara ki te tātari i te reo. Na-whakaaetia neo. rapu Ko tōna māngai mahino he kuware, me te economical te ao, e ratou tetahi wahi i muri.

Vienna porowhita

I te Tari o te University Vienna o pūtaiao inductive te porohita o te hunga e hiahia ana ki te ako pūtaiao me te rapunga whakaaro i te wa ano. Ko te matua wä o te whakahaere, ko Moritz Schlick.

Ka taea te huaina e Rawiri Hume tetahi atu tangata ki te whakatairanga neo. Ko te raruraru i whakaaro ia pūtaiao hano rite te Atua, ko te wairua, me enei āhuatanga aahuatanga o, kihai i te ahanoa o tona rangahau. i mau papu i te mau melo katoa o te Vienna Circle e kore e mea kï empirically, he kore nui, me te kore e rapu utu ako taipitopito.

te mau parau tumu āhuatanga

I te "School Vienna" i whakatakoto o ratou te mau parau tumu mōhiotanga o te ao. Tenei ko etahi o ratou.

1. hāngai katoa mōhiotanga tangata kei runga i perception tairongo. e kore e taea te hono etahi meka. He aha e kore e taea e te tangata matau empirically, e kore e tīari. Ko te kupu i whanau tetahi atu parau tumu: tetahi matauranga pūtaiao taea te heke ki te rerenga kōrero māmā, e hāngai ana i runga i tirohanga tairongo.
2. Ko te matauranga ta tatou e farii i roto i te tikanga perception, he tino pono. whakaurua hoki ratou i te ariā o whakaaro pono, me te kawa i puta ke te huru ki formulations pūtaiao i roto i te whānui.
3. Tino e heke katoa o nga mahi o te matauranga ki te whakaahuatanga o te sensations riro. Neopositivists ao ko te fakakātoa 'o' ongo, whakatakoto i roto i ngā rerenga kōrero ngāwari. Positivism me neo pai ki te hoatu whakamāramatanga ki te ao waho, mooni me era atu mea aahuatanga o, whakaaro ratou kotiti. Ratou mahi matua ko ki te hanga i te paearu mo te aromatawai o sensations takitahi, me te tono ia ratou.

otinga

Whakakāhoretanga o ngā whakaaro teitei me ngā raruraru momo motuhake o te matauranga me te noho pai o te waihanga tino haafifi he mea pēnei i neo. e kore e hanga i taua mea atu ātaahua ki kaitautoko pea. E rua nui ngā e kua te kokonga o tenei au, whakatakoto e whai ake:

- Rapanga tetahi raruraru titau tona kupu tupato, na te arorau ko e uho ki te rapunga whakaaro.

- ia ariā, e kore te priori, kia kia wātea ki te manatoko i te tikanga tëtehi o hinengaro.

postpositivism

Positivism, neo-positivism, postpositivism - hononga i roto i te mekameka ano o arorau. puta tenei au i roto i te rapunga whakaaro i te wa ka mohio pūtaiao e ki te hanga i te rāpopoto pūtaiao katoa e hāngai ana anake i runga i ngā taunakitanga tëtehi, ko reira e taea. Rite i taka a ngana ki te aukati i te kaupapa o metaphysics, ka whakaara ake te raruraru matarohia o te tangata, me te taata nei. hanga te aronga rawa o tenei meka kua reira taea ki te mea i taua neo - ko reira pūnaha kotiti mo te waihanga o te rangahau pūtaiao. Pai o kahore hoki ko te mahi o Karla Poppera "arorau o kitea pūtaiao." Ko te arorau mua, me te titiro tino i te raruraru, a ka rite ki te pūtaiao, ka i raro i ia meka ko he e hiahia turanga taunakitanga.

Positivism me neo tawhitotia mo te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao tere tipu. E hiahiatia ana i te titiro hou, me te huarahi taumauri noa. whakaaro Postpositivism inadmissible ki faaite pūtaiao me te kaupapa, kapea e te pato'iraa mārō ki metaphysics, me ētahi atu āhuatanga o te parae o whakatau natulá. Neo-rapunga whakaaro - ko reira ha faingamālie ki te tango i runga i nga logicians hinengaro. Otiia kua ururuatia ratou te humarie, me te empiricism runga i te whakamārama o te heke mai tere tata.