Me pēhea te ki te whakatau i te honohono,

whakamaoritia te kupu "honohono, o" reo Latin ( «valēns») te rite "ia te kaha." kua whakahuatia hoki te wa tuatahi i te reira i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 15, engari kahore ki te mahi ki te tikanga hou tona uara ( "tarukino" ranei "wāhanga") i. Ko te kaiwhakarewa o tenei ariā o te honohono, ko te kēmihi English rongonui E. Frankland. Ia i roto i te tau 1852 whakaputaina he pepa i roto i i anötia i nga ariā katoa me whakapae i vai i taua wa. Ko Eduardom Franklendom whakaurua te ariā o "kaha tūhonohono", i riro te pūtake o te ako o te honohono,, engari te whakahoki ki te pātai "Me pēhea te ki te kitea te honohono,?" I taua wa i kore ano i whakatakoto.

tūranga atu i roto i te whanaketanga o te ariā i takaro e te Friedrich August Kekule (1857), Archibald Scott Cooper (1858), A. M. Butlerova (1861), A. von Hoffmann (1865). I roto i te 1866, F. A. Kekule i tona pukapuka hua rāpoi tauira matū stereochemical ki te waro ngota whirihoranga tetrahedral i te puka o tuhi, i meinga kitea pehea ki te whakatau i te valency, hei tauira, waro.

Fundamentals o ariā hou o te honohono matū ko te mahi quantum-aunoa, e whakaatu ana e te katoa rua irahiko i hanga e te pāhekoheko o rua ngota. Ngota ki irahiko unpaired ki Āmio whakarara, pana me te antiparallel ahei o hanga te rua irahiko noa. Te here matū i hanga i waenganui i rua ngā ngota rite whakatata ratou, Kei te wāhanga hipoki ki te kapua irahiko. Ka rite ki te hua, i waenganui i nga otaota e rua i hanga e te mātotoru o tiaki hiko, ngā nei ki te karihi pai whakatupato me rāpoi ngota i hanga. he kanohi taua o te huarahi o ngā o ngota rerekē niu nei te tikanga ariā here matū te here honohono ranei. Na i muri i te katoa, me pehea ki te whakatau i te honohono, o? He mea tika ki te whakatau i te maha o here e taea te ngota hanga. Kore, ka taea e koe te mea e hiahia ana koe ki te kitea te maha o ngā irahiko honohono,.

Ki te whakamahi tatou te taka pūmotu, e mea ohie ki te mahino e founga ki te whakatau i te honohono, o te huānga rite ki te maha o ngā irahiko i roto i te anga waho o te ngota. E huaina ratou honohono. te āhuatanga katoa i roto i ia rōpū (whakaritea i roto i tīwae) i roto i te anga waho i te taua maha o ngā irahiko. I roto i te rōpū tuatahi o ngā huānga (H, Li, Na, K me ētahi atu) e kotahi irahiko honohono,. Ko te tuarua (Kia, Mg, Ca, Kaumātua, a na i runga i) - e rua. A toru (B, Al, Ga, me ētahi atu) - mō te toru. I roto i te wha o (C, Si, Ge, me ētahi atu) - wha irahiko honohono. I roto i te huānga rima o rōpū (N, P, rite, me ētahi atu) i te irahiko honohono, e rima. Ka taea e tonu koe i runga i, no te mea he reira kitea e ka rite ki te tau rōpū taka pūmotu i te maha o ngā irahiko i roto i te anga o waho o te kapua irahiko. Heoi, mau tenei mo te rōpū tuatahi e toru o wā e whitu me ratou rarangi rerekē, me te tae noa (wā whakaritea i roto i te rarangi, me rarangi o te tepu). Mai te wha o nga wā me te wha o nga rōpū (hei tauira, Ti, ZR, Hf, Ku) āhuatanga taha o subgroups e ko te ara rarangi i roto i te hunga i roto i te anga o waho o te maha o ngā irahiko, i tua atu i te tau rōpū.

Kua oti te ariā o "honohono, o" tenei wa katoa huringa nui. I tēnei wā, kahore paerewa tona tikanga pūtaiao ranei. Na reira, ko te kaha ki te whakahoki kupu i te pātai "Me pēhea te ki te whakatau i te honohono,?" He te tikanga e whakamahia ana mō ngā take huarahi. riro honohono, ngota kaha tomo ki te tauhohenga ki te muingota ki te hanga i here matū i huaina kotuari. Na reira kia honohono, kia whakahuatia anake i te tau tōpū.

Hei tauira, me pehea ki te whakatau i te honohono, o te ngota whanariki i roto i te pūhui pērā i hauwai pūngāwhā, ranei te waikawa pungatara. Hoki te rāpoi ngota i reira herea ia te ngota pūngāwhā te ki ngota hauwai e rua, te honohono, o te whanariki ka waiho ki te hauwai rite ki te rua. I roto i te rāpoi ngota o te waikawa pungatara tona honohono o te hāora, ko te ono. A i roto i te meka, i roto i te wā e rua i te honohono, numera hāngai ki te uara pū o te tohu o hāora o te ngota whanariki i roto i enei rāpoi ngota. Ka rite ki H2S rāpoi ngota ona tohu o te hāora e -2 (mai neke te kiato irahiko o te hanganga kei te tika ki te ngota whanariki, i te mea atu electronegative). I roto i te rāpoi ngota o H2SO4 tau pitihāoratanga o ngota whanariki he rite ki te ono (mai neke te kiato irahiko e ki te ngota hāora atu electronegative).