Nicholas-roto me te kaupapa here waho poto 2 (Ripanga)

I āhuatanga te arii whakamutunga o hītori Russian o te wā Soviet rite te tangata ngoikore ki te faufaa ore. Ahakoa te meka e tokomaha o nga whakaaro i roto i te tekau tau e rua whakamutunga kua arotakengia, kua pera pūmau te tirohanga i roto i feruriraa e ara i tenei ra he tokomaha share reira. Rite e te aroaro whai hua, me te haapoto te roto, o waho Politika Nikolaya 2. nounou nga hua o tona tikanga ki te mea te iwi ki a ia kai painga, ko matau ki a rawakore, me te kati "rangatira" taunu, ka taunu ki a ia i roto i ki tonu. Ka rite ki te putanga - te mana kihai i taea e ia mau, kia rite ki kore e te tautoko o te tini riro.

He whakamātautau atu taipitopito o te wā, kotahi tekau ma tahi nga tau i roa, huri i te reira i roto i taua i kore te rangatira tohe taua Nicholas 2. Domestic me kaupapa here ke, i te mea he hoahoa māmā rite whakaaturia e kōrero Soviet (i wānanga ki ngā kaiako kura), mau titiro reira nui atu uaua .

e huna

Mai ki te whakakapi i te tonotono kingi, me te tikanga o nga capitalists me nga kaipupuri whenua o te momo Marxist pono o te manapori kia whakatairanga i te tupu o te pai-oranga. kihai i E tupu, e kore kua hapori kawea mai te te pai e tika ana. Te whakamārama i tēnei take i uaua, rawa hoki mau iwi wa tsarist me te hunga mohio i te uru ki taua painga rite te kai noa me ngā āhuatanga ora Erangi aristocrats me rangatira kore anake. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, e hiahiatia ana te iwi ki te whakamatau e ora ratou pai nei, engari kai me te taka kino, engari he iti te whaitua. Ehara i te mahi ngāwari, engari solvable, rāhuitia noa puremu faaite whakaaro, pei whakangaro ratou kawe ranei. Na Nicholas-roto me ngā kaupapa here waho 2 poto, i waho he mahara ki nga kōrero, i whakapuakina te taihara, me e te mea ki te kia oti ki te kōrero. Heoi, uru mau paruparu me-whakaaro Soviet, te whakatairite i te whakatutukitanga katoa o te mana o te iwi ki a Russia i 1913, te mahi, ka tonu ki te rave i te reira tika ki runga ki te mutunga o te Heoi. Etahi o ratou titiro fantastic tenei ra. Rawa āwangawanga reira te tere tupu o production ahumahi, te rōrahi o te ahuwhenua me te hanganga tere rerewhenua. Ki te rā, te ōhanga semeio arahina te whenua ko kāinga me te ke Politika Nikolaya 2 i te timatanga o te 20 rau tau. Poto tuhituhi e pā ana ki te mea e taea e - maha rawa ngā meka rawa.

ahuwhenua

Whakaaturia te rāhui kai nui i runga i te rohe o te whenua i te tahuri o nga rau tau XIX me XX i rite horihori rite ngana ana ki te tatau i te Pacific Ocean. Ko Russia, ki te hiahiatia, i taea e waiho i waho rai rīwai ranei fenua katoa. World Food faatîtîraa - kia taea te whakaahuatia rite kaupapa here roto, o waho o Nicholas 2 poto. Ko te ripanga i raro whakaatu he aha i te wahi o te hanga o kai nui ao.

Wāhi ki tenei angitu i ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu te hunga whakahaere i te whakahou agrarian tīmataria Petrom Arkadievichem Stolypinym. O te akoranga, tenei katoa e kua taea ki waho te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom i 1861, engari tino kua te Politika ā, me te ke Nikolaya 2 i te timatanga o te rau tau 20 whakakaha tūranga te whenua o roto i hokohoko ke. I roto i Siberia i reira he he tukanga, te tahi mea haamana'oraa o te Wild Te Hau-ā-uru i roto i Amerika Te Tai Tokerau, engari kahore whakangaro te iwi Taketake rohe me te puhipuhi tamau. Kua riro kaimahi mana o te whenua parahua (80% whānui, me tata katoa i roto i nga rohe rawhiti o te kingitanga) ka timata ki te kake. Ko te wahi o te ahuwhenua ā peka, hoatu ara ki te pāmu.

Reira anake tonu ki te whakatau e pā ana ki te āhua o angitu Politika Nikolaya tepu 2. poto kāinga me te ke i runga fakamo'oni'i e ko te whanaketanga o te whenua o roto i tona tere tikanga, e tenei ra anake e taea moemoea o.

Te Russian Empire i tāwāhi kai nui rawa o te ao. tetahi o te anake tauranga (Odessa) i runga i te rōrahi o te utanga transshipment (te nuinga witi) nui whanga katoa te Te Tai Tokerau American States.

tatauranga taupori

Ko tētahi atu paetae nui o te tsar Russian whakamutunga i ki te hanga tikanga mo te hua i roto i te taupori. tōnuitanga taupori, i roto i te tika kia tuhia te reira, ka anga i raro i tona papa, Alexander III, engari te nuinga o te katoa i whai wāhi i ki te ā-me ke Politika Nikolaya 2. poto tapeke tenei mutunga ake te meka e te iwi i roto i te kingitanga nui haere e 62 miriona te iwi. Ratio Russian (tae atu Ukrainians me Byelorussians) i iti iho i te hawhe (43%), engari he iti te kahore pakanga ao. I roto i te whenua nui e kia mea katoa nui te mokowā. kihai i No mehua whanau-mana horihori hiahiatia, e kia te rauemi nui - i roto i te whanaketanga noa - mo senituli maha. Ko te katoa moni o te taupori nui haere e toru nga wa, me te tae te mutunga o te rau tau ki te 24 piriona moni koura. Tenei te tikanga e timata kaimahi me peasants ki te ora i te iti rawa e rua rite pai.

hanganga

Kia mahara te reira, a e rite te roa rite te kawenga mō te kore kei ki te kingi, ka nga tatü o te angitu, me te, i roto i te tika katoa, kia riro Nicholas II. kaupapa here kāinga me te ke, whakaahuatia poto rite te ara mo te kaiārahi ao mooni, e hāngai ana i runga i te faaineineraa o te anga rau i muri. Pūtea ngā hōtaka ahurea me te mātauranga i nui haere eightfold. I te mātauranga tūmatanui i roto i Russia i whakapau i tetahi me ngā wā i te hawhe nui atu Britain, France, a rua rite nui. I runga i te kounga o te mātauranga kēne e whakawakia e pehea rongonui tāwāhi tohunga i akina atu ki poroporoaki te whenua i muri i te takanga, i rite, te mea, me o ratou whakatutukitanga me tūhura. Kaua e kore e he tutū whakapehapeha pāpori (ranei kaua - kino), kahore he pūtaiao i roto i ngā huarahi e kua tikanga kua: ki e 20 th tau o illiterates i noho i roto i Russia.

ahumahi

Industrial tupu production i roto i te 80 me te 90 e kore e iti iho i te 9% he i te au maranga. Kāinga me te ke 2 Politika Nikolaya whakakaha kaweake pea o ahumahi Russian. production mīhini Domestic i te maha o ngā painga whakataetae, tae atu - he pikaunga tāke āhua, taonga i roto i ngā rauemi mata, me te turanga pūngao me kaimahi tino mohio. I roto i te Hapani, i maha titoa karaka, maka ana i runga i ona hua parani "Pavel To, St Petersburg." I roto i te whānui, kāinga me te ke Politika Nikolaya 2 poto me mahi schematically toutou o tetahi tangata mārō - Alexei Mikhailovich, tapaina a te quietest o hinaaro ngawari me te hiahia ki te whakaoti rapanga katoa ata. tamata pea tuma waho ki te taitamariki kingi ki te whakahē Titanic mana ōhanga, e hāngai ana i runga i te ahumahi, ahuwhenua me te pau ore rauemi māori o Siberia me te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti. Kua hoki te whanaketanga o ngā rohe mamao kua mahi he rota. kawea te hanga o te nui Siberian Railway me ētahi atu ara rerewē i roto i tere mua tuatahi - i 2000 kiromita ia tau. A tapiti faahou i tēnei record kihai i taea, kahore whenua, tae atu ki te USSR.

Ko te whawhai ki a Japan

Ko te whanaketanga o te ahumahi me te whai wāhi ki whakahau hōia. i roto i te hunga tau i tohatoha reira rearmament nui-tauine. hangaia matou a hanga kaipuke hou, ki te hanga i te pu nui nui, he tokomaha ngā momo o nei i ki te whawhai me te i roto i te Tama'i II o te Ao.

I te wa ano i roto i te 1904 he hapa nui i roto i te aromatawai o te āhuatanga tōrangapū o te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti me te kaha o nga ope patu Japanese, hoki i te mea ia haepapa rite rangatira i roto i te rangatira, a Tsar Nicholas 2. Domestic me kaupapa here ke whakaahuatia poto rite shapkozakidatelskih.

Ko te whawhai ki a Japan i tino Kāore, engari e kore e iti, ko nga hua o te kore o te mau a'oraa te pai. Kua stagnated ōhanga o te hoariri, ahakoa te wikitoria i roto i te Tsushima Strait, mahi hōia atu i reira rawa raruraru no o te kore o Rahui me ngā rauemi. Otiia i hanga ātetenga i Russia: haere Japan ki Port Arthur, hawhe o Sakhalin me te mana o te kūrae Korea.

kaupapa here Defence me nga mau tautooraa takawaenga

Otiia i mau ratou me pütahitanga whakatau i runga i te whakahou o te ope, me te kaipuke. Hanga e te Russian Air Force. kaupapa here kāinga me te ke o Nicholas II i te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau, i hāngai ki te whakapakari i korero te whenua o, engari i roto i te wahi tuatahi - ki te ārai i te whawhai. Torutoru iwi mohio koutou e te tuatahi i roto i te hou aamu o te tono ki a tohu te ngā kawenata i runga i kore-fakaaoao a tahi i te tahi ringa whāititanga I whakaurua e te Russian taha i roto i 1898. Na i reira nga rua Hague rangimarie Conference (1899 me 1907), i whakatakotoria te turanga mo te atu whakahaere te ao - te League o Nations me te United Nations.

tikanga enei mehua katoa i ki te whakakore i te taea o te pakanga hōia nui-tauine i Europe. matau te kore anake Nikolay 2. Domestic me poto kaupapa here ke uru ki te tātai o whakaaetanga te pai, me te taiao ao mo te whanaketanga o te ōhanga ā-motu - rua ranei e toru tekau tau o te marino - me te meake Russia ki te pai. Kia aroha mai, i runga i te ara ki te whakatutuki i tenei kaipuke o kāwanatanga takoto whanga i roto i mo ākau maha, e kore katoa o i whakahaere ki te circumvent.

Ko te revolution tuatahi

Ko te Revolution o 1905 tupu, i te mea mawhiti tuatahi ki te waiho i te ohorere, Heoi, he whakamātautau taipitopito o te huru o töna tïmatanga fokotu'u e pā ana ki ona ture. Ko e kore oti kahore te pakanga nui i waenganui i nga whanaunga i ërä o te hanga me te ope hua tere te huri te wā o te tupu o te öhanga tere. Tuatahi, kua he matamua o mahi i te rāngai ahuwhenua, oho kaimahi i roto i te rapu o te ora pai ki te pa te wahi i reira nga mahi, pupuhi nga rarangi o te ënei whenua. Tuarua, te papatipu mahara awe te hinga Russia i te Japanese pakanga, ia i whakawakia o, me ētahi wā tonuhia, Nicholas 2. Domestic me ke kaupapa here Ua parauhia e te ohaoha poto te iwi whānui rite hua tataki whakamuri tikanga te whakamahi i mahara tawhitotia wä clichés (iwi, te whakapono, ïa autocracy me t. d.). Ko te tauira o te koroheke, engari haapiiraa.

A, o te akoranga, he patu nui ki te whakaaro monarchist Russian kua tono i roto i te "Rātapu toto", ka, whai ki whakapataritari, hoia te aukati uru o te tira ki te Winter Palace, whakatuwheratia ahi. Ko mauiui haamana'oraa o te mau ohipa tata atu Kiev, i kōkiri i te arepurepuraa, me ka kotahi, tenei āhuatanga. Heoi, meinga te oaoa te poipoi o te riri rongonui, ue'i te kingi ki te hanga tuuraa ra nui. Ētahi taupatupatu me te hiahia ki te titiro pai i roto i te kanohi o te kingi, tae atu i te hoariri tuwhera o te tufaa Russian i rerekē i roto i te tau e rua o taimaha kaupapa here kāinga me te ke o Nicholas 2,.

Poto e pā ana ki te wāhi matua: te Faaiteraa o Oketopa 17, i Rere 1905 rite herekore, āhuatanga o manahune o Europe, a ka whakapuakina te kanohi o wāhanga katoa o te taupori i roto i te State Duma. Otira i muri, ka timata te huru pāhoro ki peka, he tokomaha o enei mehua takoha i whakakorea (kore te katoa), me te pāremata - rewa.

Russia i roto i te Pakanga o te Ao

I runga i te mahana o te pakanga nui, kei te kaha hou te ope Russian. Nga rōnihi whenua, kaipuke hou hanga ahumahi rererangi, engari na te whakahou 1914 kihai i oti. Ko tētahi o nga kaupapa matua o te tautohe kōrero ko te whakatau i runga i te roopu o te kingi, whakaaturia i muri i te pere mate me te Sarajevo'alú Austria-Hungary ki Serbia. ratou i te faahapa te tahi i te tahi atu rite mehua korero kaha whaia mua nonga Politika Nikolaya 2. Whakarāpopoto tepu toenga ke, me te kāinga o ope i waenganui i nga whenua o te Tōtoru Alliance me Russia i te tīmatanga o te whawhai heheu te kore o painga, e e hoatu he taurangi o te wikitoria nohopuku, me te kī taurangi.

Ko te kupu, kau 'i roto i te pakanga auroa, te kingi Russian whakamutunga taea kore matau e, ia whakaritenga te whenua te mate nui o te ora me te āta ōhanga. Mō te hinga, a te akoranga, te pātai i taea e kore Kia: te pūmanawa o te ahumahi me te ahuwhenua kēne tatau i runga i te meka e te matekai e pai te karohia ana, me te nui o te rohe i kore hoatu te hoariri ngā tūmanako hoki ia mahi, ara wāhanga. Na, mau, tupu ai: nga Tiamana me nga Austrians kihai i taea e ki te kōkiri atu te Carpathians.

whai wāhi Russia ngaro o mate hōia nui i runga i nga akina o te Pakanga II o te Ao ki te whakahaere i mua roto, o waho Politika Nikolaya 2. Ko te tepu i runga whakaatu anake whakatutuki i te ahumahi korero motu, hāunga te takoha o te āhua i whakauru. Ka taea e tatou amo e i roto i te pakanga fakaongosia ki paturu te iwi rauemi i roto i Russia i nui atu pea atu i te whenua o te Tōtoru Alliance tahi.

Ka rite ki te whanaketanga o atu whanaketanga, te taea o ratou hau emepera, a piriponotanga te hoariri. Tātaitanga o Kaiser Wilhelm i rite poto-kitea rite te kāinga, me te ke Politika Nikolaya 2. Ko nga hua o te whawhai i kino hoki e rua iloa he Pākehā, me te Emperor Frantsa Iozefa o Austria: kua pakaru mai ratou ki, taea ki te tu i te pae faaravairaa faufaa rahi. Na ano i nui pea atu ki te pupuri i te tufaa Russia. I tua atu, i reira ko he tumanako ki te tautoko i te Entente: i Ingarangi ko France pūmanawa nui, me i whakamatauria wikitoria hoki ratou te hua o te whawhai.

I roto i te manakohia o Nicholas ko te meka e, ārahi te ope i te 1915, i whakamatauria e ia ia he rangatira hōia pūmanawa ka whakaritea he maha o ngā mahi rautaki angitu (Vilna-Molodecheskaya, Brusilov ino, Riga ino), tuku i te tianara pūmanawa ite te whakaaro maia. He rite o te āhuatanga i roto i te Eastern me akina Western tohu e te ope Russian rite te katoa mahi kaupapa, te iritiraa i te huru o te whawhai o te tūranga i roto i te pūtau, i te Ingarangi me te French mau hoatu ake e ngana ana ki te wahi i roto i te korero Austria.

Ko te revolution tuarua

I roto i te Hui-tanguru 1917, ka tangohia e wahi tetahi atu revolution i Russia, ka karanga i roto i te bourgeois heke mai. Ko te āhuatanga ōhanga o te whenua, o te akoranga, ko te uaua, engari e kore e Aue, rite whakamahia reira ki te kia tohe i roto i te tau Soviet. Ahakoa te roopu nui, ko Russia te whenua ririhau anake i roto i nei i reira ko kahore he take ki te whakamōhio kāri raa. mahi Ahumahi i tere tonu.

Te huru subjunctive i roto i te aamu he Kāore, engari ko reira taea tonu ki te moemoea i te iti i runga i te tumu parau o te mea e te mea, ki te kahore i ahuatanga reira Nicholas 2. Domestic me kaupapa here ke (whakarāpopoto i ngā kōwae whakaahua ana mahi ta'e mo'oni noa) e kia hāngai ana i te wā toa me te whakatutukitanga o ngā hua. i te mate Germany me Austria-Hungary ki hinga. whakamatauria e taea ki te mea, experimentally: te Tiriti (me i meka - te tuku) i hainatia iti iho i te i te tau i muri i te Hui-tanguru Revolution, i waho te whai wāhitanga o Russia. i ahau ki te pupuri i te moka rawa, a kahore i roto i te kino tikanga o te katoa.

Heoi, kua te ope i whakawhānui, te ngākau takahi, ka whakamātau ki te tara rahua te tutu. Mā te haina i te Faaiteraa i te manakohia o tona teina e kore e haere, Nicholas II i ki te aukati i te whakarerenga iho monarchical, Heoi, i whakaae ia o tona Tuhinga i roto i te iwi. tahuri tenei whakatau i roto i ki te kia peapea hoki ia me te mo te whenua katoa.