Pyotr Chaadaev - kaituhi Russian, philosopho me te whakaaro

Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev kaipānui auau mohio kore ake ake rite te hoa, me te kaiwhiwhi o Pushkin, te punake nui nei whakatapua e etahi o ana rotarota nui. Ēnei geniuses rua tutaki i te raumati o te tau 1816 i te rōpū i roto i Karamzin. ko ia Aleksandr Pushkin whitu tau tawhito tonu i te kura nui, me rua tekau-toru Pita Chaadaev e tenei wa he āpiha whawhai ngingila, kakara o paura i roto i te pakanga o Borodino me whai wāhi i roto i pakanga ke. mahi a Pita i roto i te Life tiaki Hussar Regiment tu ana i Tsarskoye selo. Hanga hoa ratou kē he iti muri, ka puta Pushkin i ona rangahau i te Lyceum.

Chaadaev Petr Yakovlevich me Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin

riro Chaadayev he mātauranga pai, i ia he ngakau faahiahia, me te reira te awe te hanganga o te outlook punake taitamariki mahira. i ratou i te rota o kōrero atamai me tautohetohe wera, i roto i te mutunga reira katoa mai ki raro ki Ngātuere, Russia me ona paruparu katoa - te kore o te haere noa, serfdom, ka kaha huru taimaha, me te nanakia nga wahi katoa i te wa. Ko te hoa Freethinkers fatherland i tetahi taime rite ki te horo'ai tona "te patapata mai rahi wairua" ( "Ke Chaadaev", 1818).

hoki e kore tukua ratou ki okioki, me te whakaaro taumauri me tuhituhi. Ratou hoa tahi Ya. I. Saburov ka mea a Chaadayev pānga mīharo i runga i Pushkin, meinga hohonu ia i roto i te whakaaro taumauri. ka Pita Y. tetahi o nga hoa tata o Alexander, a tae noa ka mau wahi i roto i te tono mō te Tuhinga o tona rerenga ka hinga ia i roto i o manakohia ki te kingi. Na reira ahau whakaraua, tuatahi i roto i Siberia ranei i roto i te ohu whakapono Solovetsky, Heoi, ko te hua ohorere te hono tonga ki te mahi translation i Bessarabia.

whakahokinga o waimarie

Friendship i waenganui i nga rongonui e rua tonu i roto i te pukapuka, i roto i nei Pushkin maha uru e tona aroha ki a Chaadayev whakakapi oaoa me e taea tetahi aroha tona wairua matao o te rohi pehe. I roto i te tau 1821, tukutaha Alexander ia ona whiti, "I roto i te whenua te wahi wareware ahau te manukanuka o tau o mua ..." "He aha te feaa matao?" (1824). Ko te kawenata ki te ngākau mō te Pushkin ki tona hoa pakeke me kaiakopono, nei karangatia e ia he kaiwhakaora o ratou kaha hinengaro katoa o enei fakatupu.

a Chaadaev he mahi ngingila, engari i muri i te ngangaretanga semenov wiki rihaina ia (rite Pita Y. whakakitea tona tūranga pato'iraa). Ko te rua tau i muri mai pau ia i roto i te mangere, ka mahue ki te whakatika i to ratou hauora i roto i Europe, a whakaorangia ia tenei i te tupuhi Hakihea. tau o muri katoa, i tukua e ia mamae hinengaro, te raruraru i te pae varua kaha, whati nui meinga e mooni matekiri taiao. Ia whakaaro tonu e pā ana ki o Russia te whakarau. Katoa o te rangatira rawa, te hanahana, me nga minita i huaina e ia utu, kuware, pononga wairangi me te mea ngokingoki i pononga.

I roto i te tīmatanga o te ngahuru 1826 i roto i Moscow tata te wā kotahi hoki ki Alexander Pushkin me Petr Chaadaev. tutaki hoa i te hoa tahi o tona S. A. Sobolevskogo, te wahi mohio te rohi pehe i ki tona pehepehe katoa "Boris Godunov" a ka tae mai ratou i te Salon Zenaida Volkonsky. A iti i muri mai, ka hoatu e Pushkin ki tona hoa Pita, tenei mahi nui.

Pita Chaadaev: "Reta Philosophical"

I roto i te tau 1829-1830 ki te faaino pāpori koi kua hinga i runga i te publicist Russian Nikolaev, a tuhituhi rongonui tona "Letters Philosophical". Ko te tuatahi ko te tuhinga roa, ko te pukapuka a Pita Chaadaev, Pushkin, te rohipehe whakahuatia e pā ana ki reira i roto i tona reta ki te hoa i roto i te waenganui o te raumati 1831. Panuitia reira kua i roto i 1836 i roto i te "whātata", te mea A. I. Gertsen tuhituhi e koperea tenei hui i ngateri ana i roto i te po pouri.

faaoti Pushkin ki te whakautu me te tuhituhi i te pukapuka whakautu ki te kaituhi, he me tonu kia tukua. I roto i te reira mea ia e te faaino Chaadaeva mo te ora tūmatanui Russian, i roto i te mau rave'a e rave rahi roa pono, me te e ko ano hoki ia e kore e oaoa roa ki te meka e haere a tawhio noa, engari taurangi Pushkin ki whakahonore e, noa'tu e kore te mea e taui i to ratou fenua, me te kore i hiahia e whai ahau i te hītori rerekē atu te hītori o ona tupuna, e tonoa ratou ki te Atua.

Ka rite ki te hua, i katia "whātata", te ētita N. I. Nadezhdina i whakahekea ki Siberia, a whakaaturia haurangi Chaadaev, ka hoatu i raro i tamau te tirotiro hauora me te pirihimana. mauruuru tonu Chaadaev Pushkin rite tona hoa nui, i whakakake o reira ia, poihere ahau o ratou auhoaraa a Pushkin huaina "poto ataahua." I roto i nga tau o muri mai, ahakoa tonu ratou ki te whakatau i roto i Moscow, engari e te fafale hoa mua i haere ratou.

biography

Pita Chaadaev, tukua i roto i te tuhinga nei haurongo, ko i te utuafare pai rawa, a ko tama o te kōrero, me te academician M. M. Scherbatova te raina whaea. I whanau ia i runga i Mei 27, 1794 a ka pani wawe, mate tona papa ki te ra i muri i tona whanautanga, me tona whaea - i roto i te 1797.

Pita, me ki tona teina ka tangohia e Michael ki ia i te rohe Nizhny Novgorod i te mātauranga i roto i Moscow whaea keke - Princess Anna Mihaylovna Scherbatova. ka kaitiaki o nga tamariki tana tane - Prince D. M. Scherbatov. noho ratou i roto i te hiriwa Lane, i runga i te Arbat, tata ki St. Nicholas Ekalesia Jawlensky.

mahi

I te 1807-1811 tau tae ia kauwhau i University Moscow, ko hoa ki A. S. Griboedovym Decembrist N. I. Turgenevym, I. D. Yakushkinym me ētahi atu. rere ke te reira i kore anake te ngakau me tikanga ao, engari ano hoki te ingoa o te Dandy, a ataahua. I roto i te 1812, i mahi ia i roto i te semenov, ka i roto i Akhtyrka hussar wiki. uru ia i roto i te pakanga o Borodino, a muri timata te whawhai ki te mahi i roto i te marae emepaea me i 1819 riro te ana'iraa o te rangatira.

I muri i te ngangau i roto i te hoia semenov tuku ia tona rīhainatanga, a i roto i 1821 honoa e ia te Society o nga Decembrists i 1823 ka haere ki waho. I reira tae ia kauwhau i te philosopho Schelling, hoatu ake he kaume'a mo ia, ka whakahou ana whakaaro me te outlook.

whakama

Ki runga ki tona hokinga mai ki a Russia i 1826, i ora ai a Pita Chaadaev tata i whakangaro ai. Na anake i tuhituhi e ia rongonui tona "Letters Philosophical", i ko waru anake. Tona reta whakamutunga i muri i tā i roto i te "whātata" i roto i te 1836 ka arohaehae kōrero i roto i nga whare. Ko te tikanga o taua mea ko e whawhati atu i te whanaketanga ahurea ao o te iwi Russian Russia - ko te āputa i roto i te tikanga whaitake te oraraa o te taata nei tenei. Herzen ko tetahi o te torutoru nei tautoko i nga whakatau o te filōsefa e pā ana ki te Russian kino. pau Chaadayev tenei riri o nga mana, a ka mana whakaaturia e ia porangi.

takoha te tauhohenga taua o nga mana me te whakatau he loto tūmatanui Chaadaeva ki anō ratou whakaaro, me te tau i muri mai ka tuhituhi ia "whakapāha o te haurangi", te wahi i reira he kē he outlook atu anaanatae i runga i te heke mai o Russia.

Ana tau whakamutunga i ora ia i runga i nga ara o New Basman rawa ataahua, me te mokemoke, ahakoa fa'ufa'u ia hapori Moscow ki a ia he e warea ana ke, engari i te wa ano, nui tona arero koi, he tokomaha wehi.

mate Chaadayev April 14, 1856, i tanumia ia i roto i te urupā o te Donskoy Monastery i Moscow.

Whakahaerenga o te rapunga whakaaro

Ia ka karanga ia "kaupapa Karaitiana." Ka taea e Petra Chaadaeva rapunga kia tika mārama, e kore e taea ki te tino taa te pānui kotahi anake o ana mahi. Me whiwhi tēnei kia ako i te whānuitanga ki tonu o ana i tuhituhi ai, me te reta tūmataiti. I muri noa i kitea i roto i taua i te mea matua i roto i tona tūranga i te tirohanga fakalotu e kore ko e i roto i te whānuitanga o Katorika, Protestantism ko 'Ofotokisií. hiahia ia i te tirohanga o te parau haapiiraa Karaitiana kotahi ki te hoatu i te tikanga hou o te ahurea hītori, me te taumauri katoa. Ana rangahau whakapono taumauri whakapono ia te haapa'oraa o te heke mai, hangaia ki aau te kahui ka me ua hohonu, a e kore e hāngai ai ki te theologians o akonoanga. Here riro ia rite ki Tolstogo Lva Nikolaevicha, i roto i te ara ano he tino uaua nei te reira, a fakamamahi tukua he raruraru i te pae varua.

mohio Pita Chaadaev te karaipiture, a pai kaha i roto i reira. Heoi, ko te pātai matua i hiahia ia ki te kitea te whakahoki i "te mea ngaro o te wā", me te tikanga o te tuatapaparaa o te taata. te whakautu katoa i rapu ia mo roto i Karaitiana.

"Just te kanohi o te mahi tohu yasnovidyasche - e te te kaupapa o Karaitiana" - tuhituhi Pyotr Chaadaev. Quotes tauturu i ite i ia tona tuakiri ake hohonu, i roto i tetahi o ratou, ano he poropiti titiro reira, no te mea tuhi e ka riro hapori, i roto i tona whakaaro, a kahore te mea he tika ia, engari no te mea he he tona hoariri.

hahi Hononga

whakapono ia e kia waiho te whakaaro matua me te whakaaro kapu mo e fa'ahinga te whakatūnga o te rangatiratanga o te Atua i runga i te whenua i roto i tona whanaketanga morare, a ka hurihia hoki e ia tenei tukanga hītori he foaki fakalangí. Waho o Karaitiana, e kore ia i tohu oraraa hītori me te apataki o te rangatiratanga o te Atua, kahore he hahi. Na konei ti'a ia tatou ia haapapû e konei korero Chaadayev o tetahi hahi, e kore wehea ki faaroo rerekē. Ko te reira i roto i taua kite ia i te tikanga pono o te pono mārika o te whakapono ki te hahi kotahi - i roto i te pūrere, he tikanga tino i runga i te whenua, tuku ki rite te rangatiratanga o te Atua. Kia haamana'o tonu e i roto i te whakapono Siu, te rangatiratanga o te Atua - te ariā ita e puta i muri i te ora tūturu i runga i te whenua (i muri i te apocalypse).

whakaaro Chaadaev e te whakapono Muslim he utu matara i te pono. United Christian Ekalesia, i wahia ki faaroo - e ko te apataki pono o te Atua. O nga akonoanga katoa ia ohorere whiriwhiri te hahi Katorika matua, e mahara te nuinga kawea i roto i te mahere a te Atua. Ko te tautohe matua huaina e ia te whanaketanga nui o te ahurea Western. E ai ki a ia, kua hoatu Russia kahore me te ahurea ao "ngaro tona ara ki runga ki te whenua." kaikorero e ia te iwi Russian me kite te take kua ohi e Russia Ofotokisií i Byzantium.

mutunga

Otiia ka rawa āta ko reira ia tapao e enei katoa ana whakaaro e te nuinga ariā i roto i te natura, mai te reira tona ora katoa whakaaro haratau ia, a tae noa hohonu riri ka reira nga hau e pā ana ki tona whakawhitinga ki te whakapono Katorika.

Bit rewena i roto i ona whakaaro taumauri i muri i te whakakāhoretanga o Providence i o Russia te whakarau, i roto i 1837, ia ohorere i tuhituhi te pepa ui ko e "whakapāha o te haurangi", Kei te kua i korero e pā ana ki te iku'anga nui o Russia, tona tūranga motuhake whakaritea e te Ariki.