Transistors tīwerawera Simple i te ringa. Tīwerawera i runga i te transistor kotahi: te kaupapa

transistors tīwerawera, ahakoa tona hītori kua roa, ko te kaupapa tino o te ako, tīmata e rua me hams huihuinga. Na ko mārama tenei. Ko ei tuhaa faufaa rahi o te nuinga o ngā pūrere irirangi runaruna papatipu: farii irirangi me amplifiers i roto i iti (pāorooro) auau. titiro tatou i pehea ki te hanga amplifiers ohie auau iti transistors.

Ko te whakautu auau o te tīwerawera

I roto i tetahi pouaka whakaata irirangi ranei, i roto i nga pokapū puoro tīwerawera transistor ranei e taea te kitea amplifiers ororongo (auau iti - LF). Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i te amplifiers transistor oro, me ētahi atu momo, ko ratou āhuatanga auau.

transistors tīwerawera Ororongo he whakautu auau flat i roto i te pēne auau i te 15 Hz ki te 20 kHz. Tenei te tikanga e nga tohu tāuru katoa ki te auautanga roto tenei awhe, e tahuri te tīwerawera (piki) āhua ōrite. i raro E whakaatu ana te ahua i te taunga "taonga tīwerawera Ku - auau Tāuru" whakaatu ānau he āhuatanga auau pai mo te tīwerawera ororongo.

Ko tata flat i 15 Hz ki te 20 kHz tenei ānau. te tikanga o tēnei ki te tono i te mana ki te hei tohu ïa tāuru ki iarere i waenga i te 15 Hz me 20 kHz. Hoki tohu tāuru ki iarere i runga 20 kHz me i raro 15 Hz tōtika me te kounga o tana mahi tere whakaiti.

whakaritea Momo auau āhuatanga o te tīwerawera e te wāhanga hiko (kahore ano) o tona taiawhio, matua transistors ratou. transistors tīwerawera Ororongo te tikanga huihui i runga i te transistor auau iti, me te reo pera-ka karanga ki te katoa hōkaiipurangi o tohu tāuru i tekau me rau o Hz ki te 30 kHz.

tīwerawera piha haapiiraa mahi

Ka rite ki te mea i mohiotia ai, i runga i te tohu o te tonu o te rere o nāianei i roto i te wā i te reira i roto i te atamira transistor tīwerawera (tīwerawera) wehewehe ona akomanga mahi e whai ake nei: "A", "B", "AB", "C", "D".

I roto i te mahi i te piha haapiiraa o nāianei "A" rere i roto i te Niniiraa mo te wā tāuru tohu 100%. mahi Niniiraa i roto i tenei piha i muri whakaatu te tuhi.

I roto i te piha haapiiraa o te mahi o te atamira tīwerawera therethrough "AB" rerenga nāianei neke atu i te 50%, engari iti iho i te 100% o te wā tāuru (kite. Figure raro).

I roto i te piha haapiiraa o te Niniiraa therethrough "B" rerenga o nāianei rite 50% o te wā tohu tāuru, rite faahoho'ahia i roto i te tuhi.

Na rawa i roto i te piha haapiiraa o te Niniiraa rere "C" o nāianei therethrough i roto i iti iho i te 50% o te wā tāuru tohu.

transistors tīwerawera LF: distortions nui i roto i te mahi akomanga

I roto i te mara o te Class whakahaere transistor tīwerawera "He" kua he taumata iti o te distortion hawarite. Otiia ki te mea i te tohu he tukunga ngaohiko pini, ārahi ki te waiwai o te transistors, te hawarite teitei (ki runga, ki te 11 meneti) puta a tawhio noa ia putanga hawarite "auau". ai tenei te āhuatanga o te transistor pera-ka karanga, he tangi konganuku ranei.

Ki te amplifiers mana LF i transistors mana unregulated, kua modulated ratou tohu putanga i roto i te tata tīwera ki te auautanga mains. arata'i tenei ki te rigidity o te tangi i runga i te mata i mahue o te whakautu auau. Various tikanga mo te stabilization o te tīwerawera ngaohiko hanga matatini atu te hoahoa.

e kore e kakama angamaheni kotahi whānui piha te tīwerawera nui 20% no te mea o te transistor tuwhera tonu me te rere tonu o te wāhanga o nāianei tamau. Ka taea e koe te mahi i te piha haapiiraa te tīwerawera pana-kume, ka whakanui i te pai ahua, engari ka waiho atu tahatahi te tohu hawhe-poipoi. Translation o te atamira o te mahi o te piha haapiiraa "A" i roto i te mahi o te piha haapiiraa "AB" piki kia wha ana distortion hawarite, ahakoa nui haere te tōtika o tona kaupapa i roto i tenei take te.

I roto i te amplifiers taua piha "AB" me "B" distortions ake i rite te whakaiti taumata tohu. I oke ai kerf e hiahia ana te amp rahi ki te whakaoti i te sensation o te mana me te akiakinga o te waiata, engari maha e kore e tauturu i te reira.

mahi akomanga takawaenga

I roto i te mahi piha "A" kua he ahua o - te piha haapiiraa "A +". Ko te kupu, iti-ngaohiko transistors tāuru o tenei tīwerawera piha mahi i roto i te piha haapiiraa "A" ka nui te tiketike-ngaohiko transistors putanga o te tīwerawera te ina haere ratou tohu tāuru i runga i te tetahi taumata i roto i te akomanga "V" "AB" ranei. Utu o taua hūkere pai atu i te piha haapiiraa parakore "A", i te distortion nonlinear iti (0.003%). Heoi, tangi ratou ano "konganuku" e tika ana ki te aroaro o ngā hawarite teitei i roto i te tohu putanga.

I roto i te tahi atu piha o amplifiers - he ara raro "AA" taumata o te distortion hawarite - e pā ana ki 0,0005%, engari he hakari hoki hawarite teitei.

Hoki ki te tīwerawera transistor o te piha haapiiraa "A"?

I teie mahana, e rave rahi tohunga i roto i te mara o te reproduction tangi-kounga tiketike taunaki te hoki ki amplifiers ngongo, mai te taumata o te distortion hawarite me ngā hawarite whakaurua e ratou ki te tohu putanga, mārama i raro i taua o transistors. Heoi, kei te wāhikē enei painga i te whānuitanga nui te hiahia o te hiko ōrite i waenganui i te wā ātete tiketike ngongo putanga me te parenga ia kaikōrero ororongo iti. Heoi, e taea te hanga transistors ohie, me te mana ki te putanga hiko, rite ka kia whakaaturia i raro nei.

He he ano hoki te tirohanga e taea te kounga tangi hopea whakarato anake te tīwerawera ngongo-transistor kākano, katoa o nei e kore e ngā kotahi-huringa hipoki e te urupare tōraro , me te mahi i roto i te piha haapiiraa "A". Ko, he repeater ko te tīwerawera mana i runga i te transistor kotahi. kia whai i te ara iahiko tona kakama noaa mōrahi (i roto i te piha haapiiraa "A") e kore te mea neke atu i te 50%. Otiia e kore te mana ranei te tōtika tīwerawera he tohu o te kounga o te reproduction tangi. Piri ngā faufaa ki te kounga me te linearity o ere i roto i te ara iahiko.

Mai iahiko kotahi-mutu ko te tirohanga taua, whakaaro tatou i raro to ratou mau rave'a.

tīwerawera Single-whānui i runga i te transistor kotahi

whakaaturia Scheme reira, hanga ki he kaituku noa, me te RC-here i runga i nga tohu kōkuhu me te whakaputa mo te piha haapiiraa "A" te i raro.

He te whakaaturia te hanganga transistor Q1 npn. Kei te hono tōna kaikohi mā te ārai o nāianei whāiti R3 ki te kāpeka pai + Vcc, me he kaituku - ki -Vcc. ka whai i te taua ara iahiko Power transistor hanganga PnP, engari I Whakawhiti nga terminals mana supply.

C1 - ārai pūnga, ai wehea te te tāuru tohu AC i te ngaohiko DC Vcc. I roto i tenei take, e kore e C1 ārai i te wahi o te tāuru o nāianei AC roto i te huinga "pūtake -. Q1 transistor kaituku" Parenga R1 ko R2 tahi me te whakawhiti resistance "E - B" te hanga i te kaiwehewehe ngaohiko Vcc ki te tīpako i te wāhi whakahaere o te Q1 transistor i roto i te aratau pateko. Angamaheni hoki tenei ara iahiko ko te uara o R2 = 1 kohm, me te tūranga o te pūwāhi whakahaere - Vcc / 2. R3 Ko te parenga kawenga me whakamahia te ara iahiko tango te ki te waihanga i te kaikohi AC putanga ngaohiko.

Mā e = Vcc 20 V, R2 = 1 kohm, me te h tauwehe amplification nāianei = 150. Ko te ngaohiko i runga i te kaituku o tīpako Ve = 9 V, me te maturuturunga iho ngaohiko puta noa i te huinga "E - B" riro te rite ki VBE = 0.7 V. hāngai ana tēnei uara ki te transistors silicon pera-ka karanga. Ki te whakaaro matou te tīwerawera i runga i transistors germanium, te maturuturunga iho ngaohiko i te whakawhitinga tuwhera - e kia rite ki VBE = 0,3 V. "E B"

Ko te āhua rite ki te kaikohi nāianei kaituku nāianei

Ie = 9 B / 1 k = 9 mA ≈ IC.

Base nāianei Ib = IC / h = 9 mA / 150 = 60 ua.

Ko te maturuturunga iho ngaohiko puta noa i te iahiko R1

V (R1) = Vcc - VB = Vcc - (VBE + Ve) = 20 V - 9.7 V = 10.3 V,

R1 = V (R1) / Ib = 10,3 V / 60 mA = 172 Ohm.

hiahiatia C2 te ki te waihanga i tētahi mekameka haere te wāhanga AC o te kaituku (kaikohi nāianei mau). Ki te kahore i reira, ka te kaha whāiti te parenga R2 ki te wae AC, kia pai ai te kaupapa te mana pourua transistor he iti taonga o nāianei.

I roto i to tatou tātaitanga riro tatou e IC = Ib h, i reira Ib - turanga o nāianei e rerengia ana ki reira i te kaituku me te puta, ka tono ki te turanga rītaha. Heoi, tonu i roto i te turanga (rite i roto i te aroaro o te displacement, a kahore taua mea) puta atu me te nāianei leakage o Icb0 kaikohi. Na reira, ko te nāianei tango tūturu ko IC = Ib h + Icb0 h, i.e. nāianei leakage i roto i te ara iahiko ki te MA rahi roa'tu, 150 nga wa. Ki te whakaaro matou te tīwerawera i runga i transistors germanium, e whai ki te tangohia ki pūkete i roto i te tātai i tēnei meka. Ko te take i te transistors germanium i te raupapa Icb0 nui o te torutoru microamps. I roto i te silicon, ia toru whakahau o nui iti (e pā ana ki te maha nKa), na ratou e te tikanga arongia i roto i te tātai.

tīwerawera Single-whānui ki Mos-transistor

Ka rite ki ki tetahi FET tīwerawera, whakaaro te kaupapa kua tona tauira i roto i nga amplifiers i runga i transistors pourua. Na reira, whakaaro tatou nga iahiko tairitenga o mua ki te kaituku noa. Kei te hanga te reira i te puna noa, me te RC-here i runga i nga tohu kōkuhu me te whakaputa mo te piha haapiiraa "A" me te whakaaturia i raro nei.

He C1 - he pūnga ārai, wehea ai te te tāuru tohu AC i te ngaohiko DC Vdd. Ka rite ki mohiotia te, me whai i tetahi FET tīwerawera te pūmanawa kuwaha o ona transistors Mis i raro ratou puna pea. I roto i tenei ara iahiko niuhia te kuwaha te parenga R1, he te tikanga he ātete tiketike (100 kOhm ki 1 MOhm), e kore e shunted reira ki te tohu tāuru. Ko te nāianei i roto i R1 te tata kore e haere, na te pūmanawa kuwaha ina he rite ki te pūmanawa whenua kahore tohu tāuru. Ko te pūmanawa o te puna i runga pea whenua e tika ana ki te maturuturunga iho ngaohiko puta noa i te parenga iahiko R2. Ko te kupu, Ko raro atu i te pūmanawa pūtake, i te mea e tika ana mo te mahi noa o Q1 te pūmanawa kuwaha. Ko te C2 pūnga me te parenga R3 i te mahi taua rite i roto i te kaupapa o mua. Mai tenei ara iahiko ki te puna noa, ka he wā neke e 180 ° te tohu kōkuhu me te whakaputa.

Tīwerawera ki putanga hiko

He transistors kotahi-wā ohie toru tīwerawera whakaaturia i roto i te ahua i raro, Kei te hoki whirihora e te noa-kaituku ki te mahi i roto i te piha haapiiraa "A", engari ki te korero parenga ia iti te hono reira i roto i te hiko ōrite.

Ko te tuatahi awhiowhio o te hiko T1 ko te kawenga o te kaikohi o transistor Q1 me whakawhanake iahiko he tohu putanga. T1 whakawhiti te tohu putanga ki te korero, a ka whakarato oti transistor ruruku putanga ki te ātete iti (e pā ana ki te maha o ohms) parenga ia tukuoro.

whakarato ngaohiko kaiwehewehe i pūtake tango mana Vcc parenga kohia R1 ko R3, te kōwhiringa o te wāhi whakahaere o te Q1 transistor (te ngaohiko rītaha i tona turanga). Wāhui o te toe ngā huānga o te tīwerawera ko te taua rite i roto i te kaupapa o mua.

Ko te tīwerawera ororongo pana-kume

Neke-kume tīwerawera LF rua transistors motumotuhia te tāuru tohu oro auau e rua antiphase hawhe-poipoi, ia o nei whakarei e ona ake atamira transistor. I muri te raveraa i te taua amplification hawhe-poipoi e ngā ki te tohu hawarite wāhi, tuku nei ki te pūnaha tukuoro. he faafariuraa iti-auau taua tohu (wāwāhi me te anō-te hanumitanga) fakanatula ai distortions tina heke reira e tika ana ki te rerekētanga o te auau me ngā āhuatanga hihiri o te iahiko transistor rua. E heke ēnei distortions kounga ororongo i te putanga tīwerawera.

Pana-kume tīwerawera mahi i roto i te piha haapiiraa "te" e kore e uri pai te tohu tangi matatini, rite nui haere he uara o nāianei tamau te tonu rere ki o ratou pokohiwi. arata'i tenei ki te unbalance o ngaru hawhe tohu, wāhanga distortion me te mutunga ki te mate o te intelligibility o te tangi. Na roto i te whakawera, nui haere nga transistors mana e rua e rua i roto i te distortion iti me te tohu auau subsonic. Heoi, ko te painga matua o te mania pana-kume, ko tona kakama manakohia a nui haere putanga mana.

Neke-hutia te mana tīwerawera iahiko ki whakaaturia transistors te i roto i Fig.

mahi tenei tīwerawera i roto i te piha haapiiraa "A", engari ka taea te whakamahi me te piha haapiiraa "AB", a tae noa "B".

Transformerless transistor mana tīwerawera

Transformers, ahakoa te ahunga whakamua i roto i to ratou wāhinga e katoa te ere mōmona, taimaha, me te utu ano. Na reira, i kitea ai he huarahi ki te whakakore i te hiko o te mania pana-kume mā te mahi i te reira i runga i rua transistors tautoko kaha o ngā momo rerekē (npn me PnP). Te nuinga o amplifiers mana hou mā te whakamahi i teie parau tumu, a kua hangaia ki te mahi i roto i te piha haapiiraa "B". whakaaturia te hoahoa o te taua tīwerawera mana te raro nei.

Rua kua whakaritea tana transistor rite noa-kaikohi (kaituku muimui). Na reira, ka whakawhitia te ara iahiko te ngaohiko tāuru ki te putanga kahore amplification. Ki te kore he reira te tohu tāuru, he transistors e rua i runga i te rohe o te i runga i-kāwanatanga, engari kua tahuri atu ratou.

A, no te inputted te tohu hawarite te, e iriti te reira i te pai hawhe-poipoi TR1, engari me tino transistor TR2 PnP i roto i te aratau cutoff. Ko te kupu, anake rahi roa'tu, te pai hawhe-poipoi te rerenga o nāianei i roto i te kawenga. ka tuwhera te tohu tāuru hawhe-poipoi kino anake kati TR2 ko TR1, kia e te mana utanga tukua ki te nāianei kino hawhe-poipoi. Ka rite ki te hua, tukua te kawenga kei te ki tonu taonga mana (e tika ana ki te amplification nāianei) tohu sinusoidal.

Tīwerawera i runga i te transistor kotahi

Hoki te whakawhenumi o te mua kohikohi transistors tīwerawera ohie ki o ratou ringa, me te titiro i te āhua o te mahi i te reira.

Ko te kawenga o te iti momo BC107 mana transistor T e ngā taringa ki te parenga ia o 2-3 ohms, te ngaohiko rītaha i te turanga, ka whakarato i te nui-ātete parenga iahiko R uara * o te 1 MW, te decoupling te puritanga -hiko pūnga C o te 10 microfarads ki te 100 microfarads ngā i roto i te hoahoa ara iahiko taketake atawhai T. e pūhiko 4.5V / 0.3 AA

Ki te te kore te hono te parenga R *, kahore turanga Ib nāianei ranei IC o te kaikohi nāianei. Ki te hono te parenga te, te ngaohiko i runga i te turanga e whakatika ki te 0.7 V, a i roto i te reira rere he Ib = 4 mA nāianei. He rite te taonga o te transistor 250 nāianei ki e homai IC = 250Ib = 1 mA.

Na roto i te mau mai i te transistors tīwerawera ohie ki o ratou ringa ake, ka taea e tatou te ite i teie nei i te reira. Mono i roto i o koutou taringa, me te hoatu i tō maihao i runga i te mata 1 o te ara iahiko. Ka rongo koe i te haruru. Ka kite koutou tinana mains radiation supply i te auautanga o te 50 Hz. Ko te haruru i rongo koutou i nga taringa, me tenei radiation, ko te mana anake transistor. Kia whakamārama tatou tenei tukanga i roto i te kōrero atu. AC ngaohiko ki te auautanga o te 50 Hz te hono ki te turanga o te transistor mā te C. pūnga te ngaohiko i runga i te turanga, ko te rite ki te moni o te DC rītaha ngaohiko (āhua 0.7 V), e haere mai ana i te parenga R *, me he ngaohiko AC inaianei "i te ringa." Ka rite ki te hua, riro te nāianei tango i te AC wāhanga auau o te 50 Hz. whakamahia tēnei nāianei tauutuutu te ki te hūnuku i te HWM tukuoro hoki a atu ki te auau taua, e te tikanga e ka taea ki te whakarongo i te reo o 50 putanga Hz tatou.

Play kore he tino whakaongaonga 50 Hz haruru, kia taea te hono ki te ngā 1 me te 2, te pūtake tohu iti-auau (CD-kaitākaro hopuoro ranei) ka whakarei kupu rongo waiata ranei.