Wae Moscow Kremlin. Ko te hītori o te hanga, hoahoa, whakaahuatanga

I roto i tenei tuhinga titiro tatou ki nga mātanga matua o te Moscow Kremlin. Kei runga i te Borovitsky te maunga 25 mita i runga ake i te rohe pātata i te kongutu o te awa Moskva ki te awa Neglinnaya. Borovitsky pukepuke i roto i te ngahere hipoki tawhito, whakawhetai ki nei ka reira tona ingoa. Ka taea te whakaaro Moscow Kremlin rite te tupuna o te whakapaipai hakari o Russia. I muri i te whare tuatahi Moscow i kei rite i runga i tona rohe. hanga mātanga o te Kremlin ko Whero Square i i ngā wā rerekē. Na kia tīmata a te aamu e pā ana ki a ratou i te timatanga rawa, i roto i te raupapa wā.

Hei te ite i te prehistory o te takanga o te taua wahi nui mo to matou whenua, kia rite ki te Kremlin (Moscow). Scientists rā te tohu tuatahi o Borovitsky Hill tangata mutunga II mano. BC. e. I te timatanga o te rau tau XII, i konei ano i reira ko tetahi whakataunga, i meinga te tipuna o Moscow hou. noho Vyatichi he wāhi nui haere te Borovitsky Hill. E ko, i reira puta rua kainga, taiepa tiakina mowhiti.

Wā o Ancient Rus

tu o mua tuatahi ngā o kingitanga motuhake. Ko te whānui tino me whai mana ko te Rostov-Suzdal. Ko tōna whakapaipai ko te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XII te pa o Vladimir. Moscow taha ki te rangatiratanga i te uru.

I roto i te 1147, rite kī i roto i te Ipatiev Chronicle, Yuri Dolgoruky, Prince o Suzdal, karangatia ana e ia tona Svyatoslav hoa, Novgorod-Seversky Prince i Moscow. Tenei hui ko te whakahuatia tuatahi o te whakapaipai Russian i roto i nga puna pakipūmeka, ka whakaaro i tenei rā ko te timatanga o te hanganga o te pa.

I roto i te rau tau XIII, Moscow, me ētahi atu pa Russian tukua i whakaeke o Batu. Heoi, etahi wa i muri, ka anga te pa ki te whakahauora. I roto i Moscow, i reira ko te whare tuatahi o nga rangatira i roto i tenei wā, whakaturia e Raniera, te tama whakaotinga a Aleksandra Nevskogo. kihai i taea e Tatar-Mongols rawa whakangaro i te āhua Russian. tonu Earth ki whakahaere tikanga nga rangatira Russian, te fariiraa i hoki e tiwhikete Horde (tapanga). he tapanga taua i roto i 1319, ka ko Raniera te tama matamua, Yury o Moscow, ki kingi i roto i Novgorod. Na kua Moscow kua tukua i runga i ki a ratou i roto i tona whakahaere o tona teina.

Ivan Kalita, te whakapakoko o nei whakaaturia te raro nei, e kore e oho, pera i te whakarerenga iho o tana matua, Vladimir. faaoti ia ki te noho i roto i Moscow. Tenei hui He wāhi nui i roto i o te Kremlin me te pa katoa i te whakarau. I roto i Moscow i muri oho Ivan ko Pita ki Metropolitan.

ka te Kremlin te noho o nga rangatira Russian

kua mutu Kremlin mai taua wa ki te waiho noa te hanganga tiaki. Whakaahuatanga o te Kremlin kore uru ki tenei anga. ka tahuri ia ki te whare o te Metropolitan, me te Tiuka Grand. rohe Kremlin hanga i mua ake anake ngā hanganga rakau. Mai taua wa, timata reira ki te hanga i te whare o te kohatu ma. Na, i runga i te Borovitsky pukepuke, tona wāhi teitei, i whakaturia te whakaaro Cathedral, ka nei te hahi matua o te rangatiratanga Moscow. puta te Ekalesia o Ioanna Lestvichnika i 1329, te Cathedral o Arhangela Mihaila - i roto i te 1333. enei whare tuatahi o te kohatu, me te tautuhi i atu te ariā hoahoanga o te Moscow Kremlin, kua ora ki to tatou wa. Kua tupu Capital i raro i Ivan Kalita. wehe Kremlin tau ana wahi pokapū o te pa.

kia mea te reira e puta te ingoa "Kremlin" mo te wa tuatahi i roto i nga meatanga o te raa, kua tohua te 1331 tau. Te auraa ra, e whakakaha ana i te wahi pokapū o te pa.

Ivan Kalita te aroaro o tona matenga i tuhituhi te reo matatini i te pae varua. I roto i te reira, Kohaina ia nga tohu o te mana o Russia (kakahu o te rangatira, hokona utu nui, whitiki koura me te mekameka), me te katoa o te whenua o Moscow ki ana tama.

kohatu ma Kremlin

I roto i te 1365 i tukua kotahi ano te hanga rakau o te Kremlin i te ahi. Katahi Dmitry Donskoy, te taitama rangatira o Moscow, faaoti ki te hanga i te whare kohatu i runga i te pukepuke Borovitsky. Winter 1367 mō tenei kawea i ki te whakapaipai o te pākeho kei 30 maero i te kainga Myachkovo pa. ka anga Construction i roto i te puna. I roto i te pokapū o Moscow rite te hua i ia he pa-kohatu ma, i ko te tuatahi i roto i te Russia Te Tai Tokerau-Eastern. Kua Territory o te Kremlin i te wa ano kua nui haere i te utu o te pukepuke, me te tona remu. Ko tōna hoahoanga i te mutunga o te rau tau XV riro huru e te hunga āhuatanga o te whakapaipai Russian hou ka timata Moscow ki kia kitea rite te mono o Vladimir me Kiev.

Constantinople, te whakapaipai o te Byzantine Empire, i riro i roto i 1453 i te Turkey. Na reira, ka anga te tūranga o te Siu ki te kawe i te whakapaipai Moscow. I roto i te tikanga ki te kawe i te pa ki tautukunga ki tenei tūnga, ka karanga Ivan Iii ki te whakapaipai o rangatira Russian me kaihoahoa Italian mo te hangaia anō Kremlin.

Hanganga o te ensemble Kremlin

I raro i te arata'iraa o Aristotle Fioravanti, te kaihoahoa Itari, i roto i te wā i 1475 ki te 1479 tau, i whakapumautia te whakaaro Cathedral hou, te hahi matua i roto i Russia. I te tahi atu pito o te tapawha, ritenga te karakia, i tetahi atu Italian, Aleviz hou, hanga he whare-urupa - te Cathedral o Arhangela Mihaila. hanga Moscow whare rangatira i roto i te wahi ki te hauauru o te Kremlin. ngā reira Gold Toharite, parepare me Big faceted Chamber.

i hanga Cathedral o te Faaiteraa i muri, i roto i te wā i 1485 i runga i 1489 tau. Haunga i hāngai ia Ekalesia o te Deposition o te Ahu. I roto i te wāhi, iti nei te ki te Faaiteraa me cathedrals Anahera, Kei whare kāwanatanga te. ko te taonga matua o te rangatira tenei.

I oti te ensemble o Cathedral Square te hanga o te pourewa pere Ivana Velikogo. I oti te reira i roto i te tau 1505-1508. Ivan te Bell Great waea mai ka timata ki te pai noho o te whakapaipai.

Kua tuku iho mau hiero hou katoa i hanga i runga i te pae o mua nei i konei i te wa o Dmitry Donskoy ko Ivan Kalita. Whakaturia i roto i to ratou wahi, ko nga mātanga Moscow Kremlin te taua ingoa. i āta whakawhiti urupa me pukahu katoa o te mau hiero tawhito ki a ratou. O Vladimir i oho whakaaro Cathedral te whare tino wehi i o Russian i te wa - te icon o to tatou Lady o Vladimir.

pourewa Kremlin

Ko te hanganga o pourewa hou me taiepa ko te oti pa ki te hoahoa o te ensemble Kremlin. Ratou hanganga me te whakahou wahi tango i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga. I hanga Taynitskaya pourewa tuatahi. i te reira i te irava raro ki te awa Moskva. Kaihoahoa, ki te whakaoti i tenei kaupapa, - Anton Fryazin, Italian. hanga tetahi o tona compatriot Marco Fryazin Beklemishevskaya pourewa, ka karanga nei Moskvoretskaya. Na ka hanga Sviblova, nei hoki i te putanga ngaro ki te awa Moscow. I roto i Sviblovo pourewa i roto i 1633 whakapumautia matou he mīhini motuhake mō te ara wai a whakaingoatia reira Vodovzvodnaya.

I roto i te 1488, i hanga te pourewa Faaiteraa. Na ka whakaturia a te tahi atu mātanga o te Moscow Kremlin. Ko ratou e rua pourewa Ingoakore ko Borovitskaya, Pita, Nabatnaya ko Constantine ko Helen. i hanga Spassky pourewa ki te whakapakari i te wahi ki te rawhiti o te Kremlin. Ko ia nei tona waitohu. ka Spassky pourewa tona ingoa i roto i te kororia o te ata e rua: te Faaora e, me te Kaiwhakaora o Smolensk.

i hanga St. Nicholas i te wa ano. tupu i waenganui reira me te Faaora i kua ara tetahi e muri ka mohiotia rite te kaumatua. puta Middle ko Corner Arsenal Tower ki te mutunga o te rau tau XV. I te wa ano, i reira ko te Tolutasi, te teitei i roto i te Kremlin. Ki te whakarite i te haumaru o huarahi ki reira i hanga ai Kutafya pourewa. Kua whakatūria taha te Armory me te rangatira mano o te awa Neglinnaya hoki te whakaaro kotahi. I roto i te 1680 ka puta i te reira i te pourewa whakamutunga o te Kremlin - pourewa o mua.

te rangatiratanga wā Ivana Groznogo i te hītori o te Kremlin

I roto i 1547 i te whakaaro Cathedral Ivan Grozny, Grand Prince o Moscow, i kauwhautia te tuatahi i roto i Russia tangata mārō. Ko te upoko o te Siu Ekalesia Russian, mana whakaaturia Metropolitan Macarius ia kingi, e maka ana i te pōtae ki runga ki te matenga o Monomakh Ivana Groznogo. I roto i te tikanga ki te hoatu atu pono ki te kingitanga Moscow, i whakaritea e te reira ki te canonize maha ascetics me whika hītori, me te te whakaaro ki te whakapaipai i te taiepa o te cathedrals Kremlin peita rahi.

kaupapa Military, i hua i roto i te Astrakhan patua ko Kazan Khanate, i whakakaha te mana o te kāwanatanga Russian. I roto i te honore o enei ngā, i whakaritea e te reira ki te hanga i te Cathedral o te inoi o te wahine a Meri, i tenei ra ano e mohiotia ana ko St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo. I hanga e ia i roto i te wā i 1555 e 1562 waho te Kremlin, i haapapû te faufaa motuhake o tenei whare. Ko konei te reira, āta, e tata ana te kuwaha Spassky i hanga te pokapū hou o te ora pāpori o Moscow - Whero Square.

I roto i te Livonian War, i hoki mai ai ki a Polotsk, te pa Russian tawhito. I roto i te kororia o tenei hui, whakahau Ivan Grozny ki hanga te whare o te Faaiteraa, i mahi rite ki tona hahi kāinga. Kua 4 hahi iti (fare pureraa) hanga i runga i nga ara o te whare karakia i roto i te 1563-1566, aua.

Ko te kingitanga o te kingi, i roto i te tua, i tuhia ai te putanga o whakahau o te Kremlin. Ko te pera-ka karanga mana. Kei o ratou whare i runga i te rohe Ivanovo o te Kremlin ki te tahuri i roto i te pokapū whakahaere me te pakihi o te whakapaipai. i whakaaro Ambassadorial Tari te nui tino o ratou. I roto i tona tari ko nga take o te kaupapa here ke, me te mana i runga i te haapa'oraa o te hui karere.

faafariuraa Kremlin, hanga i roto i te rau tau XVIII

Ko te mahere taipitopito tuatahi o te Kremlin, kei te tiaki nei i tenei ra, rā hoki ki 1663 tau. I reira e taea e pā ana ki a koutou whakaaro me pehea tenei wahi titiro ka.

Kremlin (Moscow) i te tahuri o ngā rau tau XVII-XVIII ite i roto i tona tino pokea ana. i oho te whakapaipai kāwanatanga i te ture Petra Velikogo i Moscou ki St Petersburg i 1712. Heoi, tonu whakaaro Cathedral ki hei te hahi matua i roto i Russia. Kei te ki konei whakatapua reira kāwanatanga. Otiia mangai āhuatanga hou te ara rerekē o te ora, na ka anga te rohe Borovitsky Hill ki hanga. He wae hou o te Moscow Kremlin, i roto i ngā, whare kingi, monasteries ka whakakapi te hoia tawhito Whare.

Na, Taka hanga i roto i te rau tau XV, te Whare o marae o te mua. i whakakapi ratou e Baroque kaihoahoa Rastrelli hanga kohatu Winter Palace i kāhua. Na tera ano hoki he Tsar Bell maka i te tikanga o Anny Ioannovny. ka mau te reira i rua tau - i 1733 ki te 1735. Heoi, e kore ia i faataahia ki te mahi i tona whakaaro e tūmanakohia ana. I roto i te 1737, i roto i te Kremlin Tokotoru taupokina ahi, ki tinei nga waihanga o te rakau kitea ki te wai i te pere. Nā ki te rerekētanga pāmahana nui wahia atu i ia kongakonga. noho Bell i roto i te rua whakarewanga e pā ana ki te tau rau, engari i roto i te 1836 i whakatakotoria ai ki runga ki te turanga, i reira tonu ia ki tenei ra.

Te hanga i te whakaahuatanga o te Moscow Kremlin, kia whakahuatia ai e kore i tika ai tonu tona hanganga, me te kouma. Na, i roto i te wahi i reira te Kooti Treasury, hanga a Taiwhanga o te koki i roto i te tau 1756-1764, i reira i whakanohoia taonga taonga. He tau torutoru i muri i whakaritea e te reira ki te waihanga anō i te Kremlin, ka wahia te Armory i me ētahi atu whare tahito. No te mea o tenei wahi tonga-rawhiti o te pukepuke Borovitsky hei whanau, a kore hanga ake.

MF Kazakov takaro he wāhi nui i roto i te huri i te ahua o te Kremlin. hanga whare o Pihopa i raro i tona mātakitaki. I te 1776-1787 tau i whakaturia e te kaumatua. Kei te whakanoho iho te whare ki te wāhi i waenganui i te huarahi, me te St. Nicholas te Miracle Monastery. Kua oti te reira i te ensemble o te kaumatua Square.

Alexander ahau i roto i te tau 1806 tukuna he tikanga kia rite ki ai i wahi o te ohu Toru tahi me Tsareborisova marae i whakaritea e te reira ki te hanga i te whare taonga mo te rokiroki o taonga. I hangaia kaupapa Egotov o te whare. kawea Construction o te whare taonga i roto i 1806 ki te 1810. I roto i te Kremlin, rite ki te hua o tenei, he whare hou, me te he wāhi iti i waenganui i Arsenal ko Tokotoru pourewa, Nō Tokotoru.

Kremlin i muri i te pakanga o 1812

Mahere mō te hanganga anō o te Kremlin wahia War Patriotic. A, no te whakaekea te ope o Napoleon Moscow, awhi te pa te ahi. i pahuatia maha taonga. whakatangihia ana Petrovsky, 1 hunga ingoakore, Vodovzvodnaya pourewa, tata tetahi mea mahue me i St. Nicholas.

tonu Creation o te Moscow Kremlin, me te te faaho'iraa mai o tona tira i muri i te wikitoria. Kawea ana kaihoahoa Russian. Whakatangihia ake nga taiepa Kremlin me pourewa hanga. I te 1838-1851 tau i te tikanga o Nicholas ahau i te pae o te Winter Palace i hanga te matatini whare. Ko reira wahi o te Moscow Armory, Grand Kremlin Palace me te fare. Construction arahina te KA Ton. Ko te ensemble o te Palace Square whakapaipai matatini o ngā whare hou.

Cathedral Square mai nga whakahau turakitanga ka noho tuwhera. He i kawea atu i roto i te rau tau XIX, rārangi o ngā hōia. I mohiotia tenei e rite Dragoon parade whenua. I tenei wāhi, i te 1989, i whakatūria he tohu ki a Alexander II.

Kremlin i roto i te wā Soviet

whakaaro matou te waia koe koe ki te mahere te Moscow Kremlin o, kua tohua te 1917 tau.

I roto i te Maehe 1918, i roto i te Kremlin, kua noho te kāwanatanga te RSFSR. I roto i te kaumatua tari-fare o te whare tuatahi o Lenin i tū ai, me ka Stalin. Uipaanga o te Kremlin ka katia ki te iwi whānui.

I tenei wa, kua tukua reira kino tūnguru ki hahi me monasteries katoa i runga i te whenua. kihai i Kremlin ensemble mawhiti tenei whakarau. Kua puta ke mahere Moscow Kremlin te moka. I te tau 1929 i ngaro Voznesensky me Chudov monasteries. Kua tupu te whare o te kura Military i to ratou wahi.

I roto i te Pakanga nui Patriotic, whakauaua pāngia te matatini hoahoanga. I whakatuwheratia te reira i hoki tirohanga i roto i 1955. I roto i 1961 e tata ana i te kuwaha Tokotoru hanga e ratou te whare o Congresses.

Kremlin ensemble tenei ra

I teie mahana, e rave rahi tūruhi i katoa i runga i te ao i haere mai ki te tūhura i te mātanga o te Kremlin ko Whero Square. Enei wahi, a ki tenei ra kihai i ngaro to ratou hanahana.

I roto i te 1990, kua piri te Kremlin te Rārangi UNESCO Ao Heritage. Museum kei konei, i hanga rahui "Moscow Kremlin", tae atu ki te koki, te Faaiteraa, te whakaaro ko Anahera Cathedral, te Museum o Applied Art me te ora o te XVII rautau Russia, Ekalesia o te Deposition o te Ahu me te ensemble o Ivan te Bell nui. Mai 1991, ka te Kremlin te noho o te peresideni Russian.

E te 850 huritau th o te whakapaipai, i mea a Moscow i 1997, i whakahokia ano te Kremlin. Ka rite ki te hua o enei mahi faaho'ihia mai i Whero whakamahau faceted Whare, kua pehia te kaumatua fakafoki mai o te whare, a ka i kawea i roto i, me te tahi atu mahi. I teie mahana, te cathedrals Kremlin i roto i nga hakari nui o nga ratonga fakalangi Siu. Whakamana pai rite haere o te ensemble katoa.

mahere Moscow Kremlin o ngā he maha o whare rerekē. He he wāhi o 27.5 heketea tenei ra, me te roa o te taiepa -. 2235 He M 20 pourewa, e tae tiketike o 80 mita. Kremlin taiepa i te matotoru o i 3.5 ki te 6.5 m. Ratou tiketike, ko te 5 ki te 15 m.

tū teie mahana tenei wahi ko te hui ngā - te huri o te kaitiaki i te Kremlin. Kei te tū te reira i te Cathedral Square katoa Rāhoroi i te 12 te poutumarotanga. Ko te wā i roto i e taea kite koe i te huringa o te kaitiaki i roto i te Kremlin - i April ki Oketopa. Ko reira tino watea mō tūruhi.

Kei te mohio a piki Kremlin i te timatanga o te rau tau XX hei tohu hoahoanga me ngā kōrero-ahurea. I ngā whakaaturanga ao, me te motu e maha i runga i taonga whakaatu i kaitiaki me te whare taonga o te Patereareha. Ko kē te whakamutunga i roto i te rau tau XIX ko te whare taonga whare. Heoi, nui mua timata tona hītori. Hoki ki 1547 Ko te whakahuatia tuatahi o te hanga i te wa i te tikanga Armory. I taua wa i reira i puritia whawhai täoro. Etahi wa i muri mai, ka anga te Armory karanga taonga nui, me te waia ki a matou te ingoa i ahu mai i roto i te 1560s. inaianei kei roto i te whare taonga he whakaaturanga hītori ahurei, tae atu i te Cap o Monomakh, me te papanga utu nui tawhito, nga torona o fetaulaki'anga Russian, patu me te ake.

Kremlin tonu te kōrero e rite ana te hītori o to tatou ahua, te tohu o te mea e ia. He rau tau XXI tonu ka tomo ki roto ki a ia te whārangi ake.