Whakahounga Eltsina Borisa Nikolaevicha - ohaoha, me te tōrangapū: te pai me ngā raruraru, hopearaa

Ko te upoko o te "kāwanatanga o nga faaapî," nei i korero ki te peresideniraa, te mana arii o rohe me patu hōia. Hoki te whakahaere o te whenua i roto i Boris Yeltsin whakaarohia taua huringa, te mau hopearaa o e hapori Russian ko te roa te wa ki te whakamoemiti, me te kanga, a ka he te reira e tika ana ki te tātari.

a Yeltsin whakahou kāwanatanga tenei ra

a Boris Yeltsin te "kirinuku" i runga i te ngaio mahi ma rua, engari haere ki te mahi rōpū. whakakeke ia ki te haratau o te CPSU, a mahue te rōpū, tango wahi i te tihi o te pato'iraa manapori. Peresideni, te marama i muri i te pōtitanga, i patua te tukipoto, hiahia ki te mutunga patoto te rauemi o te ōhanga whakahaere-whakahau, engari arahina te whenua ki taunoa.

Tata taunoa faaauhia ko inaianei te ingoa Borisa Eltsina. Ētahi atu rōpū kaha: racketeering me "whakapai whero," rawakore me te kore mahi, te tino nui te whawhai Chechen tuatahi, me te hekenga, heahea tauākī tūmatanui o te peresideni me te tiango oti o te mana o Russia i te ao. I tua atu i te whakarerekētanga rahua ohaoha, me te tōrangapū Yeltsin. Heoi, e kore te mea pera ohie reira, e kore nganatanga katoa ki te urungi i te whenua i runga i Yeltsin i tutuki pere pai. I ki te mahi i reira i runga i te hou, mārama me te mea he tokomaha tākaha ki tenei ra tūranga wä me te ōhanga wiriwiri. faafariuraa i tautohetia, engari e kore e katoa kino. Pai me ngā raruraru o te whakahounga Yeltsin he ara marama ke atu i roto i te nineties i teie nei.

hanganga Tata ki te whenua hou: he pai

Russia New o te wā Yeltsin āhuatanga e maha ngā painga, ratou nuinga e kore e ui, engari i roto i te aromatawai o ratou fakaangá kounga ōritetanga iti. Heoi, karanga matou ratou:

1. whakamanuhiritia Russia o Yeltsin te Pakeha me Ameliká. maha tutaki Boris Eltsin ki ngā kaitōrangapū me upoko o te kāwanatanga, te whakaatu hihiko tonu ki te whakaae ki a ratou, ka takatakahi ki te hanga i te öhanga mākete i Russia. oho etahi o tenei wāhi tino ki te wahi i muri o te tuhinga - e pā ana ki te raruraru, engari i roto i te nineties, whakauaua taea to matou whenua utu te whakahōhā o whanaunga ao, engari auhoaraa pono - ohaoha, me te tōrangapū - kihai i tutuki.
2. Kahore he aukatinga me te kore whai i te māngai o ngaio auaha. Kahore he mana ranei i roto i te ao ahurea, i roto i te pāpāho ranei. Karangatia haere noa o te kupu.
3. Hokotanga. Kua riro mua rangatira o whaitua me pakihi i roto i te tohu o te kaupapa māia ki te manapori. Tonu tautohetohe ka rārangi tūemi i runga i te whai hua o whakahounga mākete Yeltsin.
4. timata Freedom o kōwhiringa o te mana ki a Boris Yeltsin.
5. He maha pareparenga, hunga rawa iti. Otiia mahi ratou te nuinga nga ngākau nuitanga o te piha haapiiraa hou - te Russian hou, me te te tangata o wheketere me kamupene.
6. whakahou o Yeltsin tōrangapū ki te akoranga manapori: he pūnaha multiparty, te taumira o Tuhinga me pōtitanga pāremata.
7. whakahou Tāke i roto i Russia i 1991 - i te wā tuatahi, nga turanga o te pūnaha tāke.
8. hinga tino te Paruru Auri - he tuwhera nga rohe.

Heoi, e kore e tino pera katoa o nga ngā pai. Na etahi feaa.

hanganga Tata ki te whenua hou: tōraro

Whakangaro te Soviet Union, he pea ki te tohu he aha e tupu i muri i te tīmata. Mahue atu i te ōhanga whakamaheretia, ki te ratou whakaaro tetahi whakamahere i te tuaukiuki o nga Sovietí. Shortsightedness o tenei tūranga tata whaiāipo hohoro kino mo te taupori me te pūnaha kāwanatanga. Pea ko reira pai, me te kore i hanga mahere mo neke atu i te marama. I muri mai mohio rite te "rima" poraka ōhanga rongonui o te tīmatanga o nga nineties, mahi reira e ara. Raruraru kore te tikanga e matapae, ka tamata ki te whakaoti. E kore te te mahi whakatakotoria, e piki hoko tatou taumau o nga tikanga e kua hanga enei raruraru.

huringa tutuki me nga mau hopearaa o whakahounga o Yeltsin:

1. Ko te whawhai i roto i te Chechnya. whakawarea Russia i te kanohi, ka mau painga o te Nationalists i te rohe. I roto i te Chechnya motuhake karangatia o Ichkeria, timata Russian purenga iwi. Yeltsin e tuku ngā hōia ki Chechnya. Tenei meinga he wahia i roto i te Pāremata. Yegor Gaidar, te upoko o te rōpū "Democratic Choice o Russia", me ngā mema o te rōpū ua faaite porotēhi, heoi kihai i taea e whakaawe i te whakatau. Yeltsin, he raina hou o te pato'iraa, te Democratic Party. I roto i Moscow, tū rallies anti-whawhai, i ki tonu o tauākī ki te whawhai ki nga pāpāho. Te ati rahi, o te akoranga, e kore e muranga i roto i te kāwanatanga me te i roto i te Pāremata, Grozny, Gudermes, Argun me ētahi atu kainga. taputapu kino iho o ngā hōia, arā, te nuinga o he rongo nui, whakahau ta'efe'unga me te ope tūpato hoki. Karanga raraunga rerekē i runga i te parekura, i te 4 ki te 14 000 mate. Ko te whawhai i roto i te Chechnya, ranei e kiia ana ko te whakatūnga o te tikanga ture i roto i te Chechen Republic he ingoa whakaraerae o Yeltsin, rite he rangatira, taea ki te mahi i roto i te āhuatanga tino, ka tangohia o ana pānga tōrangapū riro i te ata o te Russia hou.
2. High criminalization, banditry, te pirau, me te racketeering. whakahounga Market Yeltsin karangatia haere noa o taonga, me etahi kua matau reira rite te raihana ki te whakamahi i te tika o te kaha. I roto i te pa Russian reira he kēnge e kore e e wehi o te tangata tetahi pakihi whakaongaonga ranei, te patu tāwhai me hoariri, kau angatu'u me kaiwhakaatu o hara. rangatira te ture uruhi kihai maha i wawao i tuuraki, i reira he take o te whai wāhi pirihimana i roto i te hara. E mea pinepine i te rōpū kore mahi, te nuinga iwi taitamariki, i whakatakotoria atu, me te hunga hiahia ki te moni ngāwari. Ko te wā o ngā puhinga.
3. Kore mahi me te utu nama mo nga marama, i te whakaiti nui i roto i te hanga me te whakakorenga o ngā tipu. pāngia Ngā ahuwhenua me te ahumahi. Ko te mau hopearaa o ēnei wāhanga ripeneta a Yeltsin ongo'i e pera tawhiti.
4. Taunoa - te drawback matua o whakahounga o Yeltsin. tohunga Economy mea e ki te karo i taea te wāriu o te RUPO, ki te whakatau kahore mua te peresideni whakamanahia ranei i te ōhanga, me te ao pāpori. Kua riro mua rawakore.
5. Te US me ētahi atu "hoa" o te Russia hou kore tatau ki te ngākau nuitanga o te whenua.
6. Kua whakarerekē i te ture o Yeltsin kua fafau, engari i roto i te meka me i mahi tata kore mahi. e kore e Ture whawhai ki racketeering me te pirau. Kua tahuri te toharite Russian ki te "tangata iti", pera i roto i te pūrākau matarohia. rahi roa'tu, iwi fakatu'atamaki i a kihai i fafau pono Yeltsin.
7. timata iwi ki te waiho i te whenua - i roto i te rapu o te mahi, te haumaru me te opuaraa mahi. Kei te mahue ia i te rota o tohunga me ngā pūkenga. Ko tētahi atu mate e tika ana ki te huri i.

I teie mahana, i roto i te aromatawai o te momonatanga o whakahounga Borisa Eltsina wehewehe rua ngā o tirohanga. Etahi mea e te "wiri" o Russia i te 90 tau i hoatu e ia te pūmautanga o te kore. Hoariri whakapono e ora te mano e rua te kāwanatanga i haere mai ki te whakakapi, me te raruraru - i te mau hopearaa o whakahounga me faaapî o tona ilk o Yeltsin.

ōhanga Market - akoranga hou o Russia

tīmata te timatanga o te hanganga Yeltsin ki te hangaia anō o te ōhanga. timata te wā pou-Soviet raro i te tohu o te mākete. Boris Yeltsin, e papaki ana tango i te whenua arahina tona hoki - ki te moni i ai whakarerea e revolution wikitoria i roto i 1917. I te ara, āhua ngā o te kāwanatanga Yeltsin wehi ana te wae pūtea o te hokinga mai o tenei ra o te ōhanga whakamaheretia. Faaapî whakapono te tono mate 90 ki te wheako ōhanga o nga Sovietí. Heoi, ki te rangahau motuhake te hanga i te tūranga e kore e taea.

Na, ka tonoa e Boris Yeltsin mākete Russian, a ka whakapaia e tenei whakahou nui Te Hau-ā-uru.

Te kāwanatanga hou ahu e Yeltsin, engari te kaupapa o whakarerekētanga ohaoha, fakahinohino'i ia, e toru tekau Egoru Gaydaru. a hono reira atu faaapî taitamariki: e toru tekau-ono Anatoly Chubais ko Petr Awene, tridtsatidevyatiletny Aleksandr Shohin me e toru tekau-waru Andrei Nechayev. E huaina ratou "tamariki Harvard". e kore e ratou Harvard te mutunga, engari ako te ariā ohaoha uru.

Me pēhea te ki te whakamātau i ariā

riria iho e Boris Yeltsin faaapî taitamariki ki te whakauru noa i roto i tōrangapū, engari i hoatu haere noa ki tonu i roto i ngana ki te hanga i te ōhanga. Kei te tīmata Gaidar me ana hoa ki te tono i te ariā i roto i te mahi, i te kāwanatanga o utu. Whakakiia nga whata faaoti hoatu parairetia noa ki te utu, kia rite ki te whakatutuki i te toenga o te supply, me te tono. Ko katoa ki te whakaaro o Gaidar, engari Yeltsin. A i te tuatahi o Hanuere 1992, timata katoa ki te kia rite pai ki te kaihoko. Kua rere omaki Prices mo etahi hua i roto i pinepine o nga wa.

Kua hinga moni Real i te hawhe, me tenei katoa ki te puipuitua o aranga kore mahi. i ki utu i tetahi takoha ranei whakamōhio e fakafuofua te kāwanatanga. Ko kua hinga te pūtea, me te kore i te "kāri" i ahei ki te tautoko i. A kihai i pai nga iwi i whakaaetia. Waiho i te āhuatanga anake, tonu ki te whakamārama ka me inaianei, e te kāwanatanga o utu - he tukanga mauiui, engari anake taea i roto i te mau o te nineties.

I roto i te toa i reira i "ke" mo hua o te iwi Soviet me taonga, engari ki te hoko kahore i ratou hoki e. nui anake te moni mo te faufaa. E tomo te "utu ora" me ki te āwhina karanga mō te hokohoko free.

hokohoko kāwanatanga

hoko ratou tata tetahi mea. Turanga, huarahi raupapa hokohoko ki ngaahi kuí, he rota o te hokohoko, me te motokā hokohoko. Shuttles he pūtaiao me toi.

Otiia i nui moni e wātea ana "kaihoko" o te hinu, hau me konganuku kore-ferrous. Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i te utu ao tiketike, me te kāinga iti i korero te pai o tetahi mano ōrau. Hoki te rawa i roto i te "upoko tomo nineties" whawhai ki pu, me kēnge. Kei te timata ki te faaite i te mākete me ngā tikanga katoa e wātea ana Nā ki te kore o pūtahi tūmatanui pai. I muri mai, faaapî mea kihai i taea e kua wawetia hoki e ratou he taua criminalization kaha, whakapono e kore warea atu nga kaipakihi iti ka haere ki te pupūtanga. Otiia ki te mahi whiwhi te "tuanui" o moni me ngā rawa, maha ua tukunoa'i te ture.

i reira e "hou Russian" i roto i tenei wa. taonga ratou ratou i te kau, no te te moni o te iwi mau whakauaua pupuri ki ngā utu ki runga.

hokotanga

A, no te whakarewahia Russia he tukanga o "hokotanga utunga", fokotu'u mai e mai e kitea hinonga Soviet rangatira whai hua hou. Ko te hiahia mo te whakahou whakahengia i runga i te "kaiwhakahaere whero". Na ka karanga kau taki o kamupene kaha, e whakamahia ana mana rite he "pūwhāngai" me ata i te āhua ki te mahi i runga i te "hina" kaupapa hokohoko.

Yeltsin me tona kāwanatanga ki te hanga i te piha haapiiraa o rangatira, a karangatia te painga i o mana tūmataiti o te kāwanatanga. tauākī nui e pā ana ki te tika o te katoa ki te hoko i te utu iti i roto i te meka mea hanga noa. taea te whiwhi painga iti anake mahi i roto i te tipu teitei-whai, a reira i iti. I tua atu, timata ki te mau auctions tūmataiti. kihai i korero ai tika rite ki te rawa kāwanatanga mahi.

whakamātau katoa ki te ū te āhuatanga kawea tiango. "Whakahou Pavlovskaya" arahina ki te nullification o takoha. tamata matou ki ngā te press tā, engari i reira rahi atu te kino i te pai.

Care Gaidar, te tuatahi o te "tara" ko SCG

whakamātau katoa ki te whakaiti i te nama motu i kahore angitu, tutuki te roa anake o utu. whakarerea noatia tatou nama o Kariki ko Poland, engari e kore te ngoikore Russia. ke kovi ange ahotea Economic e te raruraru tōrangapū. I roto i te Hakihea 1992, ka ui mema te huringa o te pirimia. I muri mai, whakaingoatia Yeltsin Viktor Chernomyrdin, kua mahia e te rota o hape hohoro.

I 1993 i timata te utu o moni Soviet ki Russian. ka mau te reira i anake 35 000, me te anake e rua wiki. Sberbank tari rārangi. faaoti Yeltsin ki te whakapiki ake i te nui ake ki te kotahi rau mano, me te wā - tae noa ki te mutunga o te tau.

haamata te reira i te wā o pūtea "koeko". Puta "MMM", "Selenga", "te Ariki" me ētahi atu mea iti. Ko te mana te aroturuki ratou mahi distantly, ki te pai ai tōrangapū wawao, kihai i reira rite te ture e tika ana. Otiia i muri kauwhautia e Yeltsin whakarerekētanga ohaoha whakahengia i roto i te maha tikanga i te "tara".

Ano, i roto i te whakarara ki te "tara" i roto i Russia reira he wā-poto here kāwanatanga ki te kapi i te pūtea. State ki puta here, me te hoko ia ratou. I wehea te puta kia rua nga wahi. ko e taha ki taupoki ana i te tarepa pūtea. I te tahi atu - i roto i te āpiti o te Central Bank o te kāwanatanga ki te hoko i to ratou taua T-pire. GKO tīmatanga kawea te moni, engari te timatanga o iwa tekau-waru o nga tau ka nui noa te tarepa pūtea.

tohatoha o taonga kāwanatanga

Ki te hokotanga o nga kamupene Russian kaha Karo tenei tukanga, ōkawa noho tūmatanui, engari anake ki te whakahaere i taua umanga kaiwhakahaere me, taime, ara he porohita kuiti o te ārahitanga. Timata "utu" hokotanga, whakaaetia e te kāwanatanga, i roto i nei hokona kamupene i ki te moni tūmatanui.

Tāhuhu o Finance ki whakawhiti moni ki nga pareparenga, te mana e te oligarchs. Whakaritea "mākete", te toa o i noaa e hea o te kamupene homai he pūtea taurewa ki te āhua, arā, o tona ake moni. A, no te kore e utu i te āhua o te pūtea taurewa, noho nga hea ki te rangatira hou. I roto i te ringa tūmataiti mō tenei "mākete" ka tango reira nui atu i tekau kamupene, tae atu i te "Norilsk Konukōreko" me "Yukos". Mikhail Khodorkovsky, hei tauira, ki te utu mo te kāwanatanga moni kamupene te Tāhuhu o Finance o te tiakina, i whakanohoia ia economists.

Taunoa me te tutu o kaikeri

I roto i te 1998 ua faaite e ia te denominirovanii RUPO: kua puta ke mano moni ki tetahi. Kua tae mai tenei tau Russia ki te raruraru Āhia pūtea, me te plummeting utu hinu ki runga ki te tekau ma rua tara ia oko. tamata te mana ki te pupuri i te RUPO "manu", whakatangihia te Central Bank moni, a ka anga "te whawhai tereina". I roto i Mei, i te kaikeri inaki rārangi rerewē me ui te rīhainatanga o Boris Yeltsin me te whakakāhoretanga o te State Duma me te kāwanatanga. Whakaritenga ki te hoki ki te āhua o toku tutuki i runga i whakaaro i runga i te hanganga hiahiatia i roto i te ahumahi waro, ki te whakakorenga o maina me wāhi mahi.

I roto i August, kawea mai e ia he taunoa pūtea, kua tohu economists Western reira, engari ko te peresideni o Russia ki te matapae kihai i whakaae a ka mea nuitia e kore e taua taunoa hei. Otiia i haere ia, whakaaturia te kāwanatanga kaihau iho, whakaae te kāwanatanga e te taea ki te pupuri i te RUPO auau utu pēne kore ake. Kua hinga te RUPO Russian i te hawhe, ka mutu nga tahatika tuku putunga. tuatahitia whakakapia: Kirienko, ua faaite Primakov, Stepashin me ka Yeltsin i takahi ki raro ia ei peresideni o Russia.

Ko nga hua o whakahounga o Yeltsin

I roto i te ahua tikanga o whakahounga taketake Yeltsin ko te kore tūturu. Rawa whakarerekētanga ohaoha Yeltsin. I muri i te Tuhinga o te ōhanga-pāpori o te nineties kua Russia hei te whenua o te moni toa. hanga whiriwhiri Pakihi nga tahatika pute, a "hoatu" te kāwanatanga wheketere me hinonga, kahore te fariiraa i tetahi painga mo te pūtea.

whakakitea te kāwanatanga kahore taunahatanga mo ona iwi, ko wai, i runga i te whakahou o te whakahou haere i roto i ru therapy. he hanganga atu rite ki whakamātau, te hanga i te riri tamau o te hapa, me te matekai.

Ahakoa ko reira taea ki te hanga i te Russia atu whakahounga hou - tautohe tonu, rite te taea peresideniraa me ngā rauemi o te Boris Yeltsin. I runga i te eve o te pōtitanga tuatahi mo te pōti o te mahi. Utu me te pakanga nui-tauine "pōti ranei Lose". kihai te nuinga i hiahia ki te ngaro mahi, wehi te wikitoria o te kaitono peresideniraa me hoariri o Yeltsin Communist Gennady Zyuganov. Te nuinga pea, ka e whai reira ki te hoki i te mākete katoa "ki te whakatutuki i."

kihai i faafariuraa arahi Russia ki te ahu whakamua, engari anake pakanga iho te whanaketanga o te whenua, patu rawa mamae ki te ōhanga, me te tata nga hapu Russian. Ētahi mea e e kua tupu katoa ki te kahore i reira mo te mea huna o nga mana ki te whakangaro i te tukanga whenua. Heoi, kua haere taua wa, a inaianei tonu reira anake ki te tātari mua hape ki te karo i tukurua ratou.