Haukini - Ko te antipode me orotahi ... wai?

mohiotia te kakara o te hau e ki te katoa - ka taea e ite koe i te reira tonu, ina whakatuwhera koe i te oko ki te haukini. Te tahi mea e pā ana ki ona āhuatanga, i korerotia e matou i roto i te kura. Kei te mohiotia ano a reira, Heoi, e ko te reira tetahi o nga hua matua o te ahumahi matū: ara ko reira māmā ki te tahuri te hauota, e kore nei e rite ki te tomo ki tauhohe matū. Haukini - Ko te wāhi tuatahi i nei ki te timata i te hanga o maha pūhui hauota tenei: ngā nitrites me pūhau, pahū me tae aniline, pharmaceuticals me kirihou ...

Papamuri

Ko te ingoa o te taonga i takea mai i te «hals ammoniakos» Kariki, e whakamāoritanga rite haukini. Haukini rāpoi ngota ko tetahi koeko faitatau, te akitu o e ko te ngota hauota, me i te raro - e toru ngota hauwai. Ko te tātai o tenei pūhui - NH3. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, haukini - ko te hau te huitahi ki te ta'ota'o kakara koi. Ko tōna kiato i -33,35 ° C (kohua pāmahana) rite ki te 0,681 g / cm ^3. rewa te taonga kei te i -77,7 ° C. papatipu titiwha o haukini ko 17 karamu ia kamiriona. Ko te pēhanga o 0.9 MPa i te pāmahana rūma, ai te haukini ki te holomui. Kia riro te reira i roto i te ahumahi i raro i te pēhanga mā ariā catalytic o hauwai me te hāora. Wai haukini - he refrigerant tongi tino takiwa. Ki tenei rauemi kia kia tupato, no te mea he reira paitini, me te taikaha.

meka ngā

He he āhuatanga pai rerekē haukini wai. Waho rite reira wai mania. Ka rite ki H ₂ E, Kei te tino i te reira memeha maha organic me pūhui pararopi. Te nuinga o tai reira dissociate ki katote ka rewa. I te wa ano, te tauhohenga matū, pērā wai, puta reira tino rerekē.

Raraunga i roto i tenei tepu arata'i ki te whakaaro e haukini wai - he taiao ahurei mo etahi tauhohe utu kore e e taea i roto i wairewa waiwai. Hei tauira:

2AgCl + Ba (KORE _{3) 2} = 2AgNO ₃ + BaCl _2.

No te mea NH ₃ Ko acceptor iraoho kaha, waikawameha ahetiki, ahakoa te meka e te whakaaro reira ngoikore, prodissotsiiruet reira katoa, tika rite mahi te waikawa kaha. O moni rahi he rongoā i roto i te haukini wai konganuku alkali. Hoki i roto i te tau 1864, kua kite Utaina e, ki te hoatu e koe etahi wa ratou, evaporates te haukini, a i roto i te waipara e waiho he whakarewa parakore. He nui te taua he pono ki rongoā tote waiwai. Ko te rerekētanga ko e te konganuku alkali, ara i roto i rahinga iti, engari ahakoa ähua ki te haukini, reira hanga amides tote-rite:

2Na + 2NH ₃ = 2NaNH ₂ + H _2.

He matū tino pūmau te muri, engari i roto i te whakapā ki te wai tonu hinga:

NaNH2 + H ₂ E = NH ₃ + NaOH.

I roto i te tūhuratanga o te āhuatanga Utaina haukini wai o kua kite e ka te whakarewa rewa reira, riro nui te rōrahi otinga. Ano, i tona kiato heke. Ko tetahi atu rerekētanga whakaaro whakarewa i te wai noa tenei. He uaua ki te whakapono, engari e kore e te otinga hāngai, ka diluted o tetahi whakarewa alkali i roto i te haukini wai i konatunatua ki ia atu, ahakoa te meka e te whakarewa i roto i rua o ratou te taua! Ngā mihi ki ngā kitea tonu ngā meka maere hou. Ko te kupu, i kitea ai e whakatotoka ana i roto i te wai otinga haukini o te konutai he ātete iti rawa, a konei, e taea NH ₃ te whakamahi ki te hua pūnaha superconducting. Ehara i Koinei, tenei hau, me ona rongoā kei tonu hiahia i roto i te feruriraa o rua i physicists me whai.