He aha te mea he Cartel?

Kua tonu kua tuukino Cartel ki te mahi o te ōhanga. Āpiti atu ki te ohu, me tikanga tiaki, kua rāhuitia te reira i roto i te tukanga ture. Ka Cartel me ona pānga tōraro i runga i te ōhanga, me te kia kōrero i roto i tenei tuhinga.

Ko te ariā o te Cartel

Na, he aha te mea he Cartel? He aha te mea tona pānga i runga i nga whanaunga ōhanga, me te ara pāpori?

Cartel - Ko reira he kawenata mutu e te i waenganui i rua, neke atu rānei ngā kamupene. Taea e rua natura tuhituhia me te waha. E hāngai ana tēnei whakaaetanga i te rāhuitanga kaha o whakataetae, me te, na reira, ki te whiwhi hua nui.

he motuhake i roto i te āhua tonu Cartel. Ko tenei he aha hanga tenei collusion ture i roto i āhua maha. tāpiri hoki tenei ki te hiahia ki te whakahaere i utu, ki te whakaputa me te whakahaere ngā mahi hokohoko takitahi. No te mea o taua mahi nui kino putanga, iti ki te kaha e wātea ana i roto i te production. tangata Ture mau taunahatanga whakahaere, me te tahi mau taime noa taihara mo te Cartel.

Whāinga me ngā whāinga o te whakaaetanga Cartel

Ko te whāinga matua o te hunga tangata katoa e e whakahaere i te Cartel, tātai, o te akoranga, ko te kuware. Tenei tango tata oti o te whakataetae i roto i te wāhi ngā o te mākete (rite te tikanga, whakaaro kaiwhakanao etahi wāhi, me te wāhi hoko mo ratou ake, ina i roto i te meka e kore e ratou). I muri i te fariiraa i te mākete whakahaeretia, arataki kaiwhakanao ki a ia tona kaupapa here: ona ture me ngā tikanga. Mea ïa no te mea o tenei, ka taea e ratou whakapumautia te watea tino me te utu pai mo koe.

Ko reira wairangi ki te whakakahore i te meka e i roto i te heriheri mākete o tenei ra o te whanaketanga e kore e taea te karohia. Banal apo tangata akiakina ngä ki te whakakotahi me te whakapiki ake i ō rātou ake moni na roto i te whakanui ake i utu, me te whakaiti i te rōrahi o te tuku o taonga. O te akoranga, ko tenei he pānga rawa kino i runga i te wāhanga noa o te taupori: e maranga utu, a ka ino roa te kounga o te hua.

Ngā momo o cartels, i runga i te momo o te collusion rānei

He maha whakarōpū o cartels. Kei raro e whakarārangitia anake te momo tino taketake, me te pai-mohiotia o whakaaetanga Cartel.

Tei runga i te momo o te collusion, kua wehea cartels ki e rua ngā momo taketake: whakapae, me te poutū. Me pēhea e rerekē ratou i ia atu? te reira tino ohie konei. Cartel poutū Ko te kirimana i waenganui i hinonga (e rua ranei atu) o te mara tino rerekē. I rite pakihi tahi e te tahi o (hei tauira myasopererobatyvayuschee me te ngahere, metallurgical me te rererangi, me te pera i runga i. D.) E tikanga ki te aukati i te ngāwari o te mākete me te whakatū i te tokitoki. Fakatatau ki ai, kei te tuhituhi i te cartels whakapae kamupene whakaaetanga ā-waha o te ahumahi kotahi ranei.

Ngā momo o cartels, i runga i te momo o te mahi rānei

Kua tāutuhia ngā mahi World nga momo e whai ake nei o whakaaetanga Cartel:

• whakaaetanga Cartel Equity. Wehea ki roherohenga, me te rohe. I roto i te take tuatahi, te kaiuru o whakaaetanga utu ture whakahaere i te mākete i roto i hopukia. I roto i te take tuarua, Heoi, āta nekehia te whakataetae - na roto i te hoatu ngā kaiuru collusion hoko rohe.
• whakaaetanga moni Cartel. ka tikanga rite o deliveries me utu kia whakaaetia tahi me utu paerewa.
• cartels conditioning. Whakaaetanga ngā ahua o te kupu te hunga haepapa e etahi tikanga o hoko.
• Hoko cartels. whakaaetanga tino noa. Ngā ratou ngako i roto i te mau mai ki raro i te utu hoko i te hoko e rave rahi kamupene o te taua (he tetahi momo o ranei) hua.
• Cartel Tātaitanga. I roto i tenei take whakaae te umanga ki ia atu ki te whakahaere tata taua kaupapa here: ki rite tātaitanga rite hanganga, etc ...

He maha atu ngā momo o whakaaetanga Cartel. Heoi, he au tino i roto i ngā momo me momo o taua collusion, o te akoranga katoa, kitea. Ko taua te utu, tauhokohoko tahi, rāhuitanga ranei hua i roto i te hanga raukaha, me pera i runga i tenei. D.

I runga i te whakahaere o cartels

Cartel i waenganui i ngä kia tomo ai waha ranei i roto i te tuhituhi. Nuinga o ngā wā i runga i te mātauranga me te whanaketanga o Cartel whanaunga mana kaihanga e kia tomo tenei whakaaetanga ki. Mämä noa iho, e pā ana te Kaiwhakahaere Matua hoa piri me te ake ki tahi e te tahi, te mutunga atu pea i waenganui i te hoko puremu. Ko te taua he hurihia tumuaki tuarua pono.

He rauhanga tino o nga kau taki o tetahi kamupene - te mutunga o te Cartel collusion i roto i te maha iti o ngā i runga i te mākete. Ko te take i te ngaro o te maha nui o te tahi atu kamupene whakatairanga hanganga tere, me te ngāwari o te collusion ture i waenganui i ngä. Ki te kamupene rawa nui, Cartel me ia rite taua ka hei tino hauarea: i reira he maha utu me utu; a e kia rave rahi mau taime teitei te tūponotanga o tona whākinga.

Āhuatanga o te whanaketanga o cartels

He he he maha o ngā āhuatanga e taea pēhia ngā te tupu o te tōtika o te cartels. utu tonu maha kaiwhakanao whakarongo ki te aroaro o taua āhuatanga. I muri i te katoa, e kore e noa whakaaetanga Cartel. Na te aha e nga tohu o te Cartel me tona mahi hua?

Tino pā te whanaketanga o te whakaaetanga Cartel ko te momo o taonga hua. Ko te mea, ko te e kua hanga e nga cartels whakapae atu maha, no te mea he reira noa māmā me te ake pai. Heoi, e kore tenei kaupapa mahi tonu. Hei tauira, ko reira nui uaua ki te waihanga i tētahi Cartel whakapae i roto i te mata o te pārōnaki hua kaha i roto i te mākete.

Ko te take i muri - te tapatahi o te tono forecasting. I roto i te horopaki o te kainga, ngāwari ki te matapae tono ki te faaoti i te Cartel e kia nui māmā. Ko reira ngāwari ki te whakamatautau e taea te kaupapa rite kia, ki te titiro koe ki te āhua ki te mākete iu. I muri i te katoa, i reira he tata kahore cartels - he noa ratou e kore e tika.

Na rawa, nga cartels tino nui, me te faufaa take hua: ture antitrust i roto i te āhua (ranei kaua, ona āhuatanga). He he maha o whenua te wahi e kore e rāhuitia te cartels i te ture. I roto i tenei take, te mutunga o katoa o whakaaetanga i waenganui i ngā kaiwhakanao, me te ture e whakatikaia. I roto i te rerekē ki te āhua i roto i nei e hāmenetia cartels. Ko te tino meá me reira whakamōkitohia mutunga o te kawenata i roto i enei whenua. Heoi, ko reira utu whakaaro kotahi rawa ngā taipitopito: i roto i te āhua i reira e rāhuitia te cartels i te ture, te mutunga o te Cartel he hoki te kamupene he nui atu hua atu i roto i nga whenua i reira e te whakaturengia ngā ratou.

I runga i nga fifi o whakaaetanga Cartel

O te akoranga, te cartels i te pānga rawa kino i runga i te ao e rua ōhanga me te pāpori o te ora. Tonu, e tauturu te reira ki te mahino he iti ake: he aha e faatupu i te Cartel? ngā mahi ture he maha o mau hopearaa ino o taua whakaaetanga.

Tuatahi, ko reira whakahāwea o rerekē ngā kaiuru mākete. Rawa faaite tenei tauira ake i roto i te wā i reira e kore te mea pera nui te kaihanga i roto i te mākete. Amuitahi i kamupene Cartel hoatu pēhanga ki runga i ētahi atu kamupene - katoa ki te whakarite e whakaurua ano e ratou i roto i te mahi. He he he maumau'i tika o tika. Tuarua, he reira ki te tangohia te tahi mau tikanga motuhake ki kamupene e kua whakaritea ki te tomo ki roto ki te kawenata. Here taea e koe mau i te kore o te rangatiratanga o ngā kaiwhakanao. Na te toru, ko te hanga o utu rawa rimurapa me ahu ki te hei hua iti-te kounga. I roto i tenei take, kei te pupuri tika te Cartel iwi noa. opani te ture Russian tetahi mahi kotahi ara ranei hāngai tetahi i rāhui whakataetae. Ko te aha whakaae tetahi Cartel o te Code Kirimina rite te ture, me te wahi i te hopoi'a no te reira.

Cartels i roto i te US me Europe

I roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru, te Cartel - ko te motuhake ahua o te hoko. kihai i mohio ia rite te ture, nga wa katoa, me te wahi katoa. I roto i te parau tumu, ka taea e koe te whakarite i te Cartel, a ara ture i roto i nga whenua Pākehā. Heoi, i reira he kotahi taipitopito rawa ngā.

Ko te meka e wehea nga epa Cartel i roto i Europe ki "kino" me "minaminatia". Kamupene tomo ki te kawenata rite kia kawea anake whai hua ōhanga o te kāwanatanga. Noatia, i roto i te Cartel ki te kawe i roto i taua he uaua tino. Heoi, ka hiahia koe ki te tae atu kiritaki ranei whakanui i moni, ka akiaki anake te āhua whakahaere rite. Tino te āhuatanga ritenga me "kino" cartels. I roto i tenei ahua o ngā rōpū maha i pakanga ki te mana. Ki te "houhou" cartels, tamata te kāwanatanga ki te whawhai i roto i nga ara.

Tauira Cartel rau Te Hau-ā-uru. OPEC (te rōpū o Amerika i roto i te mara o te keri), hei tauira, te kānapanapa o ratou. I muri i te katoa, he mea motuhake i roto i taua taea te huaina reira he Cartel pono i waenganui i āhua. E te ara, ki a OPEC a i pā ana ki take he maha. E rave rahi taime, ko te whakahaere noa i runga i te mimiha o kati.

Kia pehea te Ko te whawhai ki cartels i roto i nga whenua ngā?

whenua Western e ngana ana ki te mahi ki te whakahaere Cartel mā te marutuna whaina ki runga ki a ratou. I roto i te US, hei tauira, te nui o te pai mō ngā hinonga ture tae $ 100 miriona, mō ngā takitahi - 1 miriona. Heoi, e taea te tātai te utu rite te rahi rua o hua te parekura ranei. I roto i tenei take, e whai ki te utu i te kāwanatanga ara pirioni nga kaiuru Cartel.

I roto i te Russian Federation, te whawhai ki cartels he tari tahi o te kaiwhiu ki te pirihimana. He he he tari motuhake e rangahau te take o heriheri i te mara o te kaupapa here mākete. Ko te tautea mo te Cartel i Russia kia tae 20 mano. Moni mō rangatira, me te 0.15 o te moni roaa e te tikanga ture, no te hinonga ture.

Ko te raruraru o anti-Cartel

O te akoranga, maha whakahē te whawhai ki ngā rōpū Cartel. A katoa no o te tino matau ki kaupapa here antitrust. Hei tauira, kua whakaritea e te kaiwhakanao ki te whakaiti i te maha o ranei, i runga i te anga ke, ki te whakaara utu mo ratou hua. I roto i tenei take, ka taea e hanga kē koe he tauākī i runga i te Cartel, i te mea mau, o te akoranga kihai i,.

He maha ariā ohaoha e mea e te whawhai ki cartels te mahi rahi atu te kino i te pai. Ki etahi whānuitanga he pono tenei. I muri i te katoa, i reira he tauira i reira whakaritea utu nui ki te Cartel o ngā mahi e etahi tohu ki ētahi atu kamupene e, i roto i te tahuri, Whakahekea utu me taonga e reira. Heoi, ka mohiotia i tenei ra te Cartel tahae. Tetahi kamupene, kaihanga he āpiha ohie ranei kia tuku i tētahi tono ki te Federal Antimonopoly Ratonga o te Cartel. aroaro te tauira o tenei tono te raro nei.

Ko te raruraru o te pūmautanga o te Cartel

O te akoranga, te kaihanga o te Cartel ko te rota o hua. Heoi, ko te raruraru o nga kamupene e taea hoki puta. E kore te mea te take i roto i te wāhi e pā ana ki te raruraru ture: te mea ko, e te Cartel - ko te tino poto-ora i tenei āhuatanga, tono haunga te tokanga makehe o ngā rōpū katoa, mutu reira. E tu e kore ranei e tu Cartel - tei anake i runga i ona ngā mema. manawarü Tino nui ki nga kaihanga katoa e kua mutu te kawenata. I muri i te katoa, i reira he i te iti rawa kia kotahi rōpū ki te tahi atu mau melo o te Cartel ki tinihanga, ofati etahi tikanga këtia, te tiango Cartel katoa.

Kua tonu cartels a ka waiho, whakahaere rangitahi ora-poto. whakaaetanga ture pērā hohoro whakangaromia ratou, nui atu i to ratou ahua hopu. te mea katoa ko e rerekē kamupene, faaoti Cartel, whai hononga tono rawa rerekē, utu, me te pera i runga i. D. Ka rite ki te hua, tangata nei tomo ki waenganui i te whakaaetanga Cartel, haere ki ngā tūponotanga nui rawa, no te mea he tiketike rawa te tūponotanga o te kino ki a ratou ano.