He aha te mea he hoahoa ahumahi?

Ko te faitatau o te ture ārai i roto i te Russian Empire puta i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 18. I taua wa, i hoatu ai i te tuatahi "haamaitairaa" mo te tenenga. Ko te ture tuatahi, e regulates te whanaunga puta i 1812, i roto i nei tatou no te tau e maha i mua o Haina, te wahi i puta ture ārai anake i roto i te 1984.

Modern ture ārai hāngai o te Russian Federation te i runga i te pene 72th o te Code Civil. Here taea kitea e koe i te whakamāramatanga o ngā tika ārai, kia rite ki nei te hunga e kua hanga te tauira whaipainga, tenenga hoahoa ahumahi ranei, nona te tika o Kaituhitanga, tika motuhake, me te tika ki te whiwhi i te ārai, ranei utu mo te whakamahi.

kua etahi rerekētanga i te tahi atu taonga o te ture ārai hoahoa Industrial - he tauira tenenga whaipainga ranei. Ko ratou e whai ake:

- tenenga - te whakatau o te mahere hangarau i roto i tetahi rohe, e pā ana ki tetahi hua he tukanga ranei;

- he tauira whai hua - he ano hoki he takotoranga otinga hangarau, engari e pā ana anake ki te whakaaro (a kia waiho te tenenga roto, mo te tauira, hua);

- hoahoa ahumahi, he tauira o e ko te taketake "Sprite" pounamu, tohu e rua he hoahoa me te otinga toi. mohio ia te taketake me te taea te tiaki ki te tauira, huinga tae, āhua, whirihoranga ranei o te ahanoa i kahore mohiotia i roto i te ao i mua i te rā matua o te tauira kī.

I roto i runga ki te ture o te whenua e taea e whakaaro ahumahi hanganga iu (i matū wai, me te al.), Solutions nei e meinga e anake te wāhanga hangarau o te ahanoa, me te taonga hoahoanga (anake iti), pahoho utanga ahumahi, me te tahi atu mahere.

Ki te ahanoa o te ārai i tika kua mohio, he mea e tika ana i rēhita tika te hoahoa ahumahi, tenenga tauira ranei. Hoki enei take, ka taea e koe te tono ki te Institute o Āhuatanga Industrial (Federal) whakapā i te rōia ārai e matau i roto i te peculiarities o te ture rawa roa, me te matatini ranei. I roto i ngā, pā ana te reira ki te faaineineraa o te mau huru hiato o te ahanoa.

Hoahoa ārai uhinga e, i roto i te tua ki te tono ka tuku tuhinga pērā i te whakaahuatanga o te taipitopito hoahoa ahumahi, rārangi nga āhuatanga faufaa me te huinga o ngā whakaahua o te ahanoa. I tua atu, ki te hiahia utu te utu mo te uiui kua whakaarohia e te Institute ka he tauira kia i raro ki te rua whakamātautau (kaua e iti iho i te 2100 moni.) - ōkawa, me te ki te wāhi. Ka rite ki te hua, ki te ahanoa tuatahi kia mohio e kore e mohio e nga āhuatanga ōkawa e hāngai ana ranei. Na, te mea i whakaritea ahakoa kahore ranei e hiahiatia ana te tauira taketake me te minamina ana.

Ki te whanaketanga pai i roto i te tauira ahumahi o Mua homai me te taata tei mau e tango gego tika motuhake ki te rā o te whakaputanga o ngā mōhiohio i runga i te take o te tuhinga. Nehenehe o te pupuri i te ārai he tika ki te utu i te utu, i te mea he hua paku i tau ki te tau. Hei tauira, he ārai, he ārai pupuri toru o tona tau, me utu i te moni o te 300 moni i te tau, a i muri i te 12 tau, ka whakanui i tenei nui ki 1200 moni.