He aha te mea he kaupapa. Whakamāramatanga o te kaupapa, ona tohu me ngā āhuatanga

huarahi e hāngai ana Project-ki te whakatutuki i ona whāinga āhei:

1) Whakakotahitia nui mō ngā whāinga o te kamupene o, te whiwhinga o i te mea ka taea i roto i te heke mai.

2) he mahere whai hua mō te tohatoha o ngā rauemi.

3) Fakafekau'aki nga mahi o kaiwhakahaere me kaihaka.

He aha te mea te kaupapa? Ko te whakamāramatanga

Ko te kupu "kaupapa» (projectus) whakamāoritanga i Latin rite "tino, kua ngawha mua retractable". A, ki te tākaro hoki koe i te kupu ki te papakupu o Oxford, whiwhi tatou: "he tīmatanga pai-āta whakamaheretia o te mahi, fakatāutaha hanga e te kamupene ranei te mahi tahi e hiahiatia ana ki te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga motuhake." Ki te haere mai koe ki te whakahoki ki tēnei pātai i roto i te taipitopito atu, ka te kaupapa - ko te:

• pakanga (rārangi o mahi whai ranei), i roto i nei e te raruraru e faatiti'aifarohia etahi pātai kawea i roto i te whakaaro anaana ranei;

• kotahi, neke atu rānei ngā mahi kotahi-wā, i waho nei te kaupapa e kia uaua, me te whakamāramatanga o te whāinga taketake;

• taumahi rangitahi ki te kia whakamana i roto i ki te faaitoitoraa o te nui etahi o ngā rauemi i te wā;

• take, ko te otinga o te mea ōrite ki te whiwhi i te hua e hiahiatia ana;

• iti te wā me ngā rauemi, he huinga o te kaha kaupapa ranei ki te tiki tata ki te ūnga (kawea atu e rawa hanga hoki ngā mahi taua whakahaere te mahi katoa);

• rārangi o ngā wā e tika ana, te whakatinanatanga o nei e arahi ki te paetae o te hua tika kotahi; Ka rite ki te tikanga, e hāngai enei mehua i huringa kounga te whanaketanga o te hua hou (ratonga) ranei;

• popularization me te hanga o te maha whakaaro, me te tautuhi i ngā whāinga kaupapa e he wahi o te kaupapa matua, te whakatinanatanga tahi o ngā mahere mahi (ngā mahi);

• hoahoa o ngā mahi whai, ka whakatutuki i te whakatinanatanga o nei etahi o nga hua i roto i te wā roa;

• pūkete taipitopito o ngā mahi kua whakamaheretia mo te wā motuhake, me te i raro i ngā āhuatanga motuhake, te whakaaro o nei - ki te huri i te āhuatanga i roto i te heke mai;

• hui tono faaineineraa o te mahere āmiki, me te whakarato i te raupapa o ngā mahi e hāngai ana ki te huringa tuwhena i roto i te āhuatanga ngā;

• moemoea hoki te tikanga e ai taea te mohio i roto i te heke mai, aru e whakarārangi i konei te whakamahi i ngā ariā mō te whaiaro;

• te ako o te tumu parau o te moni i roto i te hakari mo te whakaaro ki o te tā ake tētahi mahere mahi mo te heke mai.

Na roto i te momo e taea e kaupapa whaiaro (hei tauira, te whanaketanga o te paetukutuku whaiaro) ranei whakawhanake, te hapori kaha ki te huri i (i ētahi wā - tua atu āhukahuka).

āhuatanga

Ko te kaupapa, i te mea tāututanga ahurei, ka karanga te auahatanga minamina ana ranei. A ki te kore e whai koe ki te faahiti i te mahia (e kore e hiahia ana ki te whakatutuki ake ranei) i tetahi wāhi o te kaupapa i roto i te heke mai tata, huaina ana e ia ko te-atu kotahi.

Ki te takoto te tikanga kia whiwhi te hua mutunga i roto i te wā tomu'a, reira, he āhuatanga motuhake o te kaupapa - te rohe wā. A ka ki te whakatinana i te kaupapa i roto i te ora titau te whai wāhitanga o ngā tohunga i mara rerekē, ka taea e definition kaupapa "uru" i roto i te kupu kotahi - Interdisciplinarity.

tūponotanga

whakatika matua nga tūponotanga me te matatini i roto i te hoahoa me te whakahaere o te kaupapa i roto i te kaupapa e kore i kitea e taua raruraru. Riskiness o te kaupapa, tei runga i tona whānuitanga me te whakatinana i taputapu (wātea o te taputapu e tika ana, rauemi me ngā taputapu). He maha tūponotanga, hei tauira, faaite te kaupapa haumi, te whakamāramatanga o te puna e kore e taea e, hei te mea te matauranga e tika ana.

Pūtea o kaupapa haumi

kawea pūtea kāinga whaiaro pūtea-ranei i roto i te utu o te kamupene - te kaiwhakarewa o te kaupapa, me te whakarato mō te whakapaunga o moni whaiaro o ngā kaipupuri hea. Hoki e kore e kingi i roto i te taea o te whakamahi i te pai kupenga o te hinonga, me te te takoha wai pane, me te tino hāngai whakapaipai hanganga. Ko te taea anake tenei momo o te pūtea, ki te te kaupapa iti.

Whakamāramatanga o te kaupapa, utua waho:

1) kia pūtea waho i te utu o te kāwanatanga, pūtea, me te kore-pūtea hinonga, taupori, pūtea ke, me te tahi atu moni i te tikanga o nga kaiwhakatū.

2) kaporeihana me hea.

3) Investment pēke me here nama.

whāiti ngā āhuatanga

Kei nga kaupapa o e toru ngā āhuatanga whāiti:

• Wā. Hei tātai tika i te roanga o te kaupapa, te hangarau kei te wehea raruraru ki poraka hanga, a ka aromatawai "podomnost 'whānuitanga o te mahi, me te whakarite o ratou hua ki te wheako o ngā angitu.
• Rauemi. Hei tauira, rauemi tangata: whakahaere kaimahi, definition o te mahi kaupapa mā te whakamahi i ta ratou mau taleni e te mau aravihi.
• Hua. Ko te wāhanga o tēnei tūemi e whai ake nei: tonutanga pūtea, marketing mohio, utu-tōtika, te kaiwhakahaere kaupapa me kaihaka ngaio.

hōtaka hoahoa

Whakaaro i te mahi o tetahi whakahaere ko tata tonu taea ki te mōhio e rua rerekē matua o ona mahi, ngā i te wa ano:

• pera-ka karanga "mahi", me te mahi auau tauwhitinga ranei;

• kaupapa.

Ko te rerekētanga matua i waenganui i enei momo e rua o ngā mahi - āhua taiāwhio o ngā tukanga auau, me te subordination o te mahere mahi raima hāngai ana te whakatutuki i te hua ahurei.

Hei tauira, i roto i te whakangao, whakaputa waka, conveyors toa mahi, tātaitanga kaute me te tukatuka o reta e pā ana ki te auau ngā mahi. Kei te āhuatanga whakawhitinga auau e te tohu tika nui o tino, a ka rapu utu he huarahi pūnahanaha, e whai ana - ki te whakapiki ake i te tōtika hanga o ngā whakaurunga me ngā taputapu.

Whakamāramatanga o te kaupapa arotahi i te whakatinanatanga o tetahi huringa ā waho ranei, he, mo te tauira, i roto i te hanga o whakarerekētanga hou, te retrofitting conveyors te whakataki o ngā pūnaha aunoa hou ranei. kia hāngai ana ngā huringa waho ki kaupapa hokohoko, toronga o ngā mahi a te whakahaere, huringa i roto i te whanaungatanga mākete. He taea reira, i roto i ngā, mōhio te rerekētanga e whai ake nei:

• Kaupapa hanganga Coordination (faaapīraa o te hinonga, auaha, me te pera i runga i);

• kaupapa hanganga pakihi (te whanaketanga rangahau, hanga o ngā hua hou, te hanganga o ngā ahu whakamua, whai wāhi ki ngā mākete i mua unknown);

• kaupapa hanganga (puoro) hanganga (whakaritea te hanga, whakakapinga o te taputapu, me te pera i runga i);

• mahere pakihi whakatinana i raro i te kirimana (ngā te hanga taketake marutuna ranei, hanga, tāhuahua o te mahi taketake).

Ka taea te haere tonu tēnei rārangi, ki te ngā koe i te reira ki te tauira i rerekē ngā wāhi ahumahi ki ngā rerekētanga nui i roto i te nui o te mahi, kati, maha o ngā kaimahi, me te hiranga o te hua.

A faatumu i ni'ai hua whiwhi

Ko te whāinga o tetahi kaupapa - whiwhi i te hua motuhake, ko e, te whakatutuki i te whāinga. Ko te whāinga motuhake - e ko te kaikōkiri i te kaupapa.

Whakamāramatanga o te kaupapa tā te mahia o ngā mahi taupuhipuhi. Kaupapa hāngai ana te whakatutuki i te whāinga, e hua ana ki te tikanga i roto hohonu e hiahiatia ana mo to ratou whakatinanatanga. Ko te āhuatanga tuatahi o te whakahaere kaupapa - tika i roto i te faaotiraa, me te waihanga o ngā whāinga, tīmata ki te taumata-runga, me te mutu ki te waihanga taipitopito o te whāinga iti nui.

I tua atu, e taea te kite i te kaupapa rite te taahiraa i te taahiraa ki te whakatutuki rawa mārama whakatakotoria i roto i ngā mahi ohie, me tona whakatairanga - me pehea ki te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga nui. whakaaro te kaupapa kei te oti i muri anake tae ratou te whāinga hopea.

He aha te mea he kōpaki o kaupapa

Kōpaki (Kōpaki) - he kohinga o ngā kaupapa (hōtaka), piri ki tetahi whakaaro: ki te hanga mana ake hāneanea me te angitu. Ka taea te hono i kaupapa hauhake i roto i te kōpaki, whakaaro whānui e kore tāpiripiri, me te tīari takitahi.