He aha te mea rerekē e pā ana ki te wā o Catherine te 2? whakaahua hītori

Hukapapa ata hotoke 12 Huitanguru 1744 i waho haere i roto i te kuwaha rohe o Riga, i runga i te rohe o te Russian Empire oho ki te hariata ki te wahine e rua. Ko tētahi o ratou ko te wahine o te Ariki, German Prince o Anhalt-Zerbst - Johanna Elizabeth. Muri ki a ia noho tana tamahine tawhito rima tau, Sophia Augusta Frederika Angalt-Zerbst - te Russian Empress heke mai, me te tangata mārō Catherine 2, imiraa ratou mahi taitara nui. Ko te ingoa o tenei wahine hono te tetahi o nga whārangi kānapanapa o te hītori motu.

riro Russia he kainga

timata te tau o te kingitanga o Catherine 2 ki te tukipoto whare 28 Pipiri 1762, i hua i roto i te inanahi rangatira fakanānā, me te whai whakaaro Tiamana, e riro te ingoa o 'Ofotokisií, Catherine, ka mau te wahi o tona wahine hohonu ta'emanakoa o Emperor Pita III.

Ka rite ki kitea i roto i ona tohinoa Ekaterina 2, Russia, tuku iho i tana mua Empress Erihapeti, i roto i te hiahia o te whakahou tuwhena o te ara katoa o te ora. E kore te ope i utua he utu, no te mea ko tino ruha te takotoranga moni. Kua arahina e te kore o te whakahaere tika o te rāngai tūmatanui ki te heke i roto i te hokohoko rite kua ona ahumahi matua kua tokoiti te.

i kitea raruraru nui i roto i te tari hōia, me te moana. Whāia hanga ite iho, me te pirau i roto i rangatira kāwanatanga, e tangohia e nga mea katoa i te rahi nui katoa tau. ka mau rāngai ture utu, engari ko te ture anake i roto i aua wā i reira i reira pai iwi taonga, me te whai mana.

tau faahiahia o te wā o Catherine te nui

Ka rite ki te hau o te ana'iraa rawa, a Catherine kounga 2 rawa nui - te kaha ki te hopu i tetahi whakaaro tika, a ka whakatinana i te reira mo ratou ake take. Iwi e nga wahi o tona tira, e hāngai ana Empress tangohia i runga i to ratou mau huru ngaio, kahore te wehi o takitahi pūmanawa, me te kanapa. No te mea o tenei tau o te kingitanga o Catherine te 2 tohua te putanga o te tupuni katoa o statesmen tino, kau taki hōia, kaituhi, kaiwaiata, me toi. Ko reira te tikanga hanga i roto i tenei wā, i āwhina ki te tino kauwhau i ratou aravihi.

Ake i roto i te hītori o Russia taua whika era o Catherine 2 rite tianara A. V. Suvorov ko P. Rumyantsev, kaituhi, a DI Fonvizin A. Radishchev, Karamzin kōrero me te rohi pehe - te mua o A. S. Pushkina - G. Derzhavin. Muri ki a ratou e whakahua tatou te hunga e tu ana i te takenga mai o te ahurea waiata Russian - he kaitito, kaiako me te kaiwhakahaere Dmitry Bortniansky, he vaiolini tino Ivan Khandoshkin, me te te kaiwhakarewa o te Russian National Opera AV Pashkevich.

Ko te hōtaka o te mahi

Ko te hītori o te wā o Catherine 2 i hanga i runga i te kaupapa o te mahi, te whānuitanga o nei te Empress tuhia hoki ia e whai ake:

1. Me hanga kaha ki te whakaako i te iwi, i maturuturu iho ia te whakahaere.
2. Hei whakarite i te ora tūmatanui, he mea e tika ana ki te faauru faatura tūmatanui mō ture ngā.
3. Ki te mau tonu te tikanga ā-i roto i te āhua he mea nui ki te hanga i tētahi pirihimana whakatutuki nga whakaritenga e tika ana katoa.
4. He mea tika ki te whai wāhi ki te tipu o te ōhanga, me te nui o reira.
5. Me whakapai ake tino te āheinga whawhai o te ope, a ko te kupu whakaara i te mana o Russia i te mata o te tahi atu āhua.

Ko te timatanga o te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahere

Ko te taitahi katoa o Catherine 2 ko te wā o te whakatinanatanga o enei e tomu'a. Ko te tau i tino i muri i muri i haere mai ki te mana, kua whakatinanahia te Empress te whakahou kaumatua nui e whakapai ake i te tōtika o te whakahaere tūmatanui. Ka rite ki te hua o ngā whakarerekētanga i hanga ki te mahi o te mana, te kaumatua, wehea ki te 6 tari takitahi, a ngaro te mana o te mahi taputapu kāwanatanga, ka te teitei pūtahi ture, me te whakahaere.

Ko te secularization o nga whenua hahi

Kei te mohiotia te reira e Russia i roto i te kingitanga o Catherine te 2 ka te scene o pakanga nui-tauine mo te tango o (lotú) ka tahuri ki te pūtea kāwanatanga o nga whenua hahi. Ko te hiahia mo te taua mahi ki te whakatau i te whakautu, kaua rangirua i roto i te hapori, i meinga e te hiahia tikanga katoa e ki te whakaki i te tarepa pūtea kāwanatanga.

Ka rite ki te hua o te mehua tangohia kua whakakorea 500 monasteries, i whakaaetia ki te whakawhiti ki te mana kāwanatanga o 1 miriona mua. Nā ki tenei, ka anga matou ki te farii i moni nui ki te takotoranga moni. I roto i te wā poto ki te kāwanatanga utu te nama i te aroaro o te ope, ka whakahaere ki noho te raruraru ōhanga whānui. Ko hoki tetahi putanga o tenei tukanga te paruparu nui o te mana o te hahi i roto i te ora o te hapori fakamāmaní.

E ngana ana ki te whakahou ture

Kei te tohua hoki Catherine kowhiria 2 e te ngana ki te whakaara ki te pūrere taumata teitei ko te ora i roto o Russia. whakapono Empress e ka whakawhanakehia te nuinga o nga fakamaau ta'etotonu i roto i te whenua ka taea e hinga i te ara ture, he huinga o te ture e whakatau i te ngākau nuitanga o te whenei katoa o te hapori. I mahara ia ki te whakakapi i te tawhitotia te rau tau Code Kaunihera o Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, tangohia i roto i te 1649.

Hoki whakatutukitanga hapu i roto i te 1767 i hanga ai te Komihana Ture, arā, o 572 kaitohutohu e tohu i te hanahana, kaihokohoko, me te mua. ngā ia mahi kei te me te Empress. Ka āta ako te mahi o te whakaaro Western, ko reira he tuhinga i huaina "tohutohu o Catherine", arā, o te 20 vahe wehea ki 526 tuhinga.

I roto i te reira haapapû e ia te hiahia mo te hanganga kaihe o te kāwanatanga, me te hanganga o ngā āhuatanga i roto i reira, te whakarato i te mana Ngātuere, kaha. I tua atu, he tokomaha o nga take whakatutuki, huru e rua ture, me te pono i te pae morare. Kia aroha mai, e kore e enei mahi kawe i te reira i te hua e tūmanakohia ana. I muri e rua nga tau, i taka te Kōmihana kua ki te whakawhanake i te huinga e tika ana o ture, no te mea ko ona ngā mema katoa i runga i kaitiaki anake uzkososlovnyh ratou ngākau nuitanga me haamaitairaa.

wehenga rohe o te whakahou kāwanatanga

Ko reira utu te whakahua i tetahi atu kaupapa nui tangohia e kua Catherine 2. te tau o absolutism i nga whenua katoa o te ao i te āhuatanga e te mana centralized mārō. Hoki tona uruhi whai hua ake i roto i te Russian Empress anga te reira i roto i te 1775 i te wehenga whakahaere hou o te kāwanatanga.

Mai i tenei i runga i te rohe katoa o te whenua ngā o 50 kawanatanga, 300-400 mano. Noho ia, e, i roto i te tahuri, wehea ki nga wehenga ki te taupori o te 20 ki te 30 mano. Tangata. Kua whai wāhi tēnei e kore anake ki te faaohipa i te mana i runga i nga ora o te katoa, ara nga wāhi tino mamao o te whenua, engari ano hoki i te kaute tika atu o te ua pupirikana-aufauraa, e ko, tangata nei e ngohengohe ki te taake.

Toronga o haamaitairaa o te rangatira

Catherine Wā 2 ko wā rawa pai mō te rangatira Russian. I roto i te 1785 kite ahau i te tuku o te tuhinga whakawhanakehia e te Empress, a riro te ingoa "Charter ki te rangatira." I runga i tenei huinga o monū puta i roto i te puka o te ture, e tu ana māngai o te piha haapiiraa o runga i roto i koi i te toenga o te taupori.

E whai ratou whakawāteatanga i takoha me te ratonga kāwanatanga obligatory, rite kua reira kua whakatuwheratia mai te wa o Pita 1. Ko nga take taihara me te tivira raro ki te whakaaro o te marae ngā pai, a kua araia ratou ki te whakamahi i whiu kāpara. E ai ki te Empress, i reira ki te whai wāhi ki te haepapatanga i roto i nga rangatira hinengaro te kaimahi e me te mātauranga i roto i te kiritau-.

Empress - kanohi o te iwi

Russia i te tau o Catherine 2 hanga he taahiraa nui mua i runga i te ara o te mātauranga motu. Ka rite ki te hua, kawea te whakahou kāwanatanga muri i roto i te ora o te pūnaha o te mātauranga tuarua. I roto i timata tona anga puta noa Russia ki te whakahaere i te maha o ngā pūtahi mātauranga tūmataiti, i roto ia ratou te whare mātauranga o ngā kura hanahana me tāone rite te pai kia rite ki whare mo Noble kotiro. I tua atu, i roto i te kawanatanga o ngā kura mataeinaa me pa-tau e wha whenua-kore tau takirua whānui. Ka rite ki te hua, te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga o te whakaako i te ngā pekanga whakaurua nga mahere whakangungu noa.

Ko te tau o te mātauranga Catherine 2 fakangalongata'a rite te hanganga o te pūnaha mātauranga o te wahine. whakatakotoria te timatanga o reira i roto i te kuwaha o St. Petersburg i 1764, te Smolny Institute mo Noble kotiro a te hanga mo ratou te Educational Society. Mai i tenei i runga i, i te noblewoman taitamariki e kore anake ki te ake e rave rahi reo ke, engari ako ano hoki he momo o pekanga mātauranga.

I roto i te kingitanga o Catherine te 2 Russian Academy o Sciences, moata ai ki tiketike tuatahi, kua tangohia e ia te tūranga ārahi i roto i Europe. i hanga ahupūngao taiwhanga me te mātai, he kari huaota me te rūnanga o te pākiki o, wāwāhi me whare pukapuka whānui i runga i tona pūtake. Ko te kupu, kua hanga te ahurea o te wā o Catherine 2 he turanga totoka mō te whanaketanga atu o te whakaaro pūtaiao i roto i Russia.

mahi pai Empress

A, no te Catherine 2, tika roaa te taitara o nui, i reira kua ahu whakamua i roto i ngā wāhanga katoa o te ora. Tino nui haere te taupori o te whenua o, i te mea he kawenata nui ki te whakapai ake i te oraraa o ona tangata. Ka rite ki te hua, i reira kua rau o nga pa hou me te kainga. Te torohaki tuatahi i roto i tona whanaketanga kua riro ahumahi me te ahuwhenua, ki te hua e tuatahi tīmata Russia ki kaweake witi. hoatu tenei katoa he hua nui i roto i hua, i whakaaetia ki te whakapiki ake i te afata tao'a o 4 wa.

E hono ana te ingoa o te Empress, a na rua ngā nui i roto i te aamu Russian rite te ahua o te moni pepa, me te timatanga o te werohanga ki koroputaputa, ki Catherine, ki whakaturia he tauira ki etahi atu, ko te whakaaetia tuatahi ki te hanga kano ratou. Mai te ārai o tenei mate e wehingia ana, te utu mano o ora, kua whakahaeretia i runga i te wā.

Roha o te rohe o Russia

maitai te whakakorekore, o Catherine te nui, me i whakawhänui rohe te whenua o. I roto i nga tau o tona pakanga kingitanga rua i whawhai ki te Ottoman Empire (1768-1774 me 1787-1791 gg.). Ka rite ki te hua o whakaora taea Russian whakarato i tētahi putanga ki te Moana Black, me ngā i roto i tona hanganga o te rohe, e mohiotia ana ko Little Russia. ngā enei te Crimea, Northern Moana Black Tai, me te rohe Kuban. I roto i te 1783, ka mau a Russia raro tona raraunga o Georgia.

Kua Catherine kowhiria 2 kua ngā rite ngā pā ana ki te wawahanga o Poland. Ka rite ki te hua o te whawhai kaha i tangohia e wahi i roto i 1772, 1793 me te 1795 i roto i te Russian anō-tomo te whenua i hatepea atu i a ia i roto i nga ra tawhito o te whakaeke Polish-Lithuanian. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko te Peraruhia Western, Volhynia, Lithuania ko Courland.

Whakapakari o serfdom

I te wa ano kia tuhia te reira e i roto i te kingitanga o Catherine te 2 tohua me te āhuatanga kino pērā i te pōpula ara nui o te peasants. Ahakoa te meka e, he tangata o te whakaaro marama me te i te taumata Pākehā, i matau ki te Empress te harmfulness o serfdom, a tae noa mahi i runga i te kaupapa whakakorea, i takoha ia ki te tuku ki te iho whakapumautia mō ngā rau tau.

Hoki i nga ra wawe o tona kingitanga, puta Catherine he tikanga tono te kaimahi e talangofua oti, me te whiriwhiringa ki te kaiwhakarēti. A, no te ka mau te reira mahi atu nui tauine o tohatoha o whenua ki noho ki runga ki a ratou peasants ake makau, me te faaitoitoraa mo te rerekētanga i roto i te mahi tūmatanui.

I te wa ano, tightened reira, me te ahua rawa o te faaohiparaa o te peasants. Kei te mohiotia te reira i, i roto i ngā, e mo te hunga e utua te rangatira te reti (i te nuinga e noho o rohe o te raki o Russia, kei hea he hauarea ahuwhenua), rererua utu. I te wa ano mauähara reira te āhuatanga o kaimahi e titauhia ki te whakarite i corvee i runga i whenua u. Ki te aroaro o I whāiti ki te toru ra ratou mahi he wiki, i teie nei i whakakorea tenei tikanga, a ka okioki nga mea katoa i runga i te ope te noho.

Tauhohenga ki rite tukino nga whakaoho, ka whawhati i roto i te wa ki te wa i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te whenua, te nui rawa o i ko tutu o te Pugachev i taupokina nga Urals me te rohe Täingäwai i te wā o te 1773-1775.

hopearaa

I muri whakaoti tona tridtsatichetyrohletny i roto i te kingitanga o te Empress haere atu Whiringa 17, 1796. Heoi, e kore tenei i te mutunga i roto i te wā Russian o takaí whare. Ekaterina 2 mahue te kainga - tana tama a Paora, karaunatia April 16, 1797, ka kohurutia e he, i roto i te 4 tau.