He aha te mea te ateneke? Āhuatanga, ngā āhuatanga me tono

Ateneke - matū rōpū huānga hauota (Rōpū 15 o te ripanga pūmotu). Tenei umeraa konganuku hina taonga he pakarukaru (α-te ateneke) ki te mea ripekapeka karaihe rhombohedral. A, no te tahu ki te 600 ° C rite sublimates. Ki runga ki te meangiti, he kohu, he whakarerekētanga hou - te ateneke Kōwhai. I runga 270 ° C e neke nga rite katoa ki te ateneke mangu.

History o whakahura

Ko te meka e roa tenei te ateneke i mohiotia i mua i te āhukahuka o ona huānga matū. Ko te c IV. BC. e. korero Aristotle o te taonga i huaina "sandarak", e te whakapono inaianei ki te whai i realgar, sulfide te ateneke ranei. A i roto i te BC rau e ahau. e. whakaahuatia Pliniy Starshy me kaituhi Pedany Dioscoride auripigment - waikano rite ₂ S _3. I roto i te XI i roto i. n. e. taa ê e toru ngā momo "te ateneke" ma (rite ₄ e _6), kōwhai (rite ₂ S _3), me te whero (rite ₄ S _4). Ko te tūemi ano pea i tawhiti tuatahi i roto i te rau tau XIII, Albert te nui, e tuhia te ahua o te taonga whakarewa-rite, ka Ars, hoki e mohiotia ana rite ₂ S ₃ i te tahu ki te hopi me te wai. Otiia whakawhirinaki i roto i te meka i ko te pūtaiao māori te ateneke parakore, kahore. Ko te taunakitanga tūturu tuatahi o te tohatoha o parakore huānga matū tuhia te ki 1649. rite rongoā German Iogann Shreder te ateneke, te para i te reira i roto i te aroaro o te waro haukura. I muri Nicolas Lemery, tākuta Wīwī me te kēmihi kitea te hanganga o tenei huānga matū mā te whakawera i te ranunga o te waikura, me hopi hopi. Na roto i te timatanga o te rau tau XVIII, i mohiotia kua ateneke rite te ahurei āhua-whakarewa.

nuinga

kirinuku o te whenua, me te he kukū te ateneke iti ko 1.5 ppm. Kei te kitea te reira i roto i te oneone, me ngā kohuke, me te kia whiwhi ki te rangi, te wai me te oneone e tika ana ki te hau, me te horo wai. I tua atu, tomo he huānga te huru i te tahi atu puna. Ka rite ki te hua o ngā hū i roto i te rangi tukua te pā ana ki 3 mano. T ateneke ia tau, microorganisms hanga 20 mano. T metilarsina ahua he tau, a ka rite ki te hua o te tahu kora matatoka i roto i te wā taua tohaina te 80 mano. T.

Ahakoa te meka e te rite - he wai whakamate, ko reira he wāhanga nui o te kaha o te tahi mau kararehe, me te pea te tangata, ahakoa te horopeta tika e kore nui 0.01 mg / ra.

Ko te tino uaua te ateneke ki te iriti ki te āhua wai-wairewa ahua ranei. Ko te take i he te reira tino pūkoro, te tikanga e kore e taea te puta i te kukū nui o te taonga i roto i tetahi wahi kotahi. I runga i te ringa kotahi, he pai tenei, engari i runga i te tahi atu - te noho noa ki i horahia ana reira, ko te take e te hoko i te paru te ateneke he raruraru nui. Nā ki mahi a te tangata, i roto i te maina, me te rewa, te tikanga immobile heke huānga matū nuinga, a inaianei e taea te kitea i te reira e kore anake i roto i te wahi o tona kukū tūturu.

Ko te nui o te ateneke i roto i te kirinuku, ko te āhua 5 g ia ton. I roto i te wāhi, kei te whakatau tata i te reira rite te kukū o te 4 ngota ia miriona ngota silicon. Kei te whānui tohaina tēnei huānga. Ko reira i roto i te āhua taketake He nui iti. Tikanga, te hanganga o 90-98% te ateneke te viivii puta tahi me konganuku pērā i kakano me te hiriwa. Te nuinga o reira, Heoi, ko te wahi o neke atu i te 150 kohuke rerekē - sulphides, arsenides, sulphoarsenides me arsenite. Arsenopyrite FeAsS Ko tetahi o te nuinga noa nga kohuke rite-amo. Ētahi atu pūhui te ateneke noa - realgar kohuke rite ₄ S _4, auripigment rite ₂ S _3, FeAs loellingite me enargite ₂ Cu ₃ kaihe _4. Hoki noa waikura te ateneke. Te nuinga o tenei rauemi, ko te byproduct o te tango, o te parahi, mata, hinu, me tokahuke koura.

I roto i te natura, i reira he kotahi anake kanoirite pūmau o te ateneke - ⁷⁵ Ka rite ki. I roto i kanoirite iraruke horihori tukua ⁷⁶ I c hawhe-ora o 26.4 haora. Ateneke-72, -74 me -76 e whakamahia i roto i te tātaritanga hauora.

production ahumahi me te whakamahi

Metal te ateneke arsenopyrite rite e whakawera ki te 650-700 ° C, kahore uru o rangi. Ki te tahu arsenopyrite me ētahi atu whakarewa tokahuke ki te hāora, te rite ngāwari tauhohe ki a ratou i roto i ngā sublimes puka pūhui rite ₄ e _6, hoki e mohiotia ana "te ateneke ma". kohia kohu waikura i ka whātatahia, a muri anō pure-i te whāhau. Te nuinga Ka rite ki te whakaputaina i te reira na roto i te waro whakaiti o te ateneke ma te kupu whiwhi.

He ähua iti World kohi o te ateneke konganuku - he torutoru rau noa taranata ia tau. He nui o te mea poto te, mai i Sweden. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i metallurgy no o ona āhuatanga metalloid. whakamahia Mō 1% o te ateneke e i roto i te hanga o te pere mata, rite whakapiki i reira te roundness o te rūrūtia whakarewa. Kua pai ake te āhuatanga o te koranu te whanau i runga i mata e rua i roto i te āhuatanga waiariki me te pūkaha o ina roto i ratou e pā ana ki 3% o te ateneke. Ko te aroaro o moni iti o tenei huānga matū i roto i a ratou alloys ārahi huru mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā pākahiko, me te patu taura. poke Iti e te ateneke resistance hua te waikura, me ngā āhuatanga waiariki o te parahi, me te parahi. Kei te whakamahia te matū timatanga parakore rite parahi mō te tono coatings me i pyrotechnics. Tino kitea e te ateneke tono i roto i te hangarau Semiconductor, te wahi e whakamahia ai ki te silicon me germanium, me rite i roto i te puka o te gallium arsenide (Kaaha) i roto i te te p, lasers me transistors.

Ka rite ki pūhui

Mai te ateneke honohono, ko te 3, me te 5, ka kua reira e rave rahi āhua hāora i -3 ki +5, kia hanga i te huānga ngā momo o pūhui. Ko te tino nui auraa arumoni ona waikura, taketake momo o e ko te rite ₄ E ₆ me rite ₂ E _5. waikura Arsenous, nuitia mohiotia rite te ateneke ma, - he byproduct tahaki tokahuke o parahi, mata, me etahi atu konganuku, me te tokahuke sulfide me arsenopyrite. Ko ia te rauemi tīmata mo te nuinga o te tahi atu pūhui. I tua atu, kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i ngā patukīrea, whakamahia decolorizing kaihoko i roto i te hanga o te karaihe, me te rokiroki mō te hiako. i hanga te ateneke pentoxide te ka whai wāhi ki te āpitihāora (hei tauira, te waikawa hauota) ki te ateneke ma. Ko te reira i te whakauru matua o insecticides, waipatutaru me te piripiri hoki whakarewa.

Arsine (pungarehu _3), hau kanokore paitini arā o hauwai me te ateneke, - ko tetahi taonga mohiotia. Te rawa, ka karanga ano hauwai ateneke e rite i te tauhohenga wai o arsenides whakarewa, me whakaora whakarewa i pūhui te ateneke i roto i rongoā waikawa. Kua kitea e ia tono pera te dopant i roto i Semiconductors me hau paihana hōia. I roto i te ahuwhenua, faufaa nui waikawa te ateneke (H ₃ Aso _4), arsenate mata (PbHAsO ₄₎ me te konupūmā arsenate [Ca ₃ (Aso _{4) 2],} e kua whakamahia ki te whakahoromata te mana oneone, me te riha.

huānga matū hanga he plurality o ngā pūhui matū waro - te ateneke. Kakodin (CH _{3) 2} I-Ka rite ki _{(CH3) 2,} mo te tauira, whakamahia i roto i te faaineineraa o te desiccant whakamahia whānui (kaihoko whakamaroke) - waikawa cacodylic. pūhui organic Matatini o te huānga whakamahia i roto i te maimoatanga o etahi mate pērā i te koripi amoebic meinga e microorganisms.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

He aha te ateneke i ngā o ona āhuatanga tinana? I roto i tona āhua tino pūmau, he mea he totoka maitai te tae hina he pakarukaru ki iti kawe ia waiariki, me te hiko. Ahakoa he konganuku-rite, tona hopoia ki-konganuku kore etahi momo o rite - he kiripuaki tika atu o te ateneke. He atu momo o te ateneke, engari e kore e tino pai ako ratou, rawa kōwhai puka metastable, arā, o ngā rāpoi ngota rite _4, rite ūkuikui ma P _4. sublimes te ateneke i te pāmahana o te 613 ° C, me rite te kohu vai te reira rite rāpoi ngota rite _4, e kore e nei dissociate ki te pāmahana o e pā ana ki 800 ° C. Whakaotia dissociation o ngā rāpoi ngota i runga i nga rite ₂ e wahi i 1700 ° C.

hanganga ngota, me te kaha ki te hanga i here

tātai te ateneke Electronic - 1s ² 2s ² 2p ⁶ 3s ² 3p ⁶ 3d ¹⁰ 4s ² 4p ^{3 -} rite hauota me ūkuikui e kua e rima irahiko i roto i te waho anga, engari e rere ke te reira i i a ratou i roto i te aroaro o 18 irahiko i roto i te anga penultimate hei utu o rua ranei waru. maha ai heke whānui o te kapua irahiko me te whakanui ake i ngā huānga electronegativity Addition o 10 utu pai i roto i te matua i roto i te whakakī rima 3d-orbitals. Ateneke i roto i te ripanga pūmotu taea te whakaritea ki ētahi atu rōpū, e āta whakaatu tenei tauira. Hei tauira, kei te tikanga manakohia e he atu electronegative atu konupora me te gallium konutea - i te konumohe. Heoi, i roto i te rōpū e whai ake nei, heke tenei rerekētanga, me maha kahore e whakaae ki te meka e Germany electronegativity o silicon, ahakoa te nui o te taunakitanga matū. Tenei whakawhitinga i 8- ki membrane 18-pūtau i ūkuikui ki te ateneke taea ake i te electronegativity, engari tonu te reira i tautohetia.

Faitatau Ka rite ki te anga waho, me te P tohu e taea e ratou te hanga i toru here kotuari ia ngota i te aroaro o atu rua irahiko herekore. Na me te hāora kia +3 -3 ranei, i runga i te electronegativity whanaunga tahi rānei. kōrero hoki i te hanganga o te ateneke te taea o te whakamahi i te waho d-orbitals mo te roha o te octet e taea ai te huānga ki te hanga i te 5 hononga. Kei te mohio te reira i anake i roto i te tauhohe ki te hau köwhai. puta te aroaro o te rua irahiko noa mo te hanganga o ngā pūhui matatini (mā takoha irahiko) I roto i te ngota nui iti atu i te ūkuikui me te hauota.

he kainga i roto i te hau maroke, engari i roto i te makuku hipoki ki te waikura pango te ateneke. E ngingihatia ona kohu ngāwari hanga rite ₂ E _3. He aha te ateneke i te āhua noa? e kore e whakaritea e whai wāhi te reira ki te wai, kawakore me waikawa kore-oxidizing, engari kua oxidized ki te waikawa hauota ki te āhua +5. Mai te ateneke tauhohe kōnakonako, whanariki, me te maha konganuku hanga arsenides.

matū tātari

Ka taea te kitea te taonga qualitatively te ateneke rite te orpiment kōwhai tīwharawhara i raro i te mahi o te 25% otinga waikawa pūhaumāota. Tohu o rite, te tikanga whakaritea e tona faafariuraa ki arsine, e taea te kitea e te whakamātautau Maehe. Kei te thermally decomposed Arsine ki te hanga i te whakaata pango o te ateneke i roto i te ngongo kuiti. E te tikanga Gutzeit uiuia moe ki mēkuri pūhaumāota i raro i te mahi o te arsine pouri e tika ana ki te rerenga o te konuoi.

āhuatanga toxicological te ateneke

tāoke pūtau me ona pärönaki e whānui rerekē i roto i te whānuitanga whanui, i te arsine tino paitini me ona pārōnaki organic ki noa rite, i te mea āhua e mangere. Ko te ateneke, ka mea te whakamahi o ona pūhui waro rite āpiha pakanga matū (Lewisite) me te kaihoko defoliant namunamu ( "puru māngai" e hāngai ana i runga i te ranunga wai o te 5% o te waikawa cacodylic, 26% konutai tote ona).

I roto i te whānui, pärönaki o tenei huānga matū mukākā te kiri, me te meinga dermatitis. Hoki te tiaki i te inhalation o puehu ateneke-kei roto tūtohu, engari puta te nuinga poisoning ka ingested. Mōrahi kukū whakaaetia o rite i roto i te puehu ia ra waru-haora he 0.5 mg / m ^3. Hoki arsine horopeta iti te ki 0.05 wahi ia miriona. Haunga te whakamahi o te pūhui o te huānga matū rite waipatutaru me patukīrea, tono te ateneke i roto i te Pūtaiao tuku salvarsan - tarukino tuatahi angitu ki pakewakewa.

Pānga i runga i te hauora

Ateneke Ko tetahi o nga mea timatanga tino paitini. kitea fakanatula pūhui pararopi o te matū i roto i te moni iti. kia kia kitea Kaiwhakamahi ki te ateneke roto i te kai, te wai, me te rangi. kia hoki puta te rongo ki runga ki te whakapā o te kiri ki te oneone poke te wai ranei.

Ko te tino iti i roto i ngā kai i te ihirangi ateneke. Heoi, ona taumata i roto i te ika me te mātaitai e taea e tiketike rawa, mai mimiti ratou matū huānga kaha o te wai i roto i nei e ora ratou. He nui nui o te ateneke pararopi i roto i te ika kia he mōrearea ki te hauora o te tangata.

E ngohengohe ana ki te iwi e mahi tahi ratou, ora i roto i nga whare i hanga o te rakau tukinotia ki a ratou, a ki runga ki nga whenua ahuwhenua, i roto i te mua whakamahia patukīrea hoki nga pānga o matū.

Pararopi te ateneke taea meinga ngā pānga hauora pērā i ritenga o te puku, me te paru, heke hanga o ngā pūtau toto whero, me te ma, huringa kiri, me tana pukapuka ritenga. Kei te riro te reira e taea te absorption o te nui nui o tenei taonga ake i te tūponotanga o te whakawhanake i te mate pukupuku, mate pukupuku kiri rawa, pūkahukahu, ate me te pūnaha lymphatic.

Ko te take o te pākoko, me te materoto i roto i uwha, dermatitis nohanga Tino nui o te ateneke pararopi, e tukupu ana ātete ki mate, raruraru ngakau me te kino roro. I tua atu, he ahei o hoko DNA tenei huānga matū.

Whakamate horopeta te ateneke ma ko 100 mg.

Ko te pūhui organic o te huānga mate pukupuku ranei, ranei tūkino te waehere ira kore e meinga, engari ka taea e pota tiketike meinga kino ki te hauora tangata, pēnei i ki meinga disorders io mamae ranei i roto i te puku.

Ka rite ki ngā āhuatanga

matū Basic me ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te ateneke e whai ake nei:

• tau ngota - 33.
• taimaha Atomic - 74,9216.
• ira whakakoero pokepokea ai hina - 814 ° C i te pēhanga o 36 atmospheres.
• Kiato pokepokea ai hina - 5,73 g / cm ³ i 14 ° C.
• Ko te kiato o te puka kōwhai - 2,03 g / cm ³ i 18 ° C.
• tātai te ateneke Electronic - 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 3d ¹⁰ 4s ² 4p _^3.
• kāwanatanga pitihāoratanga - -3, +3, +5.
• Valency o te ateneke - 3, 5.