He aha te mea te pūtake o te taiao ā-tinana-matawhenua. taiao Geographical: whakaaro, tikanga, me te mau parau tumu

Ko te tino heterogeneous te mata o to tatou paraneta. rerekē wenua i ia atu i roto i te manawa, hanganga papawhenua, huru o te otaota, me te uhi oneone. Hei streamline hopoia te taiao "hepohepo", kua tae mai pūtaiao ake ki taiao. Geographers maitai conventionally wehewehea mata te whenua i runga i te whitiki, ropu, rohe me te whenua.

He aha te mea te pūtake o te regionalization tinana-matawhenua? He aha e ona whāinga matua? I runga i te pūtake o te mea te mau parau tumu, me i te mea tikanga e kawea ai ki waho? Pahonoraa ki enei pātai e taea te kitea i roto i to tatou tuhinga.

Taiao i o te tinana-matawhenua: te whakamāramatanga , me te ngako

taiao matawhenua (haapotohia - GRF) - tautuhia te whenua pūnaha wehenga. āhei te reira ki a koutou te whakanui i te wahi o te taupoki matawhenua, e rerekē i roto i etahi homogeneity. I raro i tenei taurite te matua auraa hanganga arowhenua noa o te rohe, mahere whenua, āhuarangi, te oneone, me te ao kararehe.

Ano, ka taea te taiao taua ki a koutou te utu rohe mārama i waenganui i enei wahi o te kōpaki matawhenua.

whai wāhi taiao Physiographic maha pūtaiao, geographers me ngā kaihōpara. I roto ia ratou: A. Radishchev, HA Chebotarev, AI Voeikov, LS Berg, VP Semenov-Tyan-Petehana, FI Mielke, NA Sun me ētahi atu. I te wā nei o te whanaketanga o ngā kaupapa taiao rerekē kaimahi tohunga o Moscow State University. Lomonosov.

He hītori poto o te whanaketanga o te regionalization tinana, me te matawhenua

Ko te whakamātau tuatahi ki ngā wāhi taiao rā hoki ki te rau tau XVIII. Heoi, ko ratou kahore turanga pūtaiao, me te kawea ki waho i tetahi āhuatanga kotahi. Ko enei tino maha nga tohu i te mea tino kitea: rohe tōrangapū, ngā takotoranga whenua ranei.

I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XIX e timata ki te tupu tere ngā Tikanga matawhenua (climatology, pūtaiao oneone, me ētahi atu.). I roto i te hononga ki tenei kaha te whanaketanga o tika iahiko motuhake taiao tūturu. A iti i muri mai i roto i te rohe motuhake ki te tutakina me regionalization ōhanga.

Kei te whakapono te reira e te pūtake ariā o te regionalization tinana-matawhenua tūturu i roto i te mahi o te pūtaiao nui Russian Vasily Dokuchaev i te mutunga o te rau tau XIX. mau i muri i te whakaaro i runga i tona whanaketanga o LS Berg me GI Tanfiliev. I te timatanga o te rau tau whakamutunga i runga i te regionalization tinana-matawhenua tīmata korero tino me geographers ke (hei tauira, American, Ingarangi, me te Tiamana pūtaiao).

I roto i tenei take o te pūtaiao Soviet timata ki tino whakarongo hoki i roto i te 20. Na kua i roto i te tau 1940 i hanga ai te putanga tuatahi o te taiao ā-tinana-matawhenua o te USSR.

Ka rite ki taea e matou te titiro, te mahi o maha hinengaro o Russia me ētahi atu whenua i runga i tenei take. He aha te mea te pūtake o te regionalization tinana-matawhenua? Kia tamata o ki te whakautu i tēnei pātai.

He aha te mea te pūtake o te regionalization tinana-matawhenua?

GRF - Ko te tukanga e kore anake o wehewehe te rohe (wai ranei) i roto i te wāhi, engari ano hoki ratou ako taipitopito, i ngā te faaineineraa o ngā āhuatanga āmiki wae-whakaaro nui, me te matatini. Ko te aha te mea te pūtake o te regionalization tinana-matawhenua? Ko te whakahoki ki tenei pātai ko tino kitea, me te ohie.

Ko te pūtake tinana o regionalization ko te inhomogeneity o nga wae takitahi anga matawhenua. Ki te hunga wāhanga kia whakaurua:

• hanganga arowhenua;
• manawa;
• āhuatanga huarere;
• cover oneone;
• otaota;
• me kararehe.

Me kï reira e ia ite te nuinga geographers hou te oraraa tūturu o etahi wāhi tūturu. Heoi, e kore e mārama, me te unambiguous tonu nga rohe i waenganui i a ratou. I waenganui e te nuinga o te tīariari wāhi tinana, me te matawhenua pātata etahi rohe whakawhiti i roto i nei te āhuatanga i kitea ai o rua rohe pātata (hei tauira, ngahere he tetahi rohe whakawhiti i waenganui i te ngahere, me te koraha puāwaitanga).

Ko te whāinga matua me te mau parau tumu o GRF

Tenei momo o te taiao e whai ana i te whānuitanga o ngā whāinga, rite rangahau parakore me rangahau tono. Ko te whakaaro matua o te taiao ā-tinana-matawhenua he mātau, me te hāngai taunakitanga-pārōnaki mokowā o kōpaki matawhenua o te whenua.

Hua kaha GRF whakamahia e maha ahumahi me ngā wāhi o te mahi a te tangata: ahuwhenua, rākau, whakamahere tāone, geography hauora, tiaki āhua, me ētahi atu.

Ko te tukanga o te tohatoha wāhi matawhenua i roto i te rohe i homai puta no te mea o te mau parau tumu ngā me runga i te kaupapa o etahi regularities. Ko te whai ake (taketake) te mau parau tumu o te regionalization tinana-matawhenua:

• objectivity;
• tapatahi rohe;
• taiao me te azonal;
• taurite wāhanga matatini;
• te taurite tonu o nga hua o te taiao.

Mahalo te nui tino o enei ko te parau tumu o te objectivity. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki te oraraa whāinga o complexes taiao rite taua. Whakaae ki a ia, ka whakaae ki te tata katoa geographers me landshaftovedy (anake DL Armand). No iti nui i roto i te taiao, me te parau tumu o te tapatahi rohe. takoto te reira i roto i te meka e kore ai ngā i te wae o tenei taiao whenua motuhake, me te fakasiokālafi kongakonga.

momo o GRF

kia rerekē taiao matawhenua. Ki te whāinga reira ki te whakanui i te wāhi i roto i te kotahi anake o nga tohu (wae whenua), ka e whakaaro reira rite tūmataiti (ahumahi ranei). Hei tauira, kia mau ai ki te oneone taiao te huarere o te rohe ranei.

Ki te ko te whāinga ki GRF tātari tino whenua katoa (āhuarangi, mahere whenua, te oneone, me ētahi atu) wāhanga, ka ka huaina a reira kia whānui (whenua ranei).

I tua atu, ka taea e taiao tūturu e:

• zonal;
• azonal.

I runga i tenei whakarōpū, tautuhi wae taxonomic rerekē GRF.

Methods o regionalization tinana

Na roto i te a nui, i reira e rua ara taketake ki GRF: te regionalization o te "runga" taiao me "i raro". Kei te whānui rua o enei tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te whenua, me te kīnaki tahi i te tahi maitai.

puta "Kei raro" taiao māori e whai ake. Na roto o te tuitui o iti complexes tūturu e tohaina nui me te matatini atu complexes rohe. whakamahi te reira i te mahere whenua nui-tauine. A, no te taiao i "i runga ake" tupu katoa hurihia. I te tīmatanga tohaina nui rohe māori, a ka, na roto i te tātari i te plurality o ngā mahere kaupapa, e "pakaru ake" ratou ki iti complexes tūturu.

tono te regionalization tinana, me te matawhenua te me te maha o ngā tikanga pūtaiao puāwaitanga me ngā tūāhua. I roto ia ratou:

• cartography;
• Aerospace;
• geochemistry;
• paleogeographical;
• pāngarau;
• tikanga whaihanga rorohiko.

wae Taxonomic GRF

tāutu zonal taiao tūturu nga wae taxonomic e whai ake nei:

• rohe matawhenua;
• rohe;
• subzones.

I roto i te taiao azonal faaoti ki tohatoha:

• geography tinana o te whenua;
• rohe;
• te kawanatanga;
• ngā wāhi;
• mau api parau;
• podurochischa;
• facies.

Ko te wae o te taumata teitei o te pārōnaki rohe ko: cover matawhenua me fenua. Otiia whakaaro nga wae tino taketake o GRF facies me wahi.

Facies o te wae haurokuroku o GRF

Tepe (arā, timatanga, me te wehewehe) waeine i te raupapatanga o ngā pūnaha matawhenua whakaaro facies. He aha te mea te reira?

Me kua kite ia o koutou i roto i parautia ora i tona mara, ranei he ramarama i roto i te waenganui o te timera Marehekepa matomato. Enei tūemi e tika tauira pirimia o facies.

Ko te wā "facies" he pakiaka Latino, me te tae mai i te kupu facies - "mata", "image", "mata". Kei te whakamahia te reira e te ata, tohunga pūtaiao me te biogeography. Ko te whakamāramatanga angitu tino o tenei wā homai pūtaiao Soviet D. Nalivkin. E ai ki a ia, facies - he wahi o mata o te whenua, āhuatanga nei i te te taua tūturu tikanga, me te ao kararehe. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, ko reira complexes taiao timatanga, me te kākahu.

tū tonu Facies i roto i tetahi biocenosis me e āhuatanga e te rauemi kotahi matua, te taua āhuarangi, tikanga te wai, me te uhi oneone. Mai i te aroākapa tirohanga geosystem, ko reira te wahi matua hanganga, me te stows podurochisch.

E toru ngā momo matua o facies:

1. Continental.
2. Marine.
3. Rangitahi (hāpua takutai, te hauaauru, me ētahi atu).

mutunga

Na e matau ana koutou e te pūtake o te taiao ā-tinana-matawhenua ko te heterogeneity o nga wae takitahi o te taupoki matawhenua: āhuarangi, mahere whenua, tipu, ao kararehe me te oneone. hāngai ana tēnei tukanga i runga i te mau parau tumu e rima matua: objectivity, homogeneity, tapatahi rohe, taiao i (me azonal) me te taiao taurite tonu o ngā hua.

Ka taea e GRF kia rerekē: ko te zonal me azonal, whānui me te ahumahi. taiao matawhenua tuwhatuwhaia mata o te whenua i runga i whitiki, rohe me subzones, whenua tūturu, rohe, kawanatanga, me facies tuleki.