He aha te mea te taihara? Ngā momo o toihara. Tūmahi o toihara

Tetahi whenua i roto i te ao, ko te ahua o te whakahaere pāpori. E ia he rota o ngā āhuatanga e he faufaa nui pāpori o. Ko tētahi o te nui tino ko te tiaki o te hapori, te kāwanatanga, me nga tangata o te whenua i ngā whakaeke, e tū i te ati ki te hauora me te ora.

Pera i te matara whakamana tenei mahi te pai, tei reira ki runga ki te oraraa o te pūnaha ture whai hua, e whakarato ana hoki fatongia taihara whakahaere ranei mo te pāhuatia.

He aha te mea he tamataraa taihara

e kore e taea te tono aunoa No mehua o mana ki te kino. Ko taea to ratou iteraa anake i roto i te akoranga noa o mahi, e taea ai e koe whakaturia nga huru katoa o te raruraru, te tika ki te fe'unga ka ki te hanga pai-i whakaturia me te tika mahi uruhi. kia kawe mana tūmatanui anake i roto i taua mahi. E faaite te reira i te ingoa o te tikanga taihara. Ko te tikanga i huaina reira ko e whai ake: toihara.

Iritihia, tenei te tikanga te ariā "tamataraa o hara mahia." I tenei pūtake, ko reira taea ki te tautuhi: te tukanga taihara - ko te mahi o tinana kāwanatanga kawea atu i roto i te tikanga tika, e whai ana ki te whakarite i te whakatinanatanga o te ture taihara i roto i tona tono ki te mata taihara. Me rai mehua katoa tono atu i roto i te Code Kirimina.

Tūmahi o toihara

Ko te whāinga matua, e he wātea ana mō te whakamātautau, ngā te whai ake:

1. Hei tautokona te tika, me ngā ngākau nuitanga o tangata e tango wahi i roto i te whakahaerenga. kia mōhio o ratou tika whai pānga katoa ka e taea ki te ite ratou. E pā ana tēnei e rua ki defendants me whakawakia. Maumaui o nga tika e kore e taea te whakatikaia e tetahi whakahaerenga.
2. Pehea e taea e koe te whakaoti i te hara hohoro a tino. Ka taea te whakaaro te reira faatiti'aifarohia anake, no te mārama pumau nga ngā katoa me kaiuru i roto i tenei kino. whakarite tere whakatuwheratanga te tino o te whiu, hoahoa nei ki te whakarato i te pānga mātauranga kore anake i runga i nga hara, engari ano hoki i runga i te toenga o te hapori. taea hoki te whakaaro whākina Crime muri tui ka meinga korenga i takoto kau.
3. Identification o nga hara. kia mahi tenei ki tinana e nga toihara. E kore e rapu ratou anake hoki kaimahi kino, engari ano hoki ki te whakatū i te he o te tangata.
4. I whiua te whakamahi tika o te ture ki te hamani, me te kore e te harakore pānga. Ko te taea tenei anake, ki te whakahaere i te take taihara i tino i roto i te ture. Ki te kitea tetahi maumaui o te whakamahi o mea ture, e taea te hoki mai te mea ana kia whakawakia ano, me te whakatau i runga i reira - ki te whakakore.

Tohu o toihara

taea anake te huaina toihara te mahi kawea e te atu i roto i te hononga ki te hara. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

• Ko te mahi o te tūhuratanga, me te taumira o ngā take taihara.
• Ka taea te whakamana mahi katoa anake i roto i te take ngā.
• tukanga Kirimina - he mahi kawea nei i roto i anake e tangata haamanahia tinana ranei.
• Kua whakahaeretia ngā mahi katoa i roto i te raupapa mārō, me te tino, whakaritea nei e te ture.
• e taea te whakatika ngā tūmahi katoa anake, ki te te ngākau nuitanga tika me tika o tangata.

ture Kirimina, me te tukanga taihara - ariā rerekē. Ko te tukanga ko te mahi o te rōpū whai wāhi, me te tika - he tinana o te ture, e kua tikanga ki te whakahaere i tenei mahi.

momo

Ko te whanaketanga o mua o te mana taihara a Russia haamata ki te Kievan Rus, ka te pou tuatahi ki te matau - "Russian Truth". Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te hītori o te ao, i roto i nga whenua rerekē i ngā momo rerekē o toihara.

I raro i te tukanga, te momo tikanga te huinga o nga tikanga tino nui e tohu i te tikanga o nga whakahaerenga whakawa, te tohu o te tiaki o ngā tika takitahi, me te tikanga mo te kohinga, manatokonga me te aro mātai o te mōhiohio riro.

Ko te oraraa o te momo ngā o te ture e tika ana ki etahi whakapae, pērā i ōhanga, tōrangapū, pāpori, karakia me ētahi atu. I runga i te ahua o te tukanga awe e ngā āhuatanga o te whanaketanga o te kāwanatanga.

Na kua whakaae te ture taihara ki te tohatoha e whai ake nei ngā momo o mahi:

1. Hara. I reira, tenei momo o ngā kore e puta ki te anake etahi o ona āhuatanga. Ko reira huru o te āhua pononga me feudal, mo te tauira, Roma i tahito, Kievan Rus. I taua wa i reira ko tetahi whai wāhitanga hāngū o mana tūmatanui i roto i te whakahaerenga. Ko te pārurenga i roto i te kāinga i ki te kohikohi taunakitanga me te kitea taunakitanga whai take.
2. Investigation. haere mai te reira i te iti i muri mai, me te whakamahia tino whānui i roto i te Patireia o Roma, me te rangatiratanga o Spain. I roto i Russia, i angamaheni i mua i te hanganga o Alexander II he ina tohe taihara. Ko te whakawakia te tata rawa tangohia o tika katoa mo tona korero, ia ētahi wā kihai i mohio he aha te mea i whakawakia ai ia.
3. Te enemi. E pā ana te reira ki momo hou o te hanga. I roto i tenei take, me te patunga i roto i whakawātanga toihara, a ka whai mana rite te whakawakia. Ko te parau tumu faufaa o tenei tukanga ko te whakaaro o te harakore.
4. Konatunatua. He puka hou o te tika, i te mea angamaheni hoki whenua ki te pūnaha ture continental. Ka taea te kite te reira i rite te tikanga i tautohetia, me te tukanga tūhura. E pule'i peheé mahi i roto i Russia i mua i te Revolution. I roto i tenei momo o whakahaere āhuatanga e te predominance o nga āhuatanga o te whakataetae. I roto i Russia hou, whakapumautia ïa tenei momo o te ture.

Ngā wāhanga o toihara

Tetahi whakawātanga toihara ngā o te maha ngā wāhanga e whai tetahi i muri i te tahi atu, me te e tata tauhonohono ana. kia kia āhuatanga ratou e te tahi mau āhuatanga matua:

1. He ia wāhanga ona ake whāinga me ngā whāinga e hāngai ana i runga i kawea e production i roto i roto i te tamataraa taihara. Ko te mahi matua - te haapa'oraa o te Ture me te mana o ngā whakataunga.
2. I ia wāhanga he ona ake ngā o ngā kaiuru me nga whekau tino o nga whakahaerenga, hei tauira, ka i reira te mea he mahi i mua whakamatautauranga-, e hua ana te kaiwhiu i roto i te tukanga taihara te ki tona mana, me i te wā o whakahaere i roto i te whare o tona marae kua tuku ki te rōia hāmene.
3. Ko te tikanga o te mahi.
4. Ngā Rā o ngā mahi ngā katoa.
5. Hohenga, me te hononga.
6. Whakatau me ngā tuhinga, hei tauira, te tuhi ake te pukapuka, me te whakawhiti i te reira ki te rōia hāmene.

Ko te tukanga mō toihara he te atamira, e taea te wehea ki ngā rōpū matua e rua:

1. Pūnoa.
2. Makehe.

Ko te rōpū tuatahi ngā te whai i ēnei:

• Tomokanga o toihara.
• tūhuratanga tuatahi.
• Ko te wāhanga faaineineraa mua ki te hui.
• Ko te wātū marae.
• A amo i te tono, ki te tetahi, ka kia rēhitatia.
• mai te rerenga kōrero ki te kaha.

Ko te wāhanga motuhake ngā:

• Cassation.
• mana hi'opo'araa.
• Whakatuwheratia ano o te take i roto i te hononga ki te huru hou.

atamira mua-whakamātautau

Ko te wāhanga tuatahi - te pakihi wharekai. Te fariiraa i amuamu kaimahi o nga mana tūhura ranei te whakaū o ngā pūrongo o te hara. Ko te poto tenei wā, he reira te tikanga wa ko e pā ana ki toru nga ra. I roto i ētahi wā, kia atu ai tenei wā.

Ka rite ki te hua, i reira te mea he whakatau i runga i ranei kahore ranei ki te haamau i toihara. I tenei wā i roto i te tukanga whai wāhi te he maha iti o takitahi.

I muri i taua, ko te tūhuratanga tuatahi, kawea nei i roto i roto i rua puka - tūhuratanga tuatahi, me te uiui. Ko te tuatahi kei te nuinga o whakamana ka te taihara haere te reira i runga i hara e whai he ati ki te hapori.

kawea te pakirehua i roto i runga i te take taihara tika ohie. tūhuratanga tuatahi o te roanga e pā ana ki e rua marama, ki te he matatini te take, kia atu ai tenei wā. I tenei wā o te patunga i roto i te whakawātanga toihara korero nga huru katoa o te take ki nga kōrero katoa, whakarato mōhiohio e pā ana ki kaiwhakaatu ko wai e taea e faaite ki to ratou aro.

Ka rite ki te hua o ngā mahi me ngā katoa rite te pukapuka.

tamataraa

haamata tēnei wāhanga ki te faaineineraa mo te tamataraa. Ko te mahi matua, ko te ki te teuteu ki he te hui o te marae. I tenei wā te kaiwhakawa takitahi i roto i te rongo mua kati-ranei te tūhura i te mita o toihara. Ki te whakaaro te reira e reira he whenua, te rongo i whakaritea. Ki te mea i reira e raruraru o toihara, te kaiwhakawa kia, kahore whakaaro o te whakamatautauranga, ki te tukua atu te take hoki mo te tūhuratanga atu.

I te rongo i roto i te whai wāhitanga o te rōpū katoa e kaha i whai wāhi i roto i te tukanga. Hei tauira, he rōia kua te tika ki te karanga kaiwhakaatu.

Ko te tamataraa ko te wahi pokapū o tetahi toihara. Kei te wehea te reira ki te maha ngā wāhanga:

1. mahi faaineineraa.
2. Te tūhuratanga fakaefakamaau. Ko te patunga i roto i te mahi tikanga taihara me te korero katoa i roto i te meka o te hara. whai hoki defendants te tika ki te korero i roto i, me te hoatu whakaatu.
3. Mau taparuraa. E haamata te reira ki te meka e ki te kaiwhiu i roto i te tikanga hara i roto i te manakohia ki te hāmene me piira ki te marae hoatu he whiu ngā. I muri ia ia, kua whakawakia te kupu kaiwawao.
4. Ko te kupu a te whakawa. I roto i tenei wahi o te whakawakia e te tika ki te whai i te kupu whakamutunga, ki te whakapāha, ki te whakaae ranei e kore e hara.
5. Whiu. E nehenehe te reira rānei hei wetenga hara ranei. I roto i ētahi wā, te marae i roto i te whakawātanga toihara e whakatau i runga i te mutunga o toihara.

kia muri i te tamataraa i te nui tuatau o te wā, i roto i ētahi wā matatini, te tukanga e tau.

Ture me te tika

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te uho o te whakawātanga toihara, tino kia whakaaro reira i roto i te pā ana ki te tika, e te mea tetahi o nga ara ki te whakatinana i te rāngai ture. E pā ana tēnei ki te mahi o te Kooti ki te ako me te tango i mahi i runga i tautohetohe ture, e me e kawea atu tino i roto i te ture.

te marae anake e taea te mahi i te tika i roto i Russia. faaohipa mana fakaefakamaau te i roto i te mau huru ngā:

• ture Kaupapa Ture.
• Civil.
• Whakahaere.
• Kirimina.

Huri i te reira i roto i taua i te tukanga o te ture toihara ko tetahi o nga puka. Heoi, e kore e kia pēnei ai ki te rāngai ture anake. Ko te marae i konei ko tino te matua, engari e kore e anake te hinonga e te mauria atu tikanga taihara.

Ka taea te faaoti te reira e pā ana te hātepe ture toihara te rite e whai ake nei:

• Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te mahi, me te kaupapa o te ngā ture, he nui whānui atu toihara te tika.
• A, no te haere mai te reira ki te kaupapa, te tika i roto i tenei mea mahi iho rite wāhi e kore anake te marae, engari ano hoki nga kau fiefanongó, kau fiefanongó, prosecutors me ētahi atu rangatira.

Ko te mau parau tumu o te tukanga e tika ana

Tetahi tukanga taihara turanga tona mahi i runga i etahi parau tumu:

1. Ture. Te marae, me te tahi atu whēkau i roto i te hanga o te pū e hiahiatia ki te whai i nga whakaritenga o te Code Kirimina. e kore e whakaaetia tetahi maumaui me fatongia uta e whakapumautia e te ture. I roto i te whakahaere o whakawātanga toihara nga tika o nga tangata whai wāhi i roto i te tukanga, me te whakaute.
2. Inviolability o te tangata. Katoa tangata e te tika ki te tiaki i te pokanoa tika ki tona tūmataiti. he pono e kore anake o pokanoa ture ki te mana tūmataiti, engari ano hoki nga kōrero reta me waea tenei. Ko te parenga me te patunga i te tika ki te korero, e taea te kawe i roto i rua takitahi me ki te āwhina o te rōia. kaiuru katoa i roto i te tukanga i tino rite tika ki te aroaro o te ture.
3. Ko te parau tumu o te publicity. Tika i roto i te Code Criminal kore te reira i whakaritea, engari ko reira tetahi o nga turanga o te tamataraa. Ua faaite anaanatae o te taata i roto i te hanga o te āhuatanga, e whakaatu ana e kia whiua tetahi kino.
4. Faatura mo te honore, me te rangatiratanga o te takitahi. Ko te tikanga matua o te parau tumu whakatakotoria iho i roto i te Ture, na reira, kia tino kitea. I roto i te akoranga o te tamataraa ko te tautokohia ki te whakamahi i te tikanga tutu ki te whakatū i te meka o te hara.
5. Parenga o ngā tika tangata me te herekore i roto i toihara.
6. Whakaritea te taea anake te tika marae. Ko te pūnaha ture whakapumautia e te Ture, e kore e whakaaetia te hanganga o te tahi atu taime taua.
7. reo e whakamahia ana i roto i te parau tumu marae. kia whakahaeretia te tamataraa i roto i te reo Māori mo te tangata whai wāhi i roto i reira.
8. Ko te whakaaro o te harakore. Ahakoa kï he tangata kei roto i te kōti, e kore e taea e huaina reira hara, me te tono i te tautea mate. A e kore ko te whakaaro whaiaro o te tangata, me tinana e arahi te tukanga, me te tūranga whāinga taea hanga e koe i nei e te whakatau matua tenei: e kore e taea te tamata i te tangata harakore, ka hāmenetia; e kore e tū hei te whakapanga o tetahi tangata, kia kawea ai i roto i runga i te kaupapa, me te i roto i te tikanga whakaratohia e te i te ture.
9. Ko te parau tumu o te mana motuhake o marae, tekau me kaiwhakawa motuhake. Ko te rāngai ture ko tetahi o nga momo motuhake o te mana kāwanatanga, e te mauria atu i raro ki te Ture anake. Ahakoa te meka e te tinana-ture, me te whakahaere i runga i to ratou mahi rerekē i te rāngai ture, he ratou i roto i te whakapā ki ia atu, kahore kore. kia te Kooti whakatika nga tōnounou o te mana whakahaere, ki te kawe i te mana ture, ki te aroturuki i te Ture me te tika o ngā whakataunga o mana tūmatanui.

Ki te tino rite enei mau parau tumu, e taea e koe mohio e ka te hara e faatiti'aifarohia tikanga tika, me te hara katoa tika mamae whiu tika.

Taunakitanga me te tukanga tohu

E te tühonohono te ariā enei e rua, ahakoa rerekē i roto i te natura. Taunakitanga ngā tetahi raraunga whiwhi e te e te tikanga ture. Whakaaro ratou, mana whakahaere te huinga tūhuratanga, i reira ko tetahi kino e kore ranei. Na whakaturia ano te tohu o käpä o te parenga.

Tohu i roto i te tamataraa taihara - ko te mahi o te kāwanatanga, me te tūmatanui rangatira, e hāngai ana ki te kohinga, manatokonga me te aromatawai o te taunakitanga ki te whakatū i te mau huru katoa e he nui hoki te taumira ataahua, me te tika o te tamataraa tenei.

te tikanga ngā o te maha ngā wāhanga tukanga Taunakitanga:

• putanga kōharinga.
• Kohikohi mōhiohio.
• Taki tohu.
• Te aromātai o te taunakitanga.
• whakatau tōtika.

kawea tohu i roto i te toihara i roto i roto i tata katoa ngā wāhanga o te whakahaerenga. Taunakitanga whiwhi e te tikanga e tika, e kore e whakamahia i roto i te marae rite meka mâro-. e kore e taea e ratou e te pūtake mo te utu.

Ka taea te whakarōpūtia taunakitanga i runga i te kounga me te rānei puna o ngā mōhiohio. Ki te whakaaro tatou ratou i roto i te pā ana ki te whakawakia, he ratou:

• Accusatory.
• Exculpatory.

Te whakatairite i te mōhiohio mana whiwhi taea e he nunui:

• taunakitanga tuatahi.
• Pärönaki.

I roto i te pā ana ki te meka o te hara:

• Torotika.
• Autaki.

Ko te tikanga o te hanganga o te taunakitanga e taea e:

• Real.
• Whaiaro.

I roto i te mahi o te whakamātautau whare whakawā ture whakaritea pinepine i roto i toihara. Ko te imi, e te mea he take taihara kua te tika ki te whakarite i te tohungatanga, engari e kore e tenei titauraa i. He he maha o ngā take ka e whai i te imi ki te whakarite i te whakamātautau whare whakawā:

1. Ki te reira he taunakitanga whakau mate kino tinana i te mea taimaha ranei.
2. Taunakitanga o mahara pāhekeheke o te parenga te patunga ranei.
3. Ki te i roto i te meka i reira he kore ngā mōhiohio i runga i te tau o te kaiuru, ina e faufaa enei raraunga.
4. hiahiatia tohungatanga te ki he mea e tika ana ki te whakatū i te take o te mate.
5. Ki te hiahia koe ki te kitea i roto i te whānuitanga o te kino i e kua meinga ki te hauora.

mahi Civil i roto i te whakahaerenga

I roto i te toihara, whakaaro rite nga kerēme i civilians me i ture. He tono kia utua mo te kino morare taonga ranei e i meinga i roto i te hara, kia tono te rōia hāmene.

A, no te ki te karo te kōnae i te kerēme, he reira watea i tāke kāwanatanga. Ata mohiotia te mahi ā kawea i roto i roto i te akoranga o whakawātanga toihara i roto i te tikanga tika.

Whakawakia i roto i te toihara i tetahi wa i take tomokanga ki te mutunga o te tamataraa. E whakaatu ana te reira i taea e te reira rānei i tuhituhi waha ranei. I tetahi wa, ka taea e ia haapae i te kerēme ki, i roto i nei take i te tono - tomo i roto i te kawa whakamātautau, ka poroa te hanga o reira te - kore.

Hoki tetahi kereme ka whakaritea e:

1. A, no te he i runga i tui, te marae, tango ki pūkete te tohu o turanga me te rahi o te kerēme i te whakatau, ka taea e makona i te reira i roto i tonu ranei i roto i te wahi.
2. Ki te ki kahore he mehua whakarite kia kore tangohia mahi ā-kei i te wā i mua whakamatautauranga-, te marae kua te tika ki te whakatau i te whakawa o ratou whakatamarikitanga.

E tano ia tapao e kore e manakohia te whakarerenga takoha o te kerēme.

Rauemi o toihara

Tetahi mahi i roto i ona mahi e hāngai ana anake i runga i te ture e whai ake nei:

1. RF Constitution.
2. Te Ture Kirimina Hātepe.
3. Code o Hātepe Kirimina.
4. Ture Federal "I te mau herehere o te whakawakia me suspects."
5. Ture "I te Procuracy o te Russian Federation."
6. FZ "I te Tūnga o Judges".
7. Ko te ture "I te mahi, me te rapu mahi."

Anake i te ti'aturi i runga i te ture, he mea ataahua ki te tūhura i te take taihara me te tae i te whakawa, me te rawa i te harakore.