He revolution ahumahi nui: whakatutukitanga me ngā raruraru (kite tepu)

He revolution nui ahumahi, whakatutukitanga me raruraru ka e kia kōrero i roto i te tuhinga, ka anga i Ingarangi (waenganui-XVIII rautau) me āta puta noa i te ao ao. arahina te reira ki te mechanization o production, tupu ōhanga me te hanga o te hapori ahumahi hou. hipoki kaupapa i roto i te akoranga o te hītori, me te ka kia whai hua ki ngā ākonga, me ngā mātua te kōeke tuawaru.

Ko te ariā taketake

Ka taea te kite i tētahi whakamāramatanga piti i roto i te pikitia i runga ake. I te tuatahi tono te reira i ohanga Adolph Blanqui France i roto i te 1830. whakawhanakehia matou te ariā o te Marxists ko Arnold Toynbee (kōrero Ingarihi). Ko te Revolution Industrial - e kore te mea he tukanga kunenga e pā e te ana ki te ahua i runga i te pūtake o ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao, me te hangarau o waka hou (etahi kē vai i te timatanga o te rau tau XVIII), me te whakawhiti papatipu ki te whakahaere hou o te mahi - production mīhini i roto i ngā wheketere nui, i whakakapi wheketere mahi ā-ringa.

I roto i te pukapuka i reira e te tahi atu whakamāramatanga o tenei āhuatanga, tae atu i te revolution ahumahi. Ko reira hāngai ki te wāhanga tuatahi o te revolution, i roto i nei te hunga ratou e toru:

• Ko te revolution ahumahi: te putanga o te ahumahi hou - engineering me te hanga o te pūkaha mamaoa (i te waenganui o te rau tau XVIII - te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau XIX).
• Organization o production papatipu tika ki te whakamahi o ngā matū, me te hiko (i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XIX - te timatanga o XX rautau). tāutuhia te atamira tuatahi Devid Lendis.
• Te whakamahi i roto i te hanga o ngā hangarau mōhiohio me te kōrero (i te mutunga o te rau tau XX - hakari). I roto i te pūtaiao, ki runga ki te toru o nga atamira kahore he whakaaro.

Te Revolution Industrial (revolution ahumahi): te kōhanga taketake

Hoki te whakahaere o te wheketere production titau te maha o ngā āhuatanga, te nui te nuinga o nei ko:

• Te wātea o te mahi - iwi tangohia o ratou taonga.
• Ko te taea o te hoko o taonga (hokohoko).
• Te oraraa o te iwi taonga ki te moni penapena.

I mua, i enei tikanga katoa i hanga i roto i Ingarangi, i reira, i muri i te takanga o te rau tau XVII ka haere te bourgeoisie ki te mana. hanga pupuri o te whenua i nga peasants me te whakangaromanga o nga kaimahi i roto i te whakataetae e mura ki manufactories he ope nui o te rawakore, te rawakore i roto i te moni. Kua arahina whakaruru o kaimahi mua i roto i te pa ki te vaivai o te ōhanga tūturu. Ki te nga käinga ratou hua hoki ratou i te kakahu me oko, i akina atu nga pa, ki te hoko ia ratou. Kaweake o taonga, me te hipi ki waho, kia rite ki te whenua i pai whakawhanakehia-. I roto i nga ringa o te bourgeoisie putu hua i te hokohoko pononga, pahua koroni me ngā rauemi kaweake i India. Ko te revolution ahumahi (te whakawhitinga i ā mahi ki mīhini) riro he whakawhetai mooni ki te maha o hanga nui.

pōtaka

pa tuatahi te revolution ahumahi te ahumahi miro, te whakawhanakehia tino i roto i te whenua. Ka taea te kite i ngā wāhanga o tona mechanization i te tepu.

Edmund Kartrayt ake whatu (1785), mo te kaiwhatu taea ki te tukatuka rite nui miro rite whakaputaina i roto i te wheketere o Ingarangi i. Whakanuia hua ki runga ki te 40 nga wa - te haamauraa pai i puta mai i te revolution ahumahi. Ka whakatutukitanga me mau tamataraa (tepu) kia te aroaro i roto i te tuhinga. E pā ana ratou ki te hiahia mohio a o te tenenga te mana fakaue'iloto motuhake, e kore nei e whakawhirinaki i runga i te noho tata o te wai.

steam-engine

Titiro hoki te puna hou o te pūngao i nui i roto i te ahumahi raranga kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te ahumahi keri, te wahi kua mahi kua tino kino. Kua i roto i 1711, Tamati Newcomen ngana ki te waihanga korohū papu i hanga ki te kōkeke, me te rango, kei te patia nei ki te wai. Ko te nganatanga nui tuatahi ki te whakamahi i korohū. Ko te kaituhi o te pūkaha mamaoa ake i roto i 1763 ka nga Dzheyms Uatt. I roto i 1784 arai te pūkaha steam tuatahi o te mahi rua, whakamahia i roto i te mira pōtaka. Kupu Whakataki o Mua i hanga taea reira mo te tiaki manatā o kaitito i, i awhinatia faaitoito ratou ki whanaketanga hou. Te kore tenei taahiraa i whakauaua taea revolution ahumahi.

Te ahunga whakamua me te mau titauraa (whakaaturia tepu e i roto i te pikitia i raro nei) e whakaatu e whakatairangatia ana te revolution pūkaha mamaoa whanaketanga ahumahi i roto i te waka. Te taenga o te locomotives tuatahi i runga i huapae maeneene e pā ana ki te ingoa o George Stephenson (1814), fakatāutaha kingi i roto i te 1825 i te tereina o 33 kaata i runga i te tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te pereoo auahi mo nga tangata. piri tona roa ara o 30 km Stockton me Darlington. I ngā tau pokapū-rau, i takatakai Ingarangi katoa i te kupenga o reriwe. He iti mua te American Robert Fulton, e mahi i roto i France, te tima tuatahi (1803) kua whakamatautauria.

mua engineering

kia meinga kia ki te whakatutuki, i waho nei e kore e waiho te reira taea te Revolution Industrial i roto i te tepu i runga - te whakawhitinga i te wheketere ki wheketere. Ko te tenenga o te tarai, taea tapatapahia te nati me raka. Ko te mīhini i Ingarangi Genri Modsli hanga he pakaruhanga i te whanaketanga o te ahumahi, tōtika te hanga i te ahumahi hou - engineering aunoa (1798-1800). Ki te whakarite mihini kia kaimahi wheketere mīhini hanga e hua atu mihini. Hohoro reira i tōtika me mīhini mira (1817, 1818). wāhi Mechanical Engineering ki te whanaketanga o te metallurgy me waro, i tukua Ingarangi ki te waipuke ētahi atu whenua ki te taonga hangaia cheap. Hoki tenei, i huaina ia "awheawhe o te ao".

mahi ngātahi ki te whanaketanga o te mīhini ahumahi taputapu kua riro te akiaki. I hanga he momo hou o te kaimahi - mahi kotahi anake mahi me kore e taea te whakaputa i te hua oti i tīmatanga ki te mutu. Kua he peka o te ope hinengaro o te mahi tinana, i arahina ki te putanga o tohunga tohu, i hanga te pūtake o te piha haapiiraa waenganui. Ko te Revolution Industrial - he kore noa te āhuatanga hangarau, engari ano hoki ngaahi nunu'a pāpori nui.

Ko te mau hopearaa pāpori

Ko te hua matua o te revolution ahumahi - te hanga o te hapori ahumahi. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e:

• haere noa Whaiaro o tangata.
• whanaunga Market.
• production Commodity.
• ao hou, Hangarau.
• Ko te hanganga hou kamupene (te predominance o noho tāone, te raupapatanga piha).
• Whakataetae.

He kaha hou hangarau (waka, kōrero), e whakapiki i te kounga o te ora o te iwi. Otiia i roto i te whai o te pai, i rapu i te bourgeoisie hoki huarahi ki te whakaiti i te utu a te mahi, kua arahina nei ki te whakamahi whānui o te wahine me te tamariki. wahia e Society ki e rua ngā akomanga taha e: te bourgeoisie me te ko ënei.

He peasants kua ururuatia me nga parakimete kihai i taea te tiki i te mahi no te mea o te kore o ngā mahi. Ko te pūhia whakapono ratou te mīhini, te whakakapi a ratou ki te mahi, na te whānuitanga ki te kia haere ki te mihini. wahia nga kaimahi wheketere taputapu e tohua te timatanga o te pakanga o te piha haapiiraa ki te exploiters. Ko te tupu o pareparenga, me te whakapiki ake i whakapaipai kawemai ki Ingarangi i roto i te timatanga o te rau tau XIX, arahina ki te whakaea iti o ētahi atu whenua, i arahina ki te raruraru o te overproduction i 1825. Ko te pānga i meinga te revolution ahumahi tenei.

Whakatutukitanga me ngā wero (Ripanga): hua o te revolution ahumahi

e kia oti Ripanga e pā ana ki te revolution ahumahi (whakatutukitanga me wero) i waho tango ki pūkete nga āhuatanga kaupapa here ke. ko te nuinga o te painga i ōhanga Ingarangi XIX rau tau whakakorekore. nuinga ia i te mākete hokohoko ao, tere te nei te whakawhanake. I roto i te wāhanga tuatahi o te whakataetae ko reira whakawhetai anake ki te kaupapa here whai take o France Napoleon Bonaparte. Ka taea te kite i te whanaketanga ōhanga pāhiwihiwi o whenua i roto i te pikitia i raro nei.

Ko te wāhanga tuarua o te revolution: te putanga o motuhake

Hangarau pa e te aroaro tuarua te atamira i runga (kite. № pikitia 4). Paraimere i roto ia ratou ko te tenenga o tikanga hou o te kōrero (waea, reo irirangi me te waea) te pūkaha ngingiha ā-me te oumu mo te steelmaking. Ko te putanga o ngā mātāpuna hou o te pūngao e tika ana ki te kitea o putunga hinu. Tenei tukua Karl Benz mo te wa tuatahi ki te hanga i tētahi motokā i te pūkaha penehīni (1885). I te mahi a te tangata i haere mai ki te matū, ai i hanga kaha rauemi waihanga.

Hoki ngā hou (i runga i te whanaketanga o ngā āpure hinu, mo te tauira), e hiahiatia ana nui whakapaipai. Kaha te tukanga o te kukū i te hanumi,, me te ratou te hanumitanga ki te pareparenga, nei tūranga kua nui haere tino. He motuhake - kamupene kaha e whakahaere e rua whakaputa me te mākete. hoatu ratou ara ki te revolution ahumahi. Whakatutukitanga me titauraa (whakaaturia te tepu te raro nei) e pā ana ki te mau hopearaa o te putanga o te heriheri moni. Ngā momo o motuhake i roto i te pikitia.

Ko te mau hopearaa o te wāhanga tuarua o te revolution ahumahi

Te whanaketanga pāhiwihiwi o whenua me te putanga o corporations nui kua arahina ki pakanga mo te redivision o te ao, hokohoko hopu me puna hou o ngā rauemi mata. I roto i te wā i te tau 1870 ki te 1955 ko te rua tekau pakanga hōia nui. he maha nui o whenua i whai wāhi i roto i te pakanga e rua ao. Ko te hanganga o motuhake ao arahina ana ki te wehenga ōhanga o te ao i raro i te faatîtîraa o te oligarchy pūtea. Engari, timata kaweake o taonga corporations nui ki te kaweake whakapaipai, te hanga i te hanga ki whenua iti-utu. I roto i nga whenua, te nuinga e motuhake, kino, me te ngongo hinonga iti.

Ko te rota o pai hoki kawe revolution ahumahi. Whakatutukitanga me ngā wero (tepu aroaro i roto i te whakamutunga iti-taitara) o te atamira tuarua - te hinganga o nga hua o ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao, me te hangarau, hanganga o te anga o te hapori, urutaunga ki ngā āhuatanga hou o te ora. te moni mana tokitoki - te puka tino matatau o te aratau capitalist o te hanga i roto i nei nga ngā whakahēnga katoa o te hapori bourgeois me nga raruraru faaite mai kakato atu ratou.

Hua o te atamira tuarua

Industrial Revolution: whakatutukitanga me ngā raruraru (kite tepu)

Te Industrial Revolution, nga whakatutukitanga me ngā raruraru e te aroaro i roto i te rua papa (i roto i te wāhanga tuatahi me te tuarua), - te paetae nui o te ao. haere tahi te whakawhiti ki te wheketere production i te taha hangarau te ahunga whakamua. Heoi, i te mōrea o te whawhai me te ati taiao titau e te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau hou, me te whakamahi o te puna pūngao hou i raro i te mana o ngā pūtahi pāpori ao.