Kaihoahoa Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich: mahi

I te mutunga o Oketopa 1812 ka whawhati te rongo o te ahi e wehingia ana i roto i roto i Moscow i muri i te tomokanga ki te ope o Napoleon, ka haere ia ki a Ryazan. Ko te whakaaro e huna e rua-hautoru o whare Moscow i tino fuu hoki tetahi o te whakapaipai o rerenga, no te mea kua haumi te kaihoahoa Kazakov tona taranata katoa i roto i te whakapaipai Pervoprestolnoj whare ataahua i roto i te kāhua puāwaitanga me "Gothic Russian".

kaihoahoa pono Russian

I whanau ia i roto i 1738 i roto i te utuafare e haere mai i te serfs, i whakatairangatia ana ki te paetukutuku tari nui. Na roto i te maitai o te papa o te kaihoahoa Matvei Kazakov i roto i 1751 uru ki te kura o te kaihoahoa rongonui Dmitriya Vasilevicha Uhtomskogo (1719-1774), nana nei i hanga te rota o whare i roto i te tau o Kuini Elizabeth. I tua atu ki te kura toi nehenehe riro Kazakov pūkenga mahi i roto i te faanahonahoraa o te hanga, whiriwhiri o ngā rauemi me ngā hangarau. ka te reira i tona kounga tapao faaite.

Kōmāmā drawings tika, whakarewa ahua māia wahi - i reira tūturu i roto i te ariki i te kuao tau. Tona pūkenga whakairoiro mahi ia i runga i nga tauira pai o te kainga tupu hoahoanga o te mua, ako whakahau Kariki onamata. riro Kazakov kaihoahoa he kaitautoko pūmau o te aro ki te taipitopito kāhua puāwaitanga organic.

Ko te ngā tuatahi

I roto i te puna o 1763 whakangaromia te ahi e wehingia ana Tver. Hanga i te akonga pa whakaakona Ukhtomskogo Pita Romanovich Nikitin. Matvey Kazakov - te kaihoahoa ngā Nikitin i tona kapa, mahi i runga i tetahi o nga taonga tino nui - te kāinga o te matenga o te hahi o Tver. Catherine mauruuru ia II whakahokia i runga i te mahere hou o te pa, e karanga i te ataahua Tver tuarua (i muri i St Petersburg) i roto i Russia.

whare o Pihopa, i meinga he whare, i roto i nei tūtatari Catherine i taenga i te pa hou hanga, i hanga ingoa o kaihoahoa rongonui, a ka anga te kaihoahoa Kazakov ki farii i te ture tūmataiti i te iwi Russian whai rawa, me te tino rongonui. Na, mo te PF Naschokina hanga e ratou he e kikī nehenehe rai Semyonovskoe i runga i te awa nära, i Serpukhov.

Kazakov ko Bazhenov

Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov (1738-1799) - te kaihoahoa nui Russian, nei ko te taua tau Kazakova. Na roto i te wa o to ratou hui Bazhenov kua haere kē te kura o te hoahoanga Pākehā i muri i te Academy o Fine Arts, ka pau maha nga tau i roto i France me Itari. whakamana e ia te tauira o St. Pita o roto Roma me taiwhanga. Louvre i Paris, waiwai ake te mōhiotanga me te wheako o te rangatira ārahi o Classicism French: Claude-Nikola Ledu, Jacques-Zhermena Sufflo me ētahi atu.

Rerekē Bazhenova Kazakov kore ahau i mahue Russia, kia ngana ki te tāpiri ki tona wheako mahi, me te Bazhenov ariā o te hoahoanga rite te toi tiketike, ki te whakatuwhera i te ataahua hou i roto i ngā pukapuka ngā, whakatau whakamahere, i roto i te whakamahinetanga o te hoahoa. pai Works Matthew Fedorovich Bazhenov, a ka karangatia e ia a ia ki te mahi tahi i runga i whakahau grandiose riro i te Empress ia.

"Ko te ope Kremlin"

a Ekaterina Velikaya mo Moscow mana'o matatini. nui rawa te rerekētanga i waenganui i St Petersburg - te whakapaipai nehenehe o Europe - me te torona Tuatahi, te wahi i mutu ia Byzantine, wairua Āhia, i au ra te faahoho'araa o te Kremlin ki a ia. Ko reira konei hiahia ia ki te tīmata i te Europeanization o Moscow, tukua te kaupapa o anō o te pokapū pa Bazhenov.

kaupapa hao, whakaarohia te "ope mo te hanganga o te Kremlin Palace", e au ra tuwhena rawa noa te Empress. whakaarohia Bazhenov ki wahia te whare tawhito, me te hanga i te whare maha-papa nui, e anga te facades nui o te awa, engari i roto i ngā o te hanga kati nga ahunga matua o nga huarahi toropā o Moscow.

I roto e rima nga tau, i oti te kaupapa, hanga he tauira ngū o te Grand Kremlin Palace. Ahakoa te whakapanga nui o te whare hou, a wahia wahi o te taiepa, engari ka kihai i whiwhi. ngaro Catherine moni i roto i te kaupapa, hanga whakawehi Moscow nui o te whakapaipai raki, ka ui whakapaunga ngū. Muri whakaritea ki te arahi i te hangaia anō o te Kremlin, MF Cossacks (architect ki whānui ringa-i runga i wheako atu Bazhenov) ki whakahokia te wahi ngaro o te taiepa, ka hanga ki runga ki te rite mo te tīmatanga o te rohe hanga o te whare kāwanatanga hou - te kaumatua. Ko te tuatahi, kua tonu ia ki te mahi ki te Bazhenov.

Whanau o "Gothic Russian"

I roto i te 1775, i te wō o Catherine i Moscow tū te whakanui i runga i te take o te mharahara o Crimea me te mutunga o Kuchuk Kainarji ki te Turkey. Ki te mahi i tenei, i Khodynka whakaturia nga teneti rakau rangitahi tohu i te pa Turkish. Mahi tenei mahi i tukua ki te "waitaua Kremlin" arahina e Bazhenov, he hoa tata ko ano e te kaihoahoa Kazakov.

Ka rite ki te hua, te hononga o rerekē āhuatanga rāwhiti me hanganga matarohia whanau mea hakari, āta tapere, kāhua whakapaipai, i huaina nei ko tupurangi "Gothic Russian" ranei. pai ia te Empress Catherine, a whakaekea ana e ia ki te faahiti i te reira i roto i te rauemi atu roa, hanga tata Khodynka Field Road Palace, Me ia ki te okioki i muri i te haere roa i te Capital Northern. whakaritea te whakahaere i te kaupapa i Kazakov. riro Petrovsky Palace kua tetahi o nga tihi o "Gothic Russian" na roto i te hanga i te kaihoahoa ārahi Russian Kazakov.

whare kaumatua i roto i te Kremlin

A, no te reira ko te hiahia hoki te whare nui tūmatanui, o te akoranga, e unu tona hoahoa ko M. F.Kazakov i Moscow - he kaihoahoa, ko te kōmata o te rongo me te taranata i roto i tona pirimia. A hanga ana e ratou he tapatoru i roto i ngā o te whare o te kaumatua ko te tihi hou o tona auahatanga.

e kore mahere o Kazakov i whai i te tauine o te nui Palace Bazhenov, engari kihai i tukua ki tona ako o te kounga, tino rongoā katoa me ngā wāhanga. Ko te kikorangi i runga ake i te whare, i mahara ki te mau tuhaa pureraa o te kāwanatanga, pānga te rahi me te mahia hangarau. Me te katoa te kaumatua ki te hakari, me te nui, kitea i Whero Square, e tauturu te reira ki te pai feongoongoi te whare tūmatanui matarohia i roto i te tapawha matua o te ensemble me huri noa te pokapū pa.

Epic i roto i Tsaritsyno

Te whare me te papa ensemble, ka karanga "Tsarina" i hanga ki runga ki te whenua i hokona atu e Catherine i 1775. Ko ia ki te hei i te ahanoa taua tuatahi kei waho o St Petersburg. I whakahau ano te kaupapa e Bazhenov me te whakamahi tikanga o te kāhua wawata, ka karanga tupurangi "Gothic Russian" ranei a huaina Bazhenov "ngohengohe" Gothic.

Hoki tenei kaupapa ka mau te kaihoahoa ki te whakahaputia katoa, mo te tekau tau i kawea i roto i hanga o te matatini, engari ki te whakaoti i ano tona hanga Kazakov. I roto i te take o te riri kingi, i patua te Bazhenov i muri i te haere ki te Ekaterinoy Tsaritsyna, ka karanga te kaihoahoa no ki te "Freemasons" - i kite Empress i Aua marae kaha taea ki te fakanofo 'tana tama - Paora I. He atu whakaaro, he aha te mea te pono - e kore e taea ki te mohio engari oti whare mahi, me o ratou taiao M. Kazakov. tamata te kaihoahoa ki āta hamani i te hoa, me te kaiakopono, mahue tonu etahi whare Bazhenov. Tapa Moscow noho o nga tsars Russian Tsaritsyno ka mate, engari ka ora ake i roto i te puka hou, he mea he ūnga hararei rongonui, me tetahi o nga mātanga o Moscow.

Masterpieces "dopozharnoy" Moscow

Mai te mutunga nga fitungofulú o te kaihoahoa rau tau tekau ma waru Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich riro mau huaina aha tenei ra ko te tino kaihoahoa o Moscow. I roto i ona whare nga wahi maha o te karakia, presences whare me whenua tūmataiti. E rave rahi o ana mahi i ngaro i roto i te ahi o te whakaekenga Napoleonic, etahi i hanga, engari e taea kia whakamoemititia etahi tauira tino o tona mahi i tenei ra.

"Russian Gothic" ko he râ o nga kiritaki taonga, me te kingi, ko Kazakov, te nuinga hanga i roto i te kāhua matarohia rongonui. Ko te Ekalesia o Metropolitan Piripi i roto i te Meshchansky Sloboda tenei. Ko reira ngā huinga whakaturia ki tahi i te tahi a tawhio i roto i ngā o te rōrahi me te kounga teitei o te whakapaipai stucco, i te mea taranata rawa kitea Kazakova-kaipeita.

faahiahia Wonderful - Ekalesia o Cosmas ko Damian runga Maroseyka - whakanuia e ngā aravihi o pukapuka kōpiko me te huarahi tata hou ki te minimalist i hoahoa. I roto i te tua ki te maha nui o whare, hahi, whare tūmataiti, whare kura, hanga ana e ia e toru hōhipera, ia o nei riro i te whakapaipai o Moscow.

He wāhi motuhake mō te Moscow Kazakov - te hanga o te Runanga Noble - Whare o Kauae. Facades i roto i te wa roa ki te hanga, engari nga wanihi o e rave rahi taime (te huinga, me te mea matua - te Hall Tīwae) kawe i te whakaaro o te kaihoahoa i roto i te puka tata taketake. He nui nui, e taea te whakanoho ki runga ki te 5000 iwi, he faahiahia, i roto i te pai classically.

Kaihanga o Moscow XVIII rau

I tua atu ki te tahi atu whare mohiotia tukufakaholo o te kaihoahoa - he whānui ngingila o rangatira, he kaiako nei ko te kaihoahoa Kazakov. Works I. V. Egotova, AN Bakareva, O. I. Bove, IG tämän kua kī mo te ora i muri o Moscow, i te wa ano pai ki te tahi atu mahi Kazakova 13 pukapuka ki mahere, teiteiraa me ngā wāhanga i te whare tino nui i roto i Moscow .

mate ia, taea ki te mau i te whakaaro o te mate o te pa e arohaina, engari e kore i taea e ngaro te taranata fantastic me mahi pakeke Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov kahore he wahi, a ka pupuri tonu te Renaissance Moscow te mahara o te kaihanga nui.