Ko te ariā me te matua ngā kāwai o didactics

Ko te kāwai matua o te didactics - he whakaata o te mauri o tenei pūtaiao. He mea paihere tenei rohe o te matauranga ki te ako, no te mea whakatau te reira i te āhua me ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te tukanga mātauranga. Ko te kāwai matua o didactics he: whakaako, whakaako, te ako, te mātauranga, mōhiotanga, pūkenga, whakaaro, ihirangi, whakahaere, momo, puka, tikanga me ngā (hua) o whakangungu. Next, kia kōrero a pā ana ki tenei i roto i te taipitopito atu.

Ko te whakamāramatanga

I mua i whakaaro nga kāwai matua o te didactics, kia mahi ki te mauri o te ariā. Na, ko te wāhanga o te ako, i nei kua ako i nga raruraru o te mātauranga (he ahua o te ariā akoranga) tenei. I te tuatahi wewete tenei wā i te mātauranga Tiamana Volfgangom Ratke. Kua whakawhānui kairangahau i muri te ariā. Na ko tenei pūtaiao e pā ana ki te mātauranga e kore anake, engari ano hoki i runga i ona whāinga, tikanga me ngā hua.

Homai nga kāwai Makiri taketake, taea te wehea tenei pūtaiao ki te wāhanga e whai ake nei:

• katoa - ngā tika ariā me te tukanga o te whakaako, te āhuatanga e pā te tukanga ako, me te tikanga i roto i nei i reira ko te tukanga mātauranga, e pā te hua whakamutunga;
• tūmataiti - tikanga, me te whakaako motuhake o ia kaupapa motuhake.

Kaupapa mea, whāinga me ngā kāwai matua o didactics

Ko te didactics kaupapa kaiwhakamana pūnaha whakangungu rite te katoa. Ko nga raruraru o te pūtaiao, he reira utu te tuhituhi i taua taime:

• take mātauranga ako (rite ki nei me aha ngā mōhiohio ki te tapaea);
• ako o te ture o te mahi hinengaro me te rapu mō huarahi ki te whakahohe i reira;
• whakahaere o te tukanga ako;
• whanaketanga o ngā tukanga hinengaro e akiaki ngā ākonga ki te rapu me te whakawhenumi mōhiohio hou;
• te whanaketanga o hou, momo atu matatau o te akoranga.

Whakaaro i runga i te didactics kaupapa

E tano ia tapao e reira e rave rahi whakaaro i runga i te pātai o te mea te tikanga te kaupapa, te kāwai matua o didactics. He aha te ako i te ako? Kōwhiringa, rite kua kua tohu matou i roto i te torutoru:

• whakangungu rite te pūtake o te mātauranga, me te tukanga mātauranga;
• tawhā whakangungu pēnei pērā i te ūnga, puka, taputapu, te mau parau tumu, me ture;
• āhuatanga o te pāhekoheko o te kaiako me te akonga;
• taiao akoranga.

didactics General

Tūmahi, kia rerekē didactics taketake kāwai paku i runga i te taumata i ai te raruraru rānei. Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te pūtaiao i roto i te whānui, e taea te kauwhautia ona raruraru matua e whai ake:

• Waihanga o ngā whāinga akoranga. Me kia mōhio o te mea ratou hiahia kaiuru katoa i roto i te tukanga mātauranga. Ki te kahore he te whāinga hopea, he nui māmā me te whai hua te ako.
• Ko tētahi o nga mahi tino nui o te mātauranga - ko te hanganga o te tuakiri pai i roto i te whanaketanga whānui.
• Whakatau i o te ihirangi o te mātauranga. Tei runga i te whakaaro e tūmanakohia ana, me te tikanga ā-waho hoki e hanga e, te hōtaka o te ako o nāianei.
• Didactics solves te raruraru o te pehea, ki te tapaea te mōhiohio. Ko te huarahi tika ki te whakaako i ētahi wā whakarite te perception angitu o te rauemi whakarongo.
• Te kimi taputapu Makiri tika (rauemi whakaako). Ko hoki te raruraru te whanaketanga o te mau parau tumu o to ratou hanganga me te whakamahi.
• Ko te kupu o te mau parau tumu, me ngā ture o te ako. Ahakoa te meka e he paerewa ratou, e taea te whakaritea e ratou kia rite ki nga tikanga motuhake.
• A tuatapapa i te raruraru o te mātauranga - ko tetahi o te ngā i roto i didactics tenei. utu hoki whakarongo ki nga opuaraa o te whanaketanga o te pūnaha mātauranga heke mai.
• Te hono e aweawe me ētahi atu pūtaiao e hāngai ana.

Ko te mau parau tumu o didactics

Didactics - pūtaiao kāwai nui e whakaata tona ngako me te raruraru. utu ano e whakarongo ki nga parau tumu, e te hunga e whai ake:

• Ko te parau tumu o te mārama. ka haere mai Scientists ki te mutunga e kite nga kanohi, ko te 5 ngā wā atu pārongo atu te tahi atu rongo. Ko te kupu, raraunga e kua tuku ki te roro i roto i te pūnaha whatu, a ngāwari penapena hoki i te wa roa.
• parau tumu nahanaha. Ka kite te roro tangata mōhiohio anake, ki te he mahara he whakaata o te pikitia katoa o te mea kei te tupu. Me aroaro nga raraunga raupapa, i roto i runga i te ariā o te hanganga ā-ari ranei. I tua atu, mo te whanaketanga tahi o te tuakiri Me mahi auau.
• parau tumu kaha. Ko tīpakongia te roro tangata pā ki te tohu e tae ki reira. Ko pai Memory ki te farii i te reira mōhiohio (e rua i roto i ngā o te ihirangi me te i roto i ngā o te whakaaturanga). Ko te kupu, he pai te rauemi, me te pumau i roto i, kia whakarongo ki te whakahaere o mātauranga tukanga me te whakaaturanga raraunga tikanga.
• Ko te parau tumu o te urutanga. kia te rauemi e tika ana ki te tau me te taumata o te whanaketanga o ngā ākonga.
• parau tumu pūtaiao. Ka āta whakarite te reira i te kōwhiringa tika o te rauemi mātauranga, i te mea pono, me te manatoko. I tua atu, me tautoko te matauranga e mahi mahi.
• Ko te parau tumu o te hononga o te ariā me te mahi. whai te reira i te paratarafa mua.

Ko te kāwai matua o didactics o ratou āhuatanga

Me kï reira e ko tetahi pūtaiao te ariā taketake i runga i nei te katoa rangahau. Na, ko nga kāwai matua o didactics te whai ake:

• whakaako - mahi o te kaiako i runga i te ākonga whakawhiti raraunga, e kore hāngai anake i whiwhi mōhiohio, engari ano hoki i runga i tona tono mahi i roto i te heke mai;
• haapiiraa tumu - te hanganga o ngā hou o te mahi me te whanonga rite ki te hua o te mōhiotanga me te mahi pūkenga;
• whakangungu - pūtake ngā mahi whakawhiti mōhiotanga pūnahanaha me te whanaketanga o ngā kaha auaha, me te whai wāhitanga o ngā kaiako me ngā ākonga;
• mātauranga - te hua tutuki i roto i te tukanga akoranga;
• matauranga - whakaaetanga, mahara, me te kaha ki te whakaputa uri ranei, ki te whakamahi i roto i ngā te mōhiohio riro i te kaiako;
• pūkenga - te kaha ki te tono i te matauranga riro;
• Pūkenga - Ko te kaha kawea ki te automatism (tutuki e te raveraa i toutou nga kaupae o te);
• he kaupapa - rohe o tohungatanga;
• rauemi mātauranga - te ihirangi o te tumu parau, te tikanga e nei tautuhia e tikanga;
• Ko te whakaaro o te whakangungu - ko te hua e hiahiatia ana rapua e ngā kaiako me ngā ākonga i roto i te tukanga mātauranga tenei;
• tikanga whakaako - he tikanga e ai ki te whakatutuki i te whāinga i whakaritea;
• ihirangi ako - ko reira mōhiotanga pūtaiao, pūkenga mahi, me te he ara o te whakaaro e me whakawhiti ki te kaiako ngā ākonga;
• taonga whakaako - ko tetahi tautoko whāinga, haere tahi nei i te tukanga mātauranga (tenei akoranga, me ngā taputapu, me te whakamārama o te kaiako);
• putanga ako - kua te mea kua tutuki i te mutunga o te whakangungu (kia rerekē i te ūnga).

Te kitenga rite kāwai Makiri

Ko e kore anake nga ariā i runga ake-whakahuatia, engari ano hoki kitea nga kāwai matua o didactics. E whai ana ki ako i te whanonga o te ahanoa mo te whakaaro o te whakatika me te tātari anō. I roto i te tukanga o te aroturuki kore anake hāngai ana ki te mahi matua o te kaupapa, engari ano hoki ngā pērā i tauhohe, ngā tohu, kīanga kanohi, me te pera i runga i. Ko te kupu, ngā mahi aroturuki e whai ake nei parau tumu niu:

• arotahi - i roto i tenei tukanga me waiho he whāinga motuhake me te mahere ki te whakatutuki i te reira;
• whanaketanga whārite - he kaimātai hinengaro ranei te kaiako kia he pikitia mārama o te hōtaka rangahau e kore anake, engari ano hoki i runga i nga ngā faufaa o te whakaminenga;
• tātari - kia taea ki te kia taratahi i te horopaki whānui o te kōrero faufaa i runga i te pūtake o te tātaritanga i taea te utu etahi whakatau te kairangahau;
• matatini - ako nga taipitopito takitahi, e kore e wareware e he taupuhipuhi ratou;
• nahanaha - tāutu i ngā tauira me te whanaungatanga, me ngā ia;
• kia tuhia raraunga katoa (tuhituhia puka rongorau ranei) i roto i te tikanga ki te whakahaere tukatuka me te whakarato i te whai wāhi ki te whakatutuki ia ratou i roto i te heke mai - Rehita;
• ngā unambiguous - Kāore Kehena, tikanga.

didactics mahi

Me ki ngā ariā pērā i te kaupapa, ngā whāinga, me ngā kāwai matua o didactics, kia tautuhi hoki i te maha o ngā āhuatanga o te pūtaiao. Ko ētahi o ēnei te whai ake:

• whakangungu - te whakawhiti o te matauranga i te kaiako te ākonga;
• whakawhanake - te hanganga o mau huru whaiaro, me te hinengaro;
• Educational - ki te whakatū i te hononga ki a kita me ki ētahi atu.

didactics kōhungahunga

mātauranga mua-kura - ko te manga o te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te ture o te whiwhi mātauranga, me te whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga i roto i ngā tamariki taitamariki. I roto i tenei take, nga kāwai matua o didactics kōhungahunga ngā mōhiotanga me te pūkenga anake. I roto i te tamariki taitamariki, e hanga e ratou i roto i te tukanga o te kōrero, me te i roto i te kēmu. Ko te āhuatanga matua ko e kore he tika to ratou hanganga ki te whakarite whakangungu. Ko te kupu, e hāngai ana te kāwai matua o didactics kōhungahunga e runga i te taiao tukanga hinengaro.

Ko te ariā taketake o didactics

Me kï reira e taea te whakaaro o ngā pūkenga rerekē i runga i didactics kia faufaa rerekē. I roto i tenei whakaaro, i reira e te ariā e whai ake nei:

• Traditional - kāwai matua o didactics, kia rite ki a ia, kei te whakaako me te mahi ako. Ka taea te whakaaro e te māngai tino kōhure o tenei rohe rite Comenius, Distervega, Herbart ko Pestalozzi.
• Kiko - utu te nuinga whakarongo ki te mahi hinengaro o ngā ākonga. E whakaaro piri o tenei ariā Dyuil, Lai ko Tolstoy.
• E ai ki ngā ariā hou, i nga kāwai matua o didactics - te whakaako me te ako i roto i to ratou hononga tata. I tū Tiro rite Davydov, Zankov, Ilyin ko El'konin.

Ko te ariā tuku iho o Comenius

E tano ia tapao i te kāwai matua o didactics me ratou āhuatanga whānui tuatahi ata whakaahuatia i roto i te "didactics nui" Ya. A. Komenskogo. Ia onoono e te tika ki te mātauranga i roto i ngā kura he ahakoa o ratou takenga mana pāpori ranei tamariki katoa. Ia kī ano e te ture matua o te tukanga mātauranga he aritanga. Comenius nama tatou te pūnaha hou o te mātauranga, e ngā taua mea rite te haapiiraa, huringa, hararei, he hauwhā o te piha haapiiraa.

Ko nga mahi o "didactics nui", tona whakaaro taketake ko e te wehewehea te tukanga o te mātauranga me te whakangungu tangata ki wha wā, i ia o nei tau 6:

• i whanau ki te 6 tau tamariki tau haere i roto i te kura matua pera-ka karanga, e whai wāhi te whakawhitinga o te matauranga, me te wheako i to ratou mau metua;
• i 6 ki te 12 tau - "School o te arero whaea" (i roto i tenei wā hāngai ana ki te whanaketanga o ngā pūkenga reo);
• i 12 ki te 18 tau - ko te wā pai mō te ako reo ke ( "School o te reo Latin") tenei;
• i 18 ki te 24 tau o te hanganga o te tangata kawea i roto i roto i teitei pütahitanga mätauranga, me te wā e haere.

ona kanohi ano a Comenius i te whaiaro whanaketanga-a te tangata. Ngā aro utua ia ki te hononga o te whakaaro, mahi, me te reo.

Ko te ariā hou o Gal'perina

Mō pehea te kāwai taketake o didactics hou, ka taea e koe te ako i te tai'oraa i te mahi o P. Ya. Galperina. Kei te pai mohiotia ia rite te kaihanga o te ariā o te atamira hanganga o ngā mahi hinengaro. Ko te pūtake o tenei ariā hātepe papatono whakatakotoria e ngā te wāhanga e whai ake nei:

• tohu e titau he mahi pānui me te whakamātautau o ona āhuatanga;
• te faaiteraa waho o te mahi korero mihini te nei puta ohorere;
• ka mea mōhiotanga i roto;
• mahi faafariuraa mahi o whakaaro.

"Whakaako Humane" Amonashvili

Sh Amonashvili te mohiotia e ia mo tana mahi tika "Hangarau Humane Whakaako". kitea nga kāwai matua o didactics me ratou āhuatanga whānui e i roto i te wāhi e whai ake nei:

• kia hāngai te mahi o ngā kaiako i runga i te matauranga taketake kore anake, engari ano hoki i runga i te huru pai ki te ākonga. Ko te kaiako e kore e whakaako tika ia, ka ki te aroha, ki te hei māramatanga me te atawhai hoki.
• Ko te parau tumu taketake - he huru faatura ki te tamaiti. Me tango i te kaiako ki te pūkete o ratou ngākau nuitanga. Otiia, he mea nui ki te kawe i ki te ākonga e ora ia i roto i te hapori, a reira ko reira tika ki te aro ki nga whakaaro o etahi atu.
• Home kupu o tetahi kaiako - ko te whakapono i roto i te aravihi mutunga kore o te ākonga. Whakanuia ratou i roto i to ratou taranata whakaako, ka taea e koe te whakatutuki i ngā hua mīharo.
• utua ngā aro te ki te mau huru whaiaro o te kaiako. kia te kaiako pono atawhai me te pono.
• Ko te tikanga whakaako matua - ko te ako o ngā hapa (e rua kamupene, me te angamaheni). Ko pai tenei mahi ki te whakawhanake i te kaha ki te whakaaro, me te tātari arorau.

ariā Herbart

Herbart - he kaimātai hinengaro Tiamana rongonui, me te kaiako nei i te titiro motuhake i nga kāwai matua o didactics. Poto e taea te māngai tona ariā i roto i te otinga e whai ake nei:

• te whāinga matua o te tukanga mātauranga - ko te hanganga o te tangata ki te huru kaha, me te huru morare korerotia;
• Ko anake te kura mahi ki te whakarite tikanga mo te whanaketanga hinengaro tonu o te tamaiti, me te kawenga katoa mo te whakatipu kei ki te whānau;
• ki roto i kitea te haapiiraa a'o tika, whakaaetia ki te whakamahi i te pūnaha kore anake o here me rāhui, engari ano hoki whiu kāpara;
• Whakaaro i hanga e te huru te tukutahi ki te hinengaro, me kia kia hoatu whakangungu me te mātauranga te aro taua.

E tano ia tapao e kore kua tangohia whānui te ariā. Kua ki te rau tau XIX ka reira mārama e kore te pakeke nui o nga akonga i kawea mai i te hua e tūmanakohia ana.

didactics Dewey

Ko te kāwai matua o didactics i whakaako, i runga i te ariā o Dewey, e te tikanga ki te tango ki roto ki pūkete nga ngākau nuitanga o te ākonga (te pato'iraa gerbartistskoy ariā). I roto i tenei hōtaka mātauranga kia hanganga kia rite ki te tuku kore noa te matauranga encyclopedic, me ngā mōhiohio ngā hāngai.

Ko te kaiaka matua o Dzhona Dyui ko e whakawhanakehia e ia te ariā o "ngāue whakaaro Complete." takoto Ko tōna ngako i roto i te meka e haamata te tangata ki te whakaaro anake, no te i runga i tona ara ki reira e te tahi mau mau fifi me fifi. I roto i te tukanga o te upooti'araa i reira riro te matauranga e tika ana, me te wheako. Ko te kupu, kia whakahaua nga mahi whakaako ki te waihanga o ngā raruraru mahi.

Otiia, i te ariā o didactics, te kāwai matua i roto i te ariā o Dewey he ahua iti. Ko te drawback matua o tenei ariā ko e utua reira kahore aro ki te tukanga o te whakatōpū me te ako. Ko te kupu, kia rite ki te whakaako o Herbart, ariā o Dewey - ko reira tino (ahakoa te aronga ritenga). A, kia rite ki matau koutou, te reira tika i taea e te pūtake o te tukanga, engari e kore e taea titau ki hei te pono.

pai ako

E tano ia tapao e te iwi - pērā i te mea i te āhua - e kore ko te ahua o te tangata e hiahia te hapori tenei. Ki te ruku koe ki hītori, e taea te hanga matou tino e te huri tonu te whakaaro o te tuakiri. Hei tauira, ki te whakarite koe i te tangata i tahito ra, me te hou, te tuatahi te mea tatou mohoao. Otiia, e kore i taea e te iwi o taua wa tapaea iho te kore.

A, no te whakakapia te pūnaha hapori i tahito ra i te taha o te putanga o te kāwanatanga, ka tīmata ki te hanga i te faanahoraa haapiipiiraa. Na, i hanga te kura faufaa rerekē tuatahi i roto i nga wa onamata. Hei tauira, e hāngai ana te mātauranga Spartan te i whakatipu hoia tinana kaha, me te maia. Ko te kura o Athens, te auraa ia te whanaketanga tonu, me te tahi o te tuakiri.

Radically ke whakaaro e pā ana ki te tangata tino i roto i te anotau Middle. Ko te whakawhiti ki te arikitanga arahina ki te ö o te wahi o te tangata i roto i te hapori. No te tau maha, kua rumakina iwi i roto i te pūtaiao, me te auaha. Ko te kupu, e arotahi ana te mātauranga me te whakangungu i runga i te hanganga o te pai tahatai o te tuakiri. hoatu tenei wā te ao te rota o ngā āhuatanga mahu'inga, i tukua ki a ia te karanga i te Māmá.

Hei te rā pai ako - he tangata ki te tūranga metarahi kaha, me te hinaaro ki te mahi. Ake mai ngā nga ākonga kura-tau i roto i te ora pāpori, me te tōrangapū. I te kau, ngā mātua me ngā kaiako i te turanga o te wheako me te hape o whakatupuranga o mua i runga i e taea e koe te hanga i tētahi pūnaha mātauranga whai hua.