Ko te pūnaha ōhanga me te momo o ngā pūnaha ōhanga: āhuatanga me tepu

I roto i te hītori katoa wāhanga o te whanaketanga tangata ki te hapori riro te pātai taua: he aha, hoki nei me te nui ki te whakaputa, i homai te iti rauemi. Kei te tika hangaia te pūnaha ōhanga me te momo o ngā pūnaha ōhanga ki te whakaoti i te rapanga. Na ia o enei pūnaha hanga reira ratou ake ara, ia o ratou kua ona huapai me ngā huakore.

Ko te ariā o te pūnaha ōhanga

Ko te pūnaha ōhanga - he pūnaha o tukanga ōhanga me nga whanaunga o te hanga, kua whakawhanakehia e i roto i te hapori ngā. I raro i pā ana tenei ariā ki te hātepe, he ara o te whakahaere hapori ahumahi, e riro te aroaro o whanaunga pūmau i waenganui i ngä i runga i te ringa kotahi me kiritaki - i runga i te tahi atu.

Ko te ihirangi o te ariā o "pūnaha ōhanga" me "momo o ngā pūnaha ōhanga" Ko tino ti'aturi i runga i te kura pūtaiao motuhake. Hei tauira, i roto i te tahi mau kura, ki te uiuia ratou, ka whakaahuatia ki te awhina o ngā ariā macroeconomic, i roto i etahi atu - i roto i te whanonga o te iwi i roto i te toru o hāngai ana ki to ratou pūnaha, a na i runga i ..

Ko te tukanga matua e te whai ake i roto i tetahi pūnaha ōhanga:

• production;
• tohatoha;
• utu;
• kohi (taonga).

hāngai ana Production i roto i tetahi o te pūnaha ōhanga o nāianei i runga i te rauemi e tika ana. Otiia, rerekē tonu etahi āhuatanga i roto i ngā pūnaha rerekē. Ko reira e pā ana ki te āhua o whanaunga pāpori me te ōhanga, te whakahaere tikanga, hihiri ngā, me pera i runga i. N.

Ko te pūnaha ōhanga me te momo o ngā pūnaha ōhanga

He wāhi nui i roto i te tātari o tetahi tītohunga ariā ranei ko tona typology.

pūnaha ōhanga momo āhuatanga, i roto i te whānui, ko ki te tātari i te tawhā taketake rima hoki whakarite. Ko ratou:

• tawhā hangarau me te ōhanga;
• te ōwehenga o te wahi o te whakamahere kāwanatanga me te pūnaha mākete ture;
• whanaunga i roto i te mara o te taonga;
• tawhā pāpori (moni tūturu, te wā noa, te hauora me te haumaru, aha ...);
• tikanga o te mahi o te pūnaha.

Hoki tenei take, economists hou e wha momo matua o ngā pūnaha ōhanga:

1. tuku iho
2. Whakahaua-whakaritea
3. Mākete (moni)
4. whakauru

Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou i roto i te kōrero atu i te rerekētanga i waenganui i enei momo katoa i ia atu.

pūnaha ōhanga Ngā

I roto i te wā o te hapori i tahito ra i roto i te ao, kua puta ake ko te pūnaha ōhanga tuatahi e hāngai ana nei i runga i oranga ahuwhenua. I teie mahana, Ko tata wahi te momo tuku iho o te pūnaha ōhanga ki te kia kitea (anake hoki etahi rohe o Latin America, Asia ko Awherika, me pera me etahi whenua tuatoru ao).

Hoki tenei pūnaha, āhuatanga te ōhanga e kohikohi, hopu me te pāmu iti-hua e hāngai ana i runga i ngā tikanga whānui, mahi ā-ringa, me te hangarau i tahito ra. Kei te ruarua whakawhanakehia Trade kore whakawhanakehia i te katoa ranei.

Pea anake te painga o tenei pūnaha ōhanga ko te ngoikore (ngā kore) parahanga me te iti kawenga horonga i runga i te taiao.

Whakahaua-whakaritea pūnaha ōhanga

Te whakamahere (centralized ranei), te ōhanga ko te momo hītori o te whakahaere. Ēnei ra e kore ia kitea i roto i tona ahua parakore. I mua ko reira āhuatanga o te Soviet Union, me pera me etahi whenua Pākehā, me te Āhia.

I teie mahana, ake maha mea tenei mau hapehape ōhanga o te pūnaha, i roto i te mea te reira utu te whakahua:

• te kore o te haere noa mo nga kaihanga (te kapa "rite i roto i te mea moni ki" hua tonoa i runga ake);
• amuamu ki te maha nui o ngā hiahia ōhanga o kiritaki;
• hapa ma'i o etahi taonga;
• te putanga o te mākete pango (rite te tauhohenga tūturu ki te tūemi o mua);
• te ngoikore ki te hohoro a whai hua whakauru i nga whakatutukitanga hou o te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau (kia ko te ōhanga whakaritea tonu te taahiraa i muri i te tahi atu whakataetae i roto i te mākete ao).

Heoi, i reira i roto i tenei pūnaha ōhanga me ona painga. Ko tētahi o ratou ko te taea o te whakarite pūmautanga pāpori mō te katoa.

pūnaha ōhanga Market

Market - Ko te pūnaha ōhanga matatini, me te maha ngaa tuumomo aronga, i te mea angamaheni mo te nuinga whenua o te ao hou. mohiotia hoki i raro i te ingoa rerekē: ". te moni" Te mau parau tumu o tenei pūnaha ko te parau tumu o te individualism, hinonga noa, me te whakataetae mākete hauora e hāngai ana i runga i supply me te tono. Here e te nuinga i te reira na roto i te taonga tūmataiti, me te faaitoitoraa matua ki te mahi ahumahi tu hua matewai.

Heoi, me tenei ohanga - Kei tawhiti atu i tino tika. momo Market o te pūnaha ōhanga hoki kua ona drawbacks:

• tohatoha kore ōrite o te moni;
• ōritenga pāpori me te whakaraeraetanga pāpori o etahi ngā kāwai o tangata;
• tapepe pūnaha, e faaite ake rite te mōrearea whakapeka wā i roto i te ōhanga;
• konihi, te faaohiparaa nanakia o ngā rauemi māori;
• pūtea rawakore o te mātauranga, te pūtaiao, me ētahi atu hōtaka pai-kore.

Haunga enei, economists ano te huna hoki te wha - momo whakauru o te pūnaha ōhanga i ai te āhua me te rāngai tūmataiti whai taimaha ōrite. I roto i taua pūnaha, kei te heke mahi o te kāwanatanga i roto i te ōhanga ki tautoko i te nui (engari huakore) hinonga, pūtea o te pūtaiao me te ahurea, whakahaere kore mahi, a na i runga i. N.

Ko te pūnaha ōhanga me te momo o ngā pūnaha ōhanga: tauira o whenua

tonu te reira ki te whakaaro tauira o whenua hou, e kua āhuatanga e tetahi ki tetahi pūnaha ōhanga ranei. Ki tenei mutunga, te aroaro he tepu motuhake te raro nei. Ngā momo o ngā pūnaha ōhanga rēhitatia reira i runga i to ratou tohatoha matawhenua. Me kï reira e ko te tino tuakiri tenei tepu, pera i roto i maha āhua hou e taea e uaua ki te āta aromatawai nei o te pūnaha e ratou.

He aha te momo o te pūnaha ōhanga i Russia? I roto i ngā, te āhuatanga te MSU ahorangi A. Buzgalin te ōhanga hou o Russia rite te "irakētanga o te mutunga o te moni." I roto i te whānui, i te pūnaha ōhanga o te whenua faaoti i teie mahana ki whakaaro te whakawhiti, ki kaha tipu mākete.

I roto i te mutunga

pūnaha ōhanga katoa he rerekē whakautu ki toru ngā pātai matua o te ōhanga: "? aha, pehea me hoki nei ki te whakaputa i" economists Modern e wha momo matua o ratou: he mea he tuku iho, mākete whakahau-whakaritea, me te pūnaha whakauru.

Korero o Russia, e taea te mea te reira i taua i roto i tenei āhua ko te momo motuhake o te pūnaha ōhanga i roto i te rere. Ko te whenua i roto i te whakawhiti i waenganui i te whakahau me te ōhanga mākete hou.