Ko te whakarewa tino whakangutungutu. Āhuatanga o te konganuku

Konganuku - Ko te rauemi tino noa (me ki kirihou me te karaihe), whakamahia nei e te iwi mai i nga wa onamata tenei. āhuatanga o te whakarewa Ahakoa reira, mohiotia te tangata i, whakamahia ia ki te haamaitairaa i roto i to ratou āhuatanga katoa ki te waihanga mahi ataahua o toi, karaehe, tūemi whare, otaota.

Ko tētahi o nga āhuatanga matua i roto i te whakaaro o enei matū ko to ratou pakeke me te ira whakakoero teitei. Ēnei huru maitatai tukua ki a koe te tautuhi i te hōkai o te whakamahi o te whakarewa. Na reira, whakaaro tatou homai nga āhuatanga tinana katoa, me te whakarongo motuhake te take whakakoero.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te konganuku

konganuku taea te whakahuatia ngā āhuatanga ōkiko āhuatanga i roto i te puka o te wha ngā matua.

1. takatu ai konganuku - katoa i pā ana ki te ataahua umeraa āhuatanga taua hiriwa-ma, i roto i te tua ki te parahi, me te koura. E ratou tai whero me te kowhai, aua. Konupūmā - puru hiriwa.
2. kāwanatanga tinana - totoka katoa i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ki te kahore hoki mēkuri, i te mea i roto i te puka o te wai.
3. kawe ia hiko, me te ngāwhā - he angamaheni o konganuku katoa, engari e whakahuatia i roto i te rerekē nekehanga.
4. Kōpoke me te kōngohe - hoki noa ki konganuku katoa tawhā i te mea ahei ki te rerekē i runga i te kaihoko ngā rānei.
5. Te rewa me te koropupu wāhi - whakatau e maitai tutu me te ira whakakoero iti. he rerekē hoki ngā tūemi katoa tenei tawhā.

E faataa ngā āhuatanga ōkiko katoa i te hanganga motuhake o te wini whakakahokaho whakarewa. Ko tōna whakaritenga mokowā, āhua me te kaha.

konganuku Fusible me whakangutungutu

Ko te tino nui tenei kōwhiringa ina tae mai te reira ki te wāhi o te tono o nga matū. konganuku whakangutungutu me alloys - ko te pūtake o te engineering mīhini me te pahi, tango, me te whakaitinga o maha hua nui, te tiki pai taputapu mahi. Na reira, mohio o te rewa, me te koropupu pāmahana whai wāhi taketake.

Whakaahua i te kaha konganuku, taea wehea ratou ki pakeke, me te he pakarukaru. Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki refractoriness, i konei te wehewehe i rua ngā rōpū matua:

1. Fusible - ko te hunga e e taea ki te huri i te āhua tinana i mahana i raro 1000 ° ^C. Ko ētahi tauira ko tine, mata, mēkuri, konutai, caesium, konupora, konutea, te konumohe, me ētahi atu.
2. Whakangutungutu ko te hunga nei rewa pāmahana ko runga ake i te uara whakaritea. e kore e maha i reira, engari i roto i te mahi e whakamahia ana te ara iti.

konganuku Ripanga he ira whakakoero i runga 1000 ^{° C,} kua aroaro raro nei. Ko reira i reira, ka whakaritea nga māngai tino whakangutungutu.

Tenei whakarewa ripanga ngā māngai katoa, nei rewa pāmahana he tiketike ake ^{1000 °} C. Heoi, i roto i te mahi, e kore e tokomaha o ratou whakamahia hoki ngā take. Hei tauira, no te mea o painga ohaoha tika ki ira nui rawa rawa o fragility ranei, te rongo ki te whakaeke ha'iriiri.

Hoki i te tepu, ko te reira kitea e te whakarewa tino whakangutungutu i roto i te ao - he Tungsten. Ko te auau raro mo te koura. A, no te mahi ki te konganuku he whenu nui. Na reira, he tokomaha o te poka whakahuatia i runga ake e whakamahia mō ngā take hangarau.

whakarewa whakangutungutu te nuinga - Tungsten

I roto i te taka pūmotu kua kei reira i raro i te tau raupapa 74. Ko te ingoa ahu mai i te ingoa o te ahupūngao rongonui Stephen Wolfram. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa ko te whakarewa whakangutungutu tae hiriwa-ma totoka. He he e takatu ai konganuku korerotia. Matū ā e mangere, i roto i tomo i te tauhohenga manauhea.

I roto i te natura, i roto i te puka o kohuke roto:

• wolframite;
• scheelite;
• Gyubnera;
• ferberite.

Kua whakamatauria Scientists e te Tungsten - te whakarewa tino whakangutungutu o te katoa. Heoi, i reira he whakaaro e seaborgium takahi taea ki te whiua te lekooti o tenei whakarewa. Otiia ko reira he huānga iraruke ki te wā poto rawa o te oraraa. Na reira, ki te whakamatau kore i te mea e taea.

I te tetahi pāmahana (runga ake 1500 ^C) Tungsten riro kōngohe, me te ngohengohe. Na reira, ki te taea te whakaputa i te waea angiangi i runga i te pūtake o taua. Kei te whakamahia i tēnei taonga mo te hanga o kakawaea i roto i topuku marama whare auau.

Ka rite ki te whakarewa tino whakangutungutu e taea te tu pāmahana ^o neke atu i te 3400 C, tono Tungsten te i roto i te mara e whai ake nei o te hangarau:

• rite te kawehiko kakano ia i raro i hauhauhā;
• hoki waikawa-nohopuku, kakahu-ātete, me te wera-ātete alloys;
• rite he huānga whakawera;
• i roto i te korere korehau rite te kakawaea me pera i runga i.

I tua atu i whakarewa Tungsten, whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te toi, te pūtaiao, me te hikohiko ona pūhui. Ka rite ki te whakarewa whakangutungutu i roto i te ao, me te hanga i te reira i te pūhui ki te āhuatanga o te kounga tiketike rawa: roa, ātete ki tata momo katoa o te mahi matū, e kore e ngohengohe ki te waikura, pato pāmahana iti, me te tiketike (win, Tungsten pūngāwhā, ona tioata kotahi, me te tahi atu matū).

Niobium me alloys

Nb, Niobium ranei, - i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa o te whakarewa lustrous hiriwa-ma. Ko hoki ia whakangutungutu, rite te pāmahana whakawhiti ki te āhua wai hoki a ia ko 2477 ° ^C. Ko tenei kounga, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te huinga o te te tauhohenga iti me te wharetīoke taea te hoko atu rongonui Niobium i roto i mahi a te tangata mahi katoa tau. I teie mahana, whakamahia tenei whakarewa i roto i ngā ahumahi pēnei i:

• tākirirangi pūtaiao;
• ahumahi Aerospace;
• pūngao karihi;
• hanga taputapu matū;
• engineering irirangi.

Te whakarewa te mau tonu tana āhuatanga tinana noa i pāmahana tino iti. tuhinga e hāngai ana āhuatanga e te waikura ātete, ātete wera, mauroa, kawe ia pai.

Ana tēnei konganuku e tapiritia ki te rauemi konumohe ki te whakapai ake resistance matū. Mai i hua reira cathodes me anodes, kua doped reira ki alloys kore-ferrous. Ahakoa moni i roto i te tahi mau whenua te mahi ki te ihirangi o te Niobium.

tantalum

Metal, i roto i te puka utu i raro i ngā āhuatanga mau, me te hipoki ki te kiriata waikura. He he huinga o ngā āhuatanga ōkiko e tukua ki reira kia whānui, me te tino nui mō te iwi. Ko tōna āhuatanga matua e whai ake:

1. I pāmahana i runga 1000 riro ^{° C} superconducting.
2. Ko te nuinga i muri i te whakarewa whakangutungutu o Tungsten me rhenium tenei. Ko te pāmahana rewa ko te 3017 ° ^C.
3. Maitai absorbs hau.
4. Mai te mea te reira ngāwari ki te mahi kia rite ki te hurihia te reira i roto i ngā papa, konumohe, me te waea ngāwari.
5. He pakeke pai, me te pakarukaru, mau kōngohe.
6. Ko reira tino ātete ki āpiha matū (e kore e tareka noa i roto i te aqua regia).

Nā ki taua āhuatanga i taea e ki te riro rongonui rite te pūtake mo te tokomaha tiketike-pāmahana me te waikawa ātete, alloys waikura-ātete. Ko tōna pūhui maha kitea tono i roto i te ahupūngao karihi, hikohiko, pūrere rorohiko mahere. E whakamahia ratou rite superconductors. I mua, whakamahia tantalum te rite te huānga i roto i te kakawaea. Na tangohia tona wahi i i Tungsten.

Chromium me ona alloys

Ko tētahi o te whakarewa faingataa i roto i tona puka tūturu he tae kikorangi-ma. Ko raro atu i whakaaro noa nei nga mea timatanga Ko tōna ira whakakoero me te he ^{e pā ana ki} 1907 C. Heoi, kua whakamahia te reira i tonu i roto i te toi me te ahumahi, puta noa, kia rite ki te pai Nireaha ki tākiekina mīhini, tukatuka, ka whakarewa.

chromium Rawa faufaa rite napylitelya. Kei te tono te reira ki tuhinga ki te hoatu ki a ratou whiti ataahua, tiaki ki te waikura, me te whakapai ake kākahu resistance. huaina te tukanga ko te whakakikorua Konqueror.

He tino paingia alloys chromium. No te mea ara moni iti o tenei whakarewa i roto i te koranu nui faarahi te pakeke me te ātete ki te pānga o te muri.

zirconium

Ko tētahi o te whakarewa tino utu, na tona whakamahinga i roto i te tono hangarau he uaua. Heoi, kia reira koha noa i roto i te maha atu ahumahi te āhuatanga tinana.

I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, he whakarewa hiriwa-ma ataahua. He he ira whakakoero feunga tiketike - 1855 ^C. He pakeke pai, te waikura ātete, mai te kaha matū. whakaaturia hoki biocompatibility pai ki te kiri, me te rauropi katoa. hanga tenei reira he whakarewa tino mō te whakamahi i roto i te rongoā (mea, waewae horihori, a na i runga i).

tono Main o zirconium me ona pūhui, tae atu ki ngā alloys, e whai ake:

• mana karihi;
• pyrotechnics;
• alloying konganuku;
• rongoā;
• hanga bioposudy;
• rauemi hanganga ;
• rite te pūkawekawe.

E hanga zirconium me alloys ara whakapaipai i runga i te pūtake ona, ahei o awe te whakapai ake o te hauora tangata.

molybdenum

Ki te kitea e koe i roto i te mea i te whakarewa tino whakangutungutu, i roto i te tua ki te Tungsten tohua me molybdenum kia huaina ai. Ko tōna pāmahana rewa ko 2623 ° ^C. Ko te kupu ko reira tino pakeke, kōngohe, me te taea.

Kei te whakamahia te reira i te nuinga e kore i roto i te puka parakore engari hei āhuatanga tūturu o te alloys. Ratou, te whakawhetai ki te aroaro o te molybdenum nui whakakaha i roto i te kākahu resistance, resistance wera me te anticorrosion.

Kei te whakamahia ētahi pūhui molybdenum rite hinu hangarau. Ano hoki, ko te rauemi whakarewa doping wā kotahi pānga te kaha, me te anticorrosion, i te mea te tino onge tenei.

vanadium

whakarewa hina ki te umeraa hiriwa. He he auau tika tiketike o rewa (1920 ° ^C). Kei te nuinga whakamahia te reira rite te whākōkī i roto i ngā tukanga maha e tika ana ki tona tūpuku. whakamahia Energy e i roto i rua i te pūtake o nāianei matū i roto i te hanga o ngā waikawa pararopi. E kore te mea te faufaa matua whakarewa parakore, ara etahi o ona pūhui.

Rhenium me ona alloys

He aha te mea te whakarewa tino whakangutungutu Tungsten muri? rhenium reira. Ko tōna auau rewa ko ^{e pā ana ki} 3186 C. hoki te kaha pai, me te Tungsten, me molybdenum. Plasticity kore he reira tiketike rawa. Ko te tino nui tono mo te rhenium, engari te hanga ko te whīwhiwhi. No te mea o tenei, ko reira te whakarewa tino utu i roto i te oraraa i teie mahana.

Kei te whakamahia te reira mo te hanga o:

• engines jet;
• thermocouples;
• miro kakawaea mō spectrometers me ētahi atu pūrere;
• rite te whakakōkī i roto i te hinu para.

He tono katoa utu, na kua whakamahia reira anake i roto i te take o te tikanga tino, ka ki te whakakapi kore e taea te tahi mea atu.

alloys Titanium

Titan - he whakarewa hiriwa-ma te tae rawa ono tekau, Kei te whānui i whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi metallurgical me whakarewa. Ka taea e pahū te reira i ka i roto i te āhua wehea miro, pera ko te mōrearea ahi.

Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te waka rererangi me te tākirirangi production, te hanga o kaipuke. Whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te rongoā no o biocompatibility ki te tinana (waewae horihori, werohanga, implants, me ētahi atu).