Krypton - he āhuatanga matū. krypton tātai

I to tatou paraneta vai te plurality o pūhui rerekē, matū pararopi me te kohuke. Na, he tangata nuitia, synthesized me whakamahia e neke atu i te hawhe te miriona ngā hanganga o te ao waro me te neke atu i te 500,000 i waho reira. A i ia tau kei te tipu haere tenei ahua, kia rite ki kore e te whanaketanga o te ahumahi matū e tu tonu, kei te kaha whakawhanake whenua, me te whakatairanga i te reira.

e kore Koinei engari ara e. Na te meka e tenei momo katoa o matū i hanga katoa o te huānga matū 118. Ko te tino nui! pūnaha wā o ngā āhuatanga matū ko te turanga, e kauwhata whakaata te kanorau o te ao waro me inorganic.

Whakarōpū o te huānga matū

He maha ngā hanganga raraunga kōwhiringa hurihurihanga. Ko te kupu, ko te taka pūmotu i roto i te matū wehea herenga ki e rua ngā rōpū:

• huānga Metal (te nuinga);
• nonmetals (raro wahi).

Ai nga mea timatanga tuatahi ake kei raro te rohe hauroki notional i boron ki astatine, me te tuarua - te mea i runga. Heoi, i reira he okotahi ki tenei whakarōpū, hei tauira, (te vai i roto i Arepa me te beta-ahua, tetahi o nei - whakarewa, me te tahi atu - he nonmetal) tine. Na reira, i huaina wehenga he kē taua taea kore rawa ataahua.

taea hoki te whakarōpūtia te pūnaha wā o ngā āhuatanga matū rite ki nga āhuatanga o te muri.

1. He āhuatanga taketake (whakaiti) - konganuku angamaheni, āhuatanga o matua rōpū 1.2 rōpū (hāunga teriuma).
2. He āhuatanga waikawa (hāora) - nonmetals angamaheni. 6.7 Elements o te rōpū matua, iti-rōpū.
3. āhuatanga Amphoteric (rua) - konganuku katoa me iti-rōpū o etahi o te runga.
4. Elements, nonmetals, a faaite mai ia ratou kia rite ki te whakaiti āpiha me rite hāora (i runga i ngā āhuatanga tauhohe kei).

Nuinga o ngā wā kei te pera reira ako huānga matū. i te tikanga tuatahi kura 8 māka ki te ako i te hanganga katoa te haamana'oraa ingoa pūāhua me te whakahua i roto i Russian. Ko te tikanga matua mō te matū mapulei mātau i roto i te heke mai, te pūtake o te katoa tenei. tepu Periodic i roto i te matū ko tonu i te mara o te tirohanga o ngā tamariki, engari ki te mohio kia tonu kia te tauhohenga tino noa, me te o ratou.

He rōpū motuhake i roto i tenei pūnaha e te waru. E huaina nga āhuatanga o te Huingaiti matua pai - pai - hau mo ratou anga hiko oti me, rite te tupu, tauhohenga matū iti. Ko tētahi o ratou - krypton, he huānga matū i te tau 36 - ka e whakaaro e tatou i roto i ngā kōrero. E hoki te toenga o ona hoa i runga i te tepu haurehu pai, me te e whakamahia whānuitia i te tangata.

Krypton - he āhuatanga matū

Ko tenei te wahine e noho o te Pūnaha Periodic i roto i te wha o nga wā, te rōpū tuawaru, nga subgroups matua. tau rangatū, a konei te maha o ngā irahiko me te tiaki karihi (maha o ngā iraoho) = 36. Mai i tenei e taea e tatou e faaoti e aha e waiho te tātai hiko o krypton. Tuhituhia ai: _{+ 36} Kr 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 4s ² 4p ^{10 6} 3d.

Oia mau, e oti tino te taumata pūngao waho o te ngota. whakatau tenei i te tauhohenga rawa iti o tenei huānga. Heoi, i raro i etahi tikanga otiia whakahaere ki te tomo ki te ope ētahi tauhohenga i te hau pūmau pērā i krypton. huānga matū, ranei, kaua, tona tūranga i roto i te pūnaha, hanganga hiko, ka tukua ki te whiwhi i tetahi atu āhuatanga nui o te ngota: honohono. Ko, te kaha ki te hanga i here matū.

Ko te tikanga e mea tatou e ko te reira tata tonu mo te kāwanatanga kore-fiefia o te ngota he rite ki te tau rōpū, i roto i nei kei reira (ki te tatau koe i te tuatahi ki te tuawha i te raupapa, me ka hurihia, 1234321). Heoi, e kore e te honohono, o krypton i roto i tenei anga pai, no te mea kahore he pou pūngao atu, arā, i waho te excitation o te ngota, te reira te tikanga he tino e mangere me ona honohono, o te kore.

Ki te otiia whakatutuki ona ngota excitation, kia neke te irahiko ki tauhoa-whawhati, me te kore utu 4d orbital. No reira te krypton honohono, ka taea: 2,4,6. Hāora kāwanatanga hāngai ki + (+ 2, + 4, + 6).

History o whakahura

I muri i te kitea o hau e mangere - hauhauhā i roto i 1894, haumāmā i roto i 1985 - ki te matapae me te whakau i te taea o te oraraa i roto i te āhua atu ngāwari Haurehu hoki nga kaiputaiao ko kore. Ko te mau tautooraa matua i roto i tenei aronga puta William Ramsay, e kitea hauhauhā. Ia tika whakapono e i roto i te rangi i reira he hau e mangere, engari he pera iti e kore e taea e te tikanga whakatika ratou aroaro ratou tau.

Na reira, e iriti te reira i te krypton huānga anake i te tau torutoru. I 1898, ko hau haukura taratahi te rangi, a i muri ia ia, a ētahi atu pūhui e mangere e ko te uaua o te kimi me te noho wehe, i whakaritea e te reira ki te ingoa krypton. I muri i te katoa, i te Kariki "Kryptos" tikanga huna.

e kore i taea te kitea i te reira mo te wa roa, ko reira tino uaua. haapapu te reira i te meka e kei roto i te kotahi mita pūtoru o rangi kotahi ritamano o te hau. Ko, he iti iho i te ponao o te nui! Ko reira taea ki te titiro i te taonga, tangohia ana a reira kotahi rau henimita pūtoru o rangi wai. Aua'e, i roto i tenei wā, i taea ki te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga mō te whakaputa me te liquefying rangi i roto i te nui pūtaiao. he tahuri taua o ngā whakaaetia ki te riro angitu i roto i te kitea o W. Ramsay huānga krypton.

whakapumautia raraunga Spectroscopic nga kitenga tuatahi o te taonga hou. He aho tino hou i roto i te tūāwhiorangi, kihai i nei i roto i tetahi hononga i taua wa "huna" hau.

I hanga taonga ohie, me tona tātai ko

Ki te krypton - he āhuatanga matū no ki te hau e mangere, he reira arorau ki te amo i taua e waiho ai hei rāpoi ngota te ahua mea ohie. Ko reira. taonga krypton Simple - Kr hau ki kerēme monohydric. Ko te tikanga e waia tatou ki te kitenga i te haurehu ki te taupū "2", hei tauira, e _2, H _2, a na i runga i. Ko he rerekē hoki o nō ki te whānau o hau rangatira, me te oti anga irahiko o te ngota tenei huānga.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

Ka rite ki ki tetahi atu pūhui i roto i tenei hoki he ona ake āhuatanga. Ko te āhuatanga ōkiko e whai ake nei o te krypton.

1. hau Tino taimaha - toru nga wa nui atu i te hau.
2. Kāore he reka.
3. Taekore.
4. Koreami.
5. Ko te wāhi e koropupu -152 ⁰ C.
6. Ko te kiato o te taonga i tikanga noa, 3,74 g / l.
7. ira whakakoero -157.3 ⁰ C.
8. pūngao ionization tiketike ko 14 eV.
9. Ko hoki Electronegativity rawa nui - 2.6.
10. Wairewa i roto i benzene, paku i roto i te wai. Ki te whakanui ake i te pāmahana te memehatanga o te wai heke. Hoki i konatunatua ki te waihā ewaro.
11. I te pāmahana rūma, te mea he permittivity.

Ko te kupu, e te hau krypton rawaka āhuatanga ki te huru matū me ki kia whai hua mo ona āhuatanga takitahi.

āhuatanga matū

Ki te whakawhiti krypton (hau) i roto i te āhua totoka, crystallizes reira i roto i te granetsentricheskuyu mokowā wini pūtoru. I roto i tenei ahua, e taea ki te tomo ki tauhohe matū hoki reira. He torutoru ratou, engari e te tīariari.

He maha ngā momo o rauemi, e kua whiwhi i runga i te pūtake o te krypton.

1. hanga te reira i clathrates ki te wai: ^Kr. 5,75N ₂ O.

2. Puka ratou ki matū organic:

• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H, OH;
• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H ₅ CH _3;
• ^{2 Kings.} CCL _^4. 17H ₂ E;
• ^{2 Kings.} CHCL _^3. 17H ₂ E;
• ^{2 Kings.} _{(CH3) 2} ^CO. 17H ₂ E;
• 0,75 ^Kr. LC ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.

3. I roto i ngā āhuatanga nui e taea tauhohe ki köwhai, oxidized e te. Ko te kupu, ki te kaiwhakahohe o tātai krypton e te puka: KrF _2, krypton difluoride ranei. Ko te tohu o te hāora i roto i te pūhui 2.

4. āhua tata i taea ki te synthesize te pūhui e ngā hononga i waenganui i krypton me te hāora: Kr-e (Kr (OTeF _{5) 2).}

Kua whakatika 5. Finland he ranunga ngā o krypton ki acetylene huaina gidrokriptoatsetilen: HKrC≡CH.

Ko hoki 6. krypton pūkōwhai (4) he KrF _4. A, no te rewa i roto i te wai, i te pūhui ahei o hanga he waikawa krypton ngoikore, me te iu, e kua mohiotia anake i te tote pārana: BaKrO _4.

7. Ko te tātai o krypton i roto i nga hononga i hanga i tona difluoride, rite tenei titiro:

• KrF ⁺ SbF ₆ ^-;
• KR ₂ F ₃ ⁺ auf ₆ ^-.

Ko te kupu, puta reira e, ahakoa te inertness matū, tenei whakaaturanga hau whakaiti āhuatanga me taea tomo ki ngā matū ki ngā āhuatanga rawa pākaha. homai tenei Whārangi katoa i runga i te ao te marama matomato ki te taea o tūhura te wāhanga rangi "huna". Ko reira taea e hohoro ka kia synthesized pūhui hou e kitea whānui tono i roto i te hangarau me te ahumahi.

Faaotiraa o te hau

He maha ngā huarahi o te whakatau i te hau:

• tūrara;
• hihinga;
• tikanga tātari absorption.

He he torutoru āhuatanga whakaritea e te taua tikanga, whakanohoia ano ratou i te ripanga pūmotu. Krypton, hautūāpōkere, Radon - te taumaha o nga haurehu rangatira, me te parori tino. Na reira, ki te kitea a ratou, a e hiahiatia taua tikanga physico-matū matatini.

Methods mo te faaineineraa

Ko te ara matua ki te whiwhi - te rangi tukatuka wai. Otiia e tika ana ki te iti ihirangi ine o te krypton ko reira e tika ana ki te tukatuka milioni o mita pūtoru mo te hanga o te nui iti o te hau pai. e te tukanga katoa wahi i roto i te toru ngā wāhanga.

1. maimoatanga rangi i roto i tīwae rangi wehenga motuhake. Ko te kupu i reira ko te wehewehenga o te katoa te rere o matū i runga i te hautanga taimaha - te ranunga o te waiwaro me te hau pai i roto i te hāora wai, me te mama - hau poke maha. Mai te nuinga o nga matū taikaha, te tīwae he ngongo putanga motuhake, i roto i nei kotahi wehea nga wae taumaha. I roto ia ratou, me te krypton. I te putanga, kei te puhoi poke ia i te mea ke. Hei whiwhi i te hua parakore, me te reira ki te kia i raro atu ki te maha o maimoatanga matū motuhake ki ngā whakarewa motuhake.
2. I tenei wā, he ranunga o te krypton me hautūāpōkere, poke ki waiwaro. Hoki horoi te whakamahi i ngā pūrere motuhake i roto i nei te hāora, me te adsorption o te ranunga whakakore wae tino hiahiatia. I roto i tenei take i te ranunga ano tonu tahi hau pai rorona. Ano, e wahi te tukanga katoa i raro i te pēhanga teitei, meinga te hau whakawhiti i roto i te āhua wai.
3. I te wā whakamutunga o te wehenga kia te ranunga hau whakamutunga ki te whiwhi i te viivii ore ngā tiketike o te krypton me hautūāpōkere. Hoki tenei tāutanga ahurei motuhake hangaia, tino tū hoki tenei tukanga. Ko te hua ko te hua kounga teitei i roto i te puka o te krypton haurehu waihā.

Te mea faahiahia, kia huri taiāwhio katoa o nga tukanga whakaahuatia, kahore hoki e mutu production, ki te te feedstock - tukua te nui tika - rangi. Tenei taea hoki te kōtuitui o hau rangatira, tae atu krypton, i roto i te tauine rawa nui ahumahi.

Storage me waka o te hua e wahi i roto i ipu whakarewa motuhake i tuhia e tika ana. Ko ratou i raro i te pēhanga, a kahore e te pāmahana rokiroki nui 20 ⁰ C.

Tirotiro i roto i te āhua

I raro i ngā āhuatanga tūturu, e kore e tika i te krypton huānga, me ona kanoirite reira. I roto i te katoa i reira e ono ngā momo e e ātete ki tikanga tūturu:

• Krypton-78 - 0.35%;
• Krypton-80 - 2.28%;
• Krypton-82 - 11,58%;
• Krypton-83 - 11,49%;
• Krypton-84 - 57%;
• Krypton-86 - 17.3%.

Kei hea te roto te hau? O te akoranga i reira he, a te wahi i tāutuhia ai ia mo te wa tuatahi - i roto i te rangi. Ko te ōrau o iti rawa - 1.14 anake x 10 ^-4%. Hoki raraunga whakakī tamau rāhui hau pai i roto i te āhua he tika ki te tauhohe karihi roto te lithosphere o te whenua. Ko reira i reira e te wahi nui o ngā momo kanoirite pūmau o tenei huānga.

whakamahi tangata

hanga hangarau Modern reira taea ki te whiwhi krypton i te rangi i roto i te nui. Na reira he take katoa ki te whakapono e ka hohoro whakakapi ia te hau hauhauhā e mangere i roto i topuku marama. I muri i te katoa, ki tonu i te krypton, ka riro ratou ake economical: ka waiho te roa ki te kohi mana taua ratou, ka whiti te anaanaraa. Ko te taea ki te tu atu i te kikī, rite whakaritea ki tikanga, e ki tonu ki te ranunga o te hauota, me te hauhauā hoki pai te reira.

Tenei e taea te faataa sedentary rāpoi krypton nui, me te taimaha e tautāwhi i whakawhiti wera i te umanga karaihe ki te kakawaea, ka whakaiti i te whakaetonga o ngota i te mata.

Ano, kua ahei o emitting hihi peta te kanoirite iraruke Kr Kr ⁸⁵ whakamahia mō te whakakī rama motuhake. Kei te tahuri tēnei pūngao marama ki te marama kitea. Enei rama ngā o te puku karaihe e pani ki te hanganga pūtūtae nei i roto taiepa. Beta hihi krypton kanoirite, whiwhi i runga i tenei paparanga, meinga anaana te reira i taua maitai kitea noa i te tawhiti o 500 m.

Ahakoa i te tawhiti o te kuputuhi tāngia taea te kite mārama ki runga ki te 3 mita. He roa rama, no te mea te hawhe-ora o te kanoirite krypton-85 ko e pā ana ki te 10 nga tau. Ko te pūrere mahi ahakoa o te puna o nāianei, me te taiao o waho.

Hoki e whakamahia pūkōwhai krypton rite hāora propellant. KR-F pūhui hanganga whakamahia i roto i te hanga o lasers excimer. Ētahi kanoirite o krypton e whakamahia i roto i te rongoā. Te nuinga hoki taputapu tātaritanga, te rapunga o ngā pūwatawata me turuturu i roto i ngā pūnaha korehau, te matapae me te kite o te waikura, rite nga wahi kākahu taputapu mana.

Tētahi atu whakamahinga o te krypton - he korere X-ray, e kua ki tonu i te ratou. e rapu pūtaiao Modern mō huarahi ki te whakamahi i tenei hau rite te filler i te hanganga o ranunga romahā mō te rumaki i roto i te wai. taea te whakamahi te mohio reira me rite te rongoā i roto i te rongoa.