Pūnaha wā: te whakarōpū o te huānga matū

I roto i te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau 19 i reira e ngā nganatanga ki te whakarite āhuatanga, me te whakakotahi i konganuku i roto i te pūnaha wā. puta te reira i tenei tikanga o te rangahau i roto i tenei wā o mua, rite ki te tātari matū.

Mai i te hītori o te kitea o te pūnaha wā o ngā huānga

Mā te whakamahi i te tikanga ōrite mō te whakatau i te āhuatanga matū motuhake o te pūtaiao wa i tamata ki te whakakotahi i te rōpū o ngā āhuatanga, arahina e ratou āhuatanga ine, me te taimaha ngota.

Mā te taimaha ngota

Ko te kupu, whakaritea IV Dubereyner i 1817 e he rite ki te tohu hāngai o te konu me te konupūmā te taimaha o te strontium ngota. kitea ano ia i roto i waenganui i te ngā āhuatanga o te konu, strontium, konupūmā, me i reira e rawa he rota i roto i te noa. I runga i enei kitenga whakaturia kēmihi rongonui pera-ka karanga huānga topu-. I roto i ngā rōpū rite kua hanumi me ētahi atu matū:

• whanariki, selenium, tellurium;
• chloro, bromo, iodo;
• lithium, te konutai, pāhare pāporo.

āhuatanga matū Classification

L. Gmelin i roto i te tau 1843 whakaekea te tepu, kua whakanohoia e rite i roto i ngā āhuatanga matū o te āhuatanga i roto i te raupapa tino. Hauota, hauwai, te hāora, te whakapono ai nga āhuatanga matua o te kēmihi kaha whakanohoia waho tona tepu.

I raro i te hāora i whakanohoia e ratou tetrad (4 mati), me pentads (5 mati) huānga. Konganuku i roto i te ripanga pūmotu i tukua e te kupu Berzelius. Ka rite ki hapu Gmelin, āhuatanga katoa kua tāuta ki te whakaiti i te āhuatanga electronegativity roto i ia Huingaiti o te pūnaha wā.

Paheko huānga poutū

Alexander Emile de Chancourtois i 1863 hoatu nga mea timatanga katoa i roto i te whakanui ake pauna ngota i runga i te rango, wehewehe i te reira ki te maha nga whiu poutū. Ka rite ki te hua o te wehenga taua ki verticals he huānga he āhuatanga tinana, me te matū rite.

Ko te ture o octaves

kitea D. Newlands i 1864 rawa i te tauira ngā. A, no te te wāhi o te āhuatanga matū kitea i roto i te whakanui ake ratou pauna ngota mo ia o te waru te mema ki te faitatau tuatahi te. Tenei meka i huaina ture Newlands o octaves (waru tuhipoka).

Ko tino here tona pūnaha wā, na ka mohiotia te whakaaro o te pūtaiao hi'opo'araa rite "Heminiti" putanga, tūhono ki te waiata. Ko e kōwhiringa Newlands i te tata ki te hanganga hou o te SS. Ko te ture whakahuatia o octaves, pupuri 17 anake ngā huānga e kore ratou āhuatanga wā i roto i te tohu o taua ture e toe i kitea.

ripanga Odling

aroaro W. Odling rave rahi kōwhiringa mō ngā āhuatanga o tepu. I roto i te putanga tuatahi, hanga i roto i te 1857, kua whakaarohia reira ki te wehe ratou ki 9 ngā rōpū. I roto i te 1861, i hanga te kēmihi etahi whakatikatika ki te putanga taketake o te tepu, piri i roto i te tohu rōpū ki ngā āhuatanga matū rite.

Kōwhiringa Odling tepu, whakaarohia i roto i te 1868, te whakaaro te wāhi o te 45 ngā huānga i roto i te whakanui ake i taimaha ngota. Ratau, i muri ka tenei tepu te tauira o te pūnaha wā D. I. Mendeleeva.

Ko te wehenga o te honohono,

L. Meyer i roto i te tau 1864 whakaekea te tepu i ngā he 44 huānga. i whakanohoia e ratou i roto i te 6-pānui, rite ki te honohono, o te hauwai. Ko te tepu i rua noa nga wahi. hopoi mai huihui Whakarāpopoto ono ngā rōpū ngā he 28 tohu e haere ake pauna ngota. I roto i tona pentad hanganga me tirohia i tetrads ki ngā āhuatanga matū rite pūāhua. Ko te toe huānga o Meyer whakanohoia i roto i te ripanga tuarua.

Ko te takoha D. I. Mendeleeva ki te hanganga o te tepu o ngā huānga

puta te hou ripanga pūmotu D. I. Mendeleeva i runga i Mayer papa haaputuhia i roto i te tau 1869. I roto i te putanga tuarua kua whakanohoia Mayer tohu i runga i te rōpū 16, hoatu huānga pentads me pukatuhi, hoatu nga āhuatanga matū mohiotia. Engari whakamahia ratou i te honohono, ohie taua rōpū. He ko boron reira, thorium, hauwai, Niobium, konukarihi.

puta tonu te hanganga o te pūnaha wā i roto i te puka o i kanohi te i roto i te putanga o nāianei. taea te kitea e toru ngā wāhanga matua, i roto i nei i hanga te pūnaha wā:

1. I te aroaro te putanga tuatahi o te tepu i nga wae hanganga. Takina āhua wā o te hononga i waenganui i te ngā āhuatanga o te ngā huānga me nga uara o ratou pauna ngota. tohu ana tēnei kōwhiringa te whakarōpū i mana'ohia Mendeleev i 1868-1869 gg.
2. Scientist whakarerea te pūnaha taketake, no te mea e kore ai e whakaata i te paearu i runga i nei e taka āhuatanga i roto i te tīwae ngā. tuku ia ki te waiho tohu i runga i te ōrite o te āhuatanga matū (February 1869)
3. I roto i te 1870, i te aroaro o Dmitri Mendeleev ki te ao pūtaiao i te ripanga pūmotu hou.

Putanga kēmihi Russian whakaritea me te tūranga o konganuku i roto i te taka pūmotu, a rawa-konganuku kore āhuatanga. I roto i nga tau e i haere mai te putanga tuatahi o te tenenga tohunga o te taka pūmotu e kore e pehia tetahi huringa nui. A i roto i aua wahi e kua waiho pātea i roto i nga wa o Dmitry Ivanovich, kitea āhuatanga hou i muri i tona matenga.

Āhuatanga o te ripanga pūmotu

Aha te whakapono ai e te pūnaha whakaahuatia - wā? faataa tenei e te peculiarities o te hanganga o te tepu.

I roto i te katoa i reira e 8 ngā rōpū, a kua ia e rua subgroups: tuatahi (matua), me te paetaha. Huri i te reira i roto i taua subgroups katoa o 16. E tū ratou poutū, e ko, i runga ki te raro.

I tua atu, i roto i te tepu, i reira he rarangi whakapae i huaina wā. E hoki ratou ratou wehenga atu ki te iti me te nui. Ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha wā ngā pupuri wāhi huānga, tona rōpū me te wā Huingaiti.

Me pēhea te ki te huri i te āhuatanga i roto i subgroups nui

tīmata subgroups nui katoa o te taka pūmotu o ngā āhuatanga o te wā tuarua. I nga tohu no ki te rōpū taua matua, te maha o ngā irahiko waho o te taua, ko te tawhiti i waenganui i nga irahiko me te hou huringa pata pai.

I tua atu, i runga i te tihi o ratou, a kahore he he hua i roto i te taimaha ngota (whanaunga papatipu ngota) o te huānga. Ko tenei ahua ko te take te whakatau i roto i tāutu i ngā tauira o te huringa i roto i te āhuatanga o te subgroups matua.

Mai te pūtoro (tawhiti i waenganui i te matua pai me ngā irahiko kino waho) ki te piki matua iti-rōpū, āhuatanga nonmetallic (kaha i roto i panoni matū tango irahiko) heke. No nia i huringa āhuatanga konganuku (ngota atu irahiko e utu), ka whakapiki ake i te reira.

Mā te whakamahi i te pūnaha wā e taea te whakaritea ki tetahi ki tetahi āhuatanga o māngai rerekē o te rōpū matua taua. I te wa, i te hanga o te pūnaha wā Mendeleev, i reira ko kahore he mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hanganga o te mea. Maere Ko te meka e kotahi ahu te ariā o te hanganga ngota, ako i roto i ngā kura me te kōtaha mātauranga o ngā whare wānanga matū, me te inaianei, whakau ia te whakapae o Mendeleev me kihai i whakakahore tona whakaaro i runga i te whakaritenga o ngā ngota i roto i te tepu.

heke Electronegativity ki te raro i roto i subgroups nui, kei i.e. ko te huānga raro i roto i te rōpū, kia ka iti tona kaha ki te tāpiri ngota.

Huri o ngā āhuatanga o te ngota i roto i te subgroups taha

Mai te pūnaha wā Mendeleyev, te huringa i roto i te āhuatanga o taua subgroups puta i roto i te raupapa whakamuri. Ko te subgroups ngā huānga i wā 4 (d me te f māngai o te mau utuafare). Na roto i te raro o enei subgroups e heke āhuatanga konganuku, ko te maha o ngā irahiko waho o te taua no te mau melo katoa o te Huingaiti kotahi.

wā Avilable i roto i PS

Ia wā hou, ki te kahore hoki te tuatahi, i roto i Ripanga kēmihi Russian tīmata kaha whakarewa alkali. tukua atu konganuku amphoteric, faaite i te āhuatanga rua o panoni matū. Na i reira e rave rahi āhuatanga āhuatanga kore-konganuku. mutu wā ki te hau e mangere (whakarewa kore-, he mahi, e kore faaite tauhohenga).

Hoatu e te pūnaha wā, i roto i te wā i reira ko te huringa o te mahi. Mai i mahue ki te matau, ka whakaiti i te mahi whakaiti (āhuatanga konganuku) nui haere mahi piti hāora (āhuatanga konganuku-kore). Ko te kupu, te konganuku kānapanapa i roto i te wā i runga i te-konganuku kore maui, me te tika.

I roto i te wā roa, arā, o rua nga rarangi (4-7), hoki puta reira huru Periodical, engari no te mea o te aroaro o ngā māngai o te d f ranei o te hapu, nga mea timatanga konganuku i roto i te raupapa nui atu.

Ko te ingoa o te subgroups matua

i to ratou ake ingoa wāhanga o te rōpū o ngā āhuatanga e wātea ana i roto i te ripanga pūmotu. Māngai o te rōpū te tuatahi Huingaiti huaina konganuku alkali. Rite ingoa konganuku nama ratou mahi ki te wai, hua i roto i te hanganga o te alkali waihā.

whakaaro te Huingaiti o te rōpū tuarua te konganuku whenua kawakore. A, no te pāhekoheko ki te wai, enei konganuku hanga waikura, kotahi i huaina whenua. Ko reira i taua wa, a kua whakaritea ki te ngā mema o tenei Huingaiti o ingoa rite.

Non-konganuku hāora Huingaiti huaina chalcogens, me ngā māngai o te 7 He rōpū ka karanga nga kōnakonako. 8 He Huingaiti huaina hau rangatira no o tona mahi matū iti.

PS i roto i te akoranga kura

Hoki ngā ākonga te tikanga whakaekea kē o te taka pūmotu, ai roto i te tua ki te rōpū, subgroups wā tohu hoki tātai me pūhui teitei ahua me waikura teitei. He taea rite taea te hanganga o ngā pūkenga o ngā ākonga i roto i te faaineineraa o waikura teitei. Kati i roto i te whakakapi huānga tohu whakakapinga Huingaiti māngai ki te tiki rite mo te waikura rawa.

Ki te titiro koe tata ki te puka whānui o pūhui hauwai ahua, ko reira kitea ai e motuhake ki-konganuku kore ratou. I roto i ngā rōpū 1-3 He pīhono, ei mau ti'a angamaheni o enei rōpū he konganuku.

I tua atu, i roto i te tahi mau pukapuka o matū mō ia tohu o te hoahoa irahiko tohatoha tohu nga taumata pūngao. Kāore i te tīariari i tēnei kōrero i roto i te wā o Mendeleev, rite kua puta meka pūtaiao nui i muri.

Ka taea e kite tetahi me tātai taumata hiko waho i te mea ngāwari ki te imi ki te mea te utuafare ngā te huānga hohe. e kore e ēnei tohutohu whakaaetia i roto i te tuhaa pureraa whakamātautau, na paetahi o 9 me 11 akomanga, faaoti ki te whakaatu i to ratou mōhiotanga matū ki te OGE, whakamātautau ranei, e hoatu i te putanga matarohia pango me te ma o te taka pūmotu, i roto i nei i reira he kahore atu kōrero e pā ana ki te hanganga o te ngota, te tātai o waikura teitei, tito o pūhui hauwai ahua .

Ko te tino arorau, me te mārama i te whakatau taua, no te mea kahore hoki te hunga ākonga e kua whakaritea e ki te whai i roto i te tapuwae o Mendeleyev ko Lomonosov, ka kia uaua ki te whakamahi i te putanga matarohia o te pūnaha, noa e kore e hiahia ana ratou tohutohu.

Ko te ture, me te pūnaha wā D. I. Mendeleeva He wāhi tino hira i roto i te whanaketanga atu o te ariā ngota-rāpoi. I muri te hanga koe i te pūnaha, ka anga ki te utu atu te aro ki te ako o te hanganga o te huānga pūtaiao. Ua tauturu Ripanga ki te whakamārama i ētahi mōhiohio e pā ana ki matū ohie, me te te āhua me ngā āhuatanga o te āhuatanga o nei ratou e hanga e.

Mendeleyev ia whakaaro e ka uakina āhuatanga hou hohoro, ka whakaratohia hoki te tūranga o konganuku i roto i te ripanga pūmotu. Ko reira i muri i te ahua o te muri, ka anga te wā hou i roto i te matū. I tua atu, i homai tīmatanga nui ki te hanga i te plurality o sciences e pā ana, e pā ana ki te hanganga o ngā ngota me whakakapinga o ngā huānga.