Ko te whare - he ... whare Residential. whare Whakahaere. Construction o whare

Ko te whare - te hanganga e hāngai ana whenua-, e kua he wāhi ā-. Hangaia he whare mō te ora mahi ranei, me te ki te whakatau i nga hiahia motuhake o te hapori.

etiology

Ko te kupu "hanga", te nuinga pea ahu i te tawhito Russian ihoparau "zdati". auraa reira "hanga" i roto i te ra tawhito. Whakamahia i roto i te kupumahi kupu tahito "zdati", i roto i te tahuri, ka haere mai i te kupu ingoa "zd". I aua ra i te kupu te tikanga o "paru" (i mahi reira rite te rauemi whare matua). Mai i te ihoparau taua e whakapono reira ki kua tangohia wahi, me nga kupu pērā i "te waihanga" me "kaihoahoa".

e kore e tono ki whare?

e kore e tenei wā tono ki te hanganga whenua e kore e e whai wāhi ā-. Tenei, hei tauira, flyovers waka me piriti, pourewa tautauā, me ētahi atu Kaua e taka ki roto ki te kāwai o whare, he tokomaha kei raro me te hanganga raro. Ratou rārangi ngā pāpuni, huna, me ētahi atu e karangatia enei whare katoa hanganga engineering hanganga noa ranei. I roto i taua ahanoa ko te hunga e e rite ki te whare ōkawa hoki. Tenei, hei tauira, he pourewa wai. Ka rite ki taua e taea e me te whare tiaki hinonga ahumahi, te tikanga mo te tiaki o te taputapu, me ētahi atu

huānga hangarau

Ko te whare - te hua o te mahi hanga. Ko te hanganga nuinga ia i te i runga ake-whenua me nga wahi raro. I tua atu, i tetahi hanga ko te roto, whatunga me ngā pūnaha tautoko engineering. E hangaia ngā pae Construction mo te mahi ngā tangata. Ki te kei te whakamahia ratou rite nohoanga, ka tenei whare noho. Ka taea te hangaia Whare ki te rokiroki hua me ki ngā whare kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki mo te ihirangi o te kararehe. whakarōpūtia Ia o enei taonga te rite "whare kore-noho."

Āhuatanga o te wāhi-whakamahere whakatau o tetahi hanganga e whai ake nei:

1. mua. tuaki ratou te roto katoa o te ahanoa ngā. He etahi wahi o te rōrahi o te hanganga o te ahanoa - ko te ruma tenei. Te whare, kia rite ki te tikanga, wehea ki ngā wāhi (ruma, ara, me te pera i runga i. D.), He he taiepa i runga i taha katoa. He fakakātoa 'o enei whare, nga papa o e kei i runga i tetahi taumata, ka karanga te patunga witi.

2. Basement. Tenei patunga witi o te whare, kei nei i raro nei te tohu taumata whenua.
3. Ko te papa whenua (whawhe). Kei roto te reira i whare kei raro i te wāhi matapo (engari kaua e neke atu i te hawhe o tona tiketike).
4. Ko nga patunga i runga ake-whenua. Tenei huinga o ruma kei runga ake i te tohu whenua.
5. Attic. Ko ratou he ruma i runga tuanui i runga i te papa runga i raro i te tuanui me te hanga.
6. Attic. Na karanga ruma, i ko te hua o te tohatoha i roto i te wāhi fungavaka. noho tuanui i whakaturia tuanui me te hangaia mo te whare podsobok ranei.
7. papa Hangarau. hangaia ana tēnei wāhi ki te hāngai ngā taputapu engineering, me te mo te hanganga o kōrero e tika ana mo te mahi o te whare. Kia waiho te papa i roto i te wahi o raro o te whare (raro hangarau), me te runga (papa hangarau). I te tahi taime e mea makona tika runga ake irava. Ka taea te whakanohoia te reira, a ki runga ki te papa tuatahi o te whare fare he whakaaro tūmatanui.

huānga hanganga

Ko te whare - he whare e kua he anga rauemi, e mahi i roto i te tūranga o te ngā wahi motuhake - .. te turanga, taiepa, tuanui, me ētahi atu enei he āhuatanga hanganga. Ratou, i roto i te tahuri, titoa o iti wāhanga taiwhanga - wāhanga me ngā hua tuanui, papa precast, etc ...

E wehea ngā āhuatanga hanganga katoa o te whare ki te tiaki me te tautoko. Ko te taumahi ki te momo tautuhi ngā whakaaro me ngā āhuatanga o te mahi o enei wahi i roto i te hanganga o te whare.

Ko taea anake Whakarōpū o ngā āhuatanga hanganga rite te kawe, ki te ratou whakaaetanga o nga mea katoa o nga pikaunga mana e whakatika i roto i te mahi o te whare. I roto i te Area, hangaia te kōpaki whare ki tutakina te wāhi roto o te whare i te waho, me te pārōnaki hanga i runga i ngā whare motuhake.

Ko te āhuatanga tautoko matua o ngā whare ngā: turanga, tīwae, kurupae, me nga wahi rite. Te tiaki wahi - tatau me matapihi, te tuanui me te taiepa. E i roto i te whare, me ngā āhuatanga e ngā nga mahi o (hei tauira, taiepa ā-) hanganga, me te kore-hanganga.

Whakarōpū o whare i te whakaaro

Whakaae e whai ake nei wehenga o te whare taonga e te hunga waihanga whenua ki te rōrahi roto:

1. whare Residential. Ko nga taonga e kua auraa ki te whakamahi rite nohoanga enei. Ēnei ngā whare noho, me hotels. Kei roto i te rārangi o nga whare, me whare ki ruma mo kāinga okiokinga, Kuranoho whare, me ētahi atu
2. whare Public. ngā whare taonga, whare, teihana tereina, pokapū hokohoko, whare pukapuka, ara, me ētahi atu enei
3. whare Industrial. Tenei wheketere mana.
4. whare Agricultural. Ēnei ngā warehouses, pāmu, kararehe, me ētahi atu
5. whare Whakahaerenga. Tenei whare, hangaia ki te whakanoho tari.

kawea Construction o whare i roto i runga i te pūtake o ratou tohu o solidity, e Katikati P-A.3-61 wehea ki ngā akomanga wha. Hei tauira, me tiaki ahurea-hītori urupa (whare kingi, me whare, teihana arā raro, me ētahi atu) mo runga i te rau tau. I te wa ano whakahaere te hanga o ngā whare o tenei piha haapiiraa i roto i te hanganga ture tino ki etahi whakaritenga ki hoahoanga, ahi resistance, me ētahi atu Me piri koe ki te SNP "whare, me ngā hanganga" i roto i te hanga o ngā whakaurunga. Tenei tuhinga, ko te ā-hangaia ki te tiaki i nga tika, me ngā ngākau nuitanga o kiritaki o ngā hua o te ahumahi hanga.

hanga noho

Ka taea e taua whare kia o ngā momo. I roto i ngā, he ratou kore-arumoni (hotels i ngā kura ranei wheketere, dormitories, pa hōia, me, o te akoranga, whare), me te arumoni (whare fare, hotels arumoni me rātau).

Whakaröpütia whare noho rite te maha o whakapaparanga. Ko ratou e whai ake:
- iti (tetahi ki te e rua patunga);
- tiketike-ara (3-5 patunga);
- tiketike-ara (i runga i 6 patunga);
- ki te nui haere te maha o patunga (11 ki te 16 patunga);
- tiketike-ara (i runga 16 whakapaparanga).

Class A whare tikanga mo te nohoanga tangata, me te tokomaha o ratou he i roto i whaitua. kia taua whare:

- kotahi-whānau (takitahi);
- āhua-wehe (takirua);
- fare.

I roto i te tikanga ki te whakaoti rapanga pāpori, me te hanga i pai tikanga ora o te taupori, me hanga e koe te whiriwhiri tika i runga i te maha o whakapaparanga o whare noho, me ratou hanganga wāhi-whakamahere.

I roto i nga pa nui te hanga tino noa o whare maha-papa. Ko te whakatau kouma, ki te hiahia koe ki te hoahoa i te whare noho. Katikati whakarato ngā whakaritenga motuhake mō ngā āhuatanga hanganga, me te te taumahinga me te whakapaipai o nga whare. E ai ki nga tohutohu hanga, kia whare tiketike-ara kia hangaia o ngā hanganga roa. I tua atu, atu te Katikati te whakaritenga ki te whakarato ahi ātete o taua taonga. Ko te aha me hanga nga whare roroa ia rima whakapaparanga tautoko anga katoa o ngā rauemi raima, raima, me te aua marae whakapakaritia.

Hianga o whare tiketike-ara he ona ake āhuatanga. Ko te anga kawe o taua whare e te nuinga o taiepa.

whare whakahaere

Ko te whare ki te mahi hoahoanga noa - ki te waihanga i tētahi taiao mo te mahi noa o tari. Tenei e taea ngā ano nga whare, e whare te kaimahi whakahaere o tūmatanui, me te kāwanatanga pūtahi me ngā whakahaere.

whare whakahaere, kia rite ki te tikanga, i te mahere pūtau. ruma Whakahaere reira e whakanohoia ki runga ki e rua i runga i tetahi taha o te kauhanga roa ranei. Kei te hangaia te papa tuatahi mo te kakahu, me te tomokanga. whare e tika ana i roto i te whare whakahaere e whakatutuki rauhanga. E whakanohoia ana e ratou ki runga ki nga papa o raro, te whakahaere i te rōrahi whare motuhake. kia whakaurunga mō huihui, me te i runga i nga papa o runga o te tinana matua.

whare Whakahaere i kainga hanga hoatu atu uara taipe, hoahoanga me te toi. Ka rite ki te tikanga, kua whakanohoia e ratou i roto i nga huarahi matua me tapawhā. E rave rahi o teie mau whare ko te pokapū o te tetahi hanganga hoahoanga.

Whakaritenga mō ngā whare tari

he maha o ngā āhuatanga Construction o whare mō ngā take whakahaere kua. Tuatahi o te katoa, i roto i enei whare me ngā he maha nui o tatau me te matapihi tatau me Tīpae takawaenga. I tua atu, whare whakahaere - whare ki te hanganga anga matatini. hangaia ratou wāhi roto pūkoro me te nui. I roto i te hanga o tari tākaro he wāhi nui ki waho o te ahanoa auraa. Meinga ko te glazing tonu whakaata, pereki mutu, me te taatou ngā me ngā tikanga i roto i te hoahoa o te momo o ngā rauemi.

hanga SNP ona ake tono i runga i te hanga o ngā whakaurunga mō ngā take whakahaere. Ko ētahi o ēnei te whai ake:

- te whakamahi o ngā hanganga, tautukunga ki paerewa EU;
- tautukunga ki ture haumaru katoa;
- fakakaume'a taiao o te rauemi e whakamahia ana;
- hāneanea;
- haumaru ahi;
- makuku, haruru me te mātao wera;
- tāutanga o te pūnaha ventilation kaha;
- ātete ki nui rerenga me te pāmahana rerekētanga;
- arotau;
- ātete rū.

I roto i te hanganga o ngā whare whakahaere me tutaki me ngā whakaritenga atu. ngā taua o ratou rārangi:

- taketake o te mahere;
- te wātea o waka i roto i te basement o te whare;
- whatunga waea whānui, hanga reira taea ki te hono i te maha nui o taputapu tari.

Hoki, kia pupuri koutou i roto i te ngakau e kia anake hei te hanga o whakaurunga whakahaere te kaikirimana pono.

Whakarōpū o whare ahumahi

I te wā o te hoahoa, te whakamahere me te pütea i te hanganga o te faufaa nui ko te whakamāramatanga o whakaurunga ūnga. Hoki piha nui o tona whakapaipai.

Kei te wehea whare Industrial mo tona whakaaro e tūmanakohia ana ki te whai ake:

- tāuta hangaia mo te hanga matua;
- pŭpŭ tauturu, warehouses me whare whaipainga-ahumahi, e he taonga o ngā take tiaki (pokapū hauora, toa hanga, toa, taiwhanga, me ētahi atu);
- hanga me te whare whakaurunga mana (nga kohua i, generators hau, compressors, me ētahi atu);
- hanga o kōrero me ngā whakaurunga waka (nga karati, pokapū kōrero, teihana mana tukanga, me ētahi atu);
- whakaurunga parukore take (paipa me te supply wai whakaurunga, gasification me te wera supply, me ētahi atu).

Whakaritenga mō ngā whare ahumahi

ture hanga hoatu mua nga whakaritenga taketake e Me tangohia ki pūkete i roto i te hoahoa me te hanganga o ngā whakaurunga ahumahi.

Tuatahi o te katoa, me kawea reira i roto i ngā āhuatanga hangarau. whai wāhi rātou i te whakahaere kouma o te hanga kaupapa i roto i te whare hou i hanga ki te wāhanga katoa o te putanga tukanga i te transportation o ngā rauemi ki te whakangao hua. Hei whakarite i tenei titauraa titau te whanaketanga i te rahi me te āhua o te whare i roto i nei opua reira me tīwae mātiti kaha kore e hamper te kaupapa noa o te wāhi me te taputapu hangarau pērā o. He nui tenei take, rite wāhi reira ki te whanaketanga o te hanga, me te ki te whakarei ake i tona huri mai.

I te wā o te hoahoa me te hanganga o ngā whare ahumahi me tangohia ki pūkete nga whakaritenga o te pūāhua parukore-mā. fuoloa ratou ki te hanga o te tikanga mahi e e makona hiahia whare me te akuaku o te kaimahi. Ki te whakatau i taua whakaritenga i roto i te rohe whare ahumahi kia mau tonu i te taumata e hiahiatia nga tikanga katoa, pērā i te pāmahana, haumākū, kaupapa rangi, me tona ngakau ma. I roto i runga ki te whakaritenga o tikanga parukore kia te taumata o wiri, radiation, me te haruru.

I te wā hoahoa me te kōwhiringa o te hanga rauemi me tango ki pūkete nga whakaritenga o te ahi. kohuatia ratou ki raro, ki te ātete ahi o ngā hanganga, me te ona whakatau hoahoanga me te whakamahere, e kia whakawhāiti te maha o whakapaparanga, ngā tauārai ahi, ki te whakatau i te maha me te rahi o putanga atu whawhati tata me tamărû, putanga me te passageways. Me kawea te whare i roto i te tāutanga o te wai ahi.

whakaurunga Production hangaia ki te whakatau i nga whakaritenga ōhanga, e kua heke ki te whakaiti i te utu o te hanganga e kore anake, engari ano hoki i te mahi o te whare. Hoki tenei whakaaro, hangarau me te tohu ōhanga.

Ka taea te iti te moni o nga utu tuatahi ki te tono i roto i te hanga o te hanga hoahoa paerewa me ngā taipitopito o te hanga rohe, rauemi hanga iti, me te te whakamahi kouma o hoahoanga me te whakamahere rongoā.