Kōngohe rino: āhuatanga, tohu me te whānui

Iron - pakeke, te waikura-ātete, engari pakarukaru koranu rino-waro ki te ihirangi waro o C i roto i te whānui i 2.14 ki te 6,67%. Ahakoa te oraraa o te raruraru motuhake, te mea he momo o ngā momo, āhuatanga, tono. Whānuitia whakamahia he maka kōngohe rino.

kōrero

Kua tēnei rauemi kua mohiotia mai te BC IV rau. e. Ko ona pakiaka Hainamana i roto i te VI. BC. e. I roto i Europe, kua tuhia i te whakahuatia tuatahi o te hanga ahumahi o te koranu XIV, a i roto i Russia - XVI rau. Ko arai kōngohe rino production hangarau i roto i Russia i te rau tau XIX. I muri i te whanaketanga o AD Annosovym.

Mai e iti te rino hina i roto i te whakamahi tika ki ngā āhuatanga mīhini iti, me maitai - he utu, me te whai i te pakeke iti me te mauroa, whakatika te pātai o te whakarewa te hanga i te kaha pono, roa, mārō, i te ka nui haere me te tetahi ngäwari.

e kore e rino mahi, Heoi, e tika ana ki ngā āhuatanga kirihou, ohaoha reira ano ki etahi momo o mahi kirihou (hei tauira, rikarika ki).

production

Ko te ara matua - faataheraa i roto i oumu hau.

Ko te rauemi tīmata hoki te tukatuka hau:

• Akona - ore rino kei roto waikura whakarewa i roto i te puka Ferum.
• Fuel - Coke me te hau māori.
• Hāora - patia te roto tao motuhake.
• Fluxes - hanganga matū i runga i te pūtake o te te konupora me te (ranei) silicon.

Ngā wāhanga o te oumu hau:

1. Whakaora o te rino parakore i te tauhohenga matū o te ore rino ki te hāora tukua i roto i tuyeres.
2. Ngingiha o te Coke hanganga me te waro waikura.
3. Carburizing i roto i tauhohe rino parakore ki CO me CO _2.
4. Waiwai o Fe ₃ C ki te konupora me te takawai kei i runga i te āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana o te putanga.
5. Ringihia te whakarewa oti ki pakete i roto i te taphole; riringi para i roto i te poka para tap.

Runga ki te whakaotinga o te huringa whakahaere hau oumu whiwhi rino, para me te haurehu flue.

hua Metal rohe ahumahi

Tei runga i te auau te meangiti, kia riro te microstructure o te tōpuni waro me tāpiritanga e rave rahi momo o rino:

1. Pig (ma) waro i roto i te puka here, te sima tuatahi. Whakamahia rite rauemi raw mo te tango, o te tahi atu rino-waro alloys tukatuka. Whakatika ki te 80% o te rohe koranu hua.
2. Foundry (hina) waro i roto i te puka o tino ranei tetahi wahi free graphite, ara ona papa paraharaha,. Malootvetstvennyh whakamahia hoki te hanga o ngā wāhanga tinana. Whakatika ki te 19% whakaputaina e te makanga hau oumu.
3. ferroalloys taonga: Special. 1-2% momo production whakaaro.

i rite kōngohe rino i te maimoatanga o te poaka wera.

Ko te ariā o te rino-hanganga

Waro ki Ferum taea te hanga e rave rahi ngā momo rerekē o alloys mo te momo wini whakakahokaho karaihe rite whakaaturia i roto i te ahua o te microstructure.

1. Kătahi i roto i mārō otinga α-rino - ferrite.
2. Kătahi i roto i mārō otinga γ-rino - austenite.
3. Ko te hanganga matū o Fe ₃ C (kāwanatanga herea) - cementite. i hanga te tuatahi e tautauā tere o te wai whakarewa. Tuarua - he pāmahana hekenga puhoi i austenite. Tuatoru - te tautauā āta o te ferrite.
4. ranunga pūkaha o purapura ferrite me cementite - Onemata.
5. ranunga pūkaha o purapura austenite me pearlite cementite ranei - Ledebur.

Hoki te maka rino āhuatanga e te microstructure motuhake. Ka taea e te graphite kia i roto i te puka, me te ahua here o te hanganga i runga, a kia i roto i te āhua noa i roto i te puka o ngā poke. I runga i nga āhuatanga pānga e rua purapura taketake, me enei ngā. hautau graphite Ko te whakarewa paraharaha, tawerewere ao ranei.

he angamaheni hoki hina alloys rino-waro te āhua rau. ai te reira i to ratou fragility me unreliability.

Inclusions e fluffy rino kōngohe atu te pānga pai i runga i to ratou mahi aunoa.

Ko te hanganga graphite porohita whakapiki i atu te kounga o te whakarewa, e pa ana te hua i roto i te pakeke, mauroa, te manawanui nui kawenga. tiketike kaha maka rino taua āhuatanga kua. āhuatanga kōngohe rino ona take ferrite taketake pearlite o te aroaro o inclusions potakataka graphite ranei.

Te faaineineraa o te rino kōngohe ferritic

Kei te whakaputaina te reira i proeutectoid he poaka ma ingots koranu iti-waro i te kōpeke ana ki te ihirangi waro 2.4-2.8% me te aroaro hāngai o tāpiritanga (Mn, Si, S, P). Me kia te matotoru pakitara wahi annealed kore neke atu i te 5 cm. Ko castings graphite matotoru nui i roto i te puka o te mau papaa parau, a kahore e nga āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana tutuki.

Ki te whiwhi maka rino ki whakarewa turanga ferritic whakanohoia i roto i ngā pouaka motuhake, me te riringi onepu. Piri whakanohoia ipu hiri i roto i te oumu whakawera. Te whakahaere i te kaupae e whai ake nei i roto i kōpeke ana:

1. E te tahu waihanga i roto i oumu ki pāmahana 1000? C me whakaaetia ki te tu i te wera tonu hoki 10 ki te 24 haora. Ka rite ki te hua o vaevae, me te Ledebur cementite tuatahi.
2. te matao o te konganuku te ki 720? C i roto i te oumu.
3. I te pāmahana o 720? C te tu roa i 15 ki te 30 haora. Tenei pāmahana fakapapau'i te mimiti haere o te cementite tuarua.
4. I te taahiraa whakamutunga i matao ano ki te oumu mahi ki 500? C, a ka haere atu ki te rangi.

huaina ana tēnei tukanga kōpeke ana te graphitizing.

I muri i te mahi microstructure he ferrite ki purapura o graphite potakataka. huaina ana tēnei momo ko "chernoserdechnym" mai te mea mangu te mea kiano i matao.

Te faaineineraa o pearlitic maka rino ngohengohe

nui haere ona tenei ahua o te rino-waro koranu, e mea putake hoki i ma proeutectoid, engari te ihirangi waro te: 3-3.6%. Hoki castings ki pūtake pearlitic, kua whakanohoia e ratou i roto i ngā pouaka me riringi te ore paura rino mira ranei tauine kurua. Kōpeke ana tukanga ano he māmā.

1. Metal pāmahana i whakaarahia ki 1000? C, puritia 60-100 haora.
2. Hoahoa hauhautanga ki te oumu.

No te mea kōwhaitanga i raro i te mahi o te wera i roto i te taiao konganuku diffuses: releasable i roto i te graphite cementite whāwehe rau wāhanga annealed wahi kahu mata, noho i runga i ore para ranei mata. Rite ngawari, uaua, me te kōngohe topsheet "beloserdechnogo" rino kōngohe ki te waenganui mārō.

huaina ana tēnei kōpeke ana ko pahara. E whakarato ana i te mimiti o cementite me pearlite ledeburite runga i te paraharaha ki te graphite tika. Ki te maka te rino tika kōngohe pearlitic potakataka ki taikaha teitei me plasticity, te whakamahi i te hana rauemi atu ki te 720? C. Ko te kupu e hanga e purapura o Onemata ki inclusions potakataka graphite.

Āhuatanga, tapanga me te tono o te rino kōngohe ferritic

Roa wā "te hau" whakarewa i roto i te hua oumu i roto i te mimiti haere oti o ledeburite me cementite i roto i ferrite. Nā ki pikonga hangarau, te koranu ki te ihirangi waro tiketike - āhuatanga hanganga ferritic o iti-waro maitai. Otiia e kore e te haere atu waro i tahaki - haere te reira i te āhua e pā ana o rino i roto i te kore utu. taui Temperature pānga te āhua o inclusions graphite ki te whā.

hanganga Ferrite ai te hekenga i roto i te pakeke, ake i ngā uara kaha, te aroaro o taua āhuatanga rite taikaha me te kōngohe.

Tohu piha mahi rino ferrite: KCH30-6, KCH33-8, KCH35-10, KCH37-12 wahi:

CN - momo tāututanga - ngohengohe;

30, 33, 35, 37: σ _he, 300, 330, 350, 370 N / mm ² - kawenga mōrahi e taea te tu i te reira, kahore whawhati;

6, 8, 10, 12 - elongation, δ,% - plasticity taupū (te teitei te uara, te ngoikore ake te whakarewa pēhanga maimoatanga).

Pakeke - e pā ana ki 100-160 HB.

Ko tēnei rauemi nei mahi he takawaenga i waenganui i pērā i te rino, me te rino-waro koranu he hina. Kōngohe rino ki pūtake ferritic pearlitic iho i roto i ngā o te kākahu ātete, te waikura resistance me te rohirohi kaha, engari teitei manawanui aunoa, te kānapanapa, e maka ana āhuatanga. Ki te Kei te whānui whakamahia tona utu iti i roto i te ahumahi mo te hanga o ngā wāhanga whakahaere i te pikaunga iti, me te reo: nihowhiti, kuhunga, kakau muri, paipa.

Āhuatanga, tapanga me te tono o pearlitic maka rino ngohengohe

Nā ki te tuatahi kōpeke ana oti, te wā tuarua me te cementite Ledebur ki tino tareka i austenite, i te pāmahana o te 720 te puta nei? C ki Onemata. Ko te whakamutunga, ko te he ranunga pūkaha o ferrite me cementite purapura wānanga. Mau wahi o waro, e mau ana i roto i te puka here, ai te hanganga, he wahi - "tukua" i roto i te graphite potakataka. A, no te tenei Onemata taea e te paraharaha grainy ranei. Ko te kupu i hanga pearlitic māngohe maka rino. Ko tōna āhuatanga e tika ana kukū hanganga uaua me iti e ngawari noa.

Enei, ina whakaritea ki te ferritic i waikura teitei, kakahu-ātete āhuatanga, he tino teitei, engari raro ukanga me āhuatanga castability ratou mauroa. nui haere susceptibility ki ahotea mīhini mata me te pupuri tonu i te pakeke me te taikaha o te hua matua.

Tohu pearlitic rino mahi: KCH45-7, KCH50-5, KCH56-4, KCH60-3, KCH65-3, KCH70-2, KCH80-1,5.

Tuatahi mati - kaha ti'araa: 450, 500, 560, 600, 650, 700 me te 800 N / mm ^2, aua.

Tuarua - ukanga δ momotuhi elongation,% - 7, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2, me te 1.5.

Pearlite tono kōngohe rino i kitea i roto i te engineering mīhini me te mea mo te tauira e mahi ana i pikaunga teitei - e rua pateko, me te hihiri: camshafts, crankshafts, wahi mamau, piston, tūhono tokotoko.

maimoatanga wera

Ko te rauemi whiwhi tika ki te maimoatanga wera, ara, kia waiho i raro i te kōpeke ana ki toutou tikanga awe pāmahana. Ratou whakaaro matua - tae noa kaha nui, mauroa, ātete ki te waikura, me te ki te hoholo.

1. Kei te whakamahia Tempering mō hanganga tono pakeke tiketike, me te taikaha; whakaputaina e te whakawera ki te 900? C, kua matao wahi i te tere toharite o e pā ana ki 100? C / hekona te whakamahi i te hinu pūkaha. I muri kia waiho hei faafaaearaa tiketike ki whakawera ki te 650˚S me te rangi tautauā.
2. Kei te whakamahia māori mō ngā wāhanga ohie reo-rahi i roto i te oumu i te whakawera ki te 900? C, mahue tu i tenei pāmahana mo te wā o te 1 ki te 1.5 haora me te tautauā muri i roto i te rangi. Troostite whakarato Onemata potakataka, tona u, me te tika o te waku me te kakahu. Kei te whakamahia te reira mo te anti-waku maka māngohe rino ki te pūtake pearlitic.
3. whakamana kōpeke ana te toutou i te hanga o te antifriction: whakawera - ki 900 C, e pupuri ana i tenei wera wā roa, meangiti ki te oumu?. ferritic Engari ferritic-pearlitic hanganga antifriction kōngohe rino ranei.

Whakawera i te hua maka rino taea te kawea i roto i te rohe matatini ranei. Hoki wā ngā tiketike-auau tīpakongia mura acetylene ranei (pupuri tinei). Hoki matatini - oumu whakawera. A, no te whakapakeke te whakawera rohe o te papanga o runga anake te, e faarahi te reira i tona pakeke, me te kaha, engari i mau te ukanga me te pokey kuputohu o te matua.

He mea nui ki te tohu i roto i taua rino rikarika ki taea, e kore anake te mea o iti rawa āhuatanga aunoa, engari ano te mea o tona te tūtohutanga tiketike ki huringa pāmahana ohorere, i te mea mooni, ka tinei ki te tautauā wai.

Anti-te waku maka māngohe rino

E pā ana tēnei momo ano ki ngohengohe, a doped, he ratou hina (ASF), rikarika ki (APC) me te kaha teitei (ACHV). Kei te whakamahia APC mo te hanga kōngohe maka rino, i raro nei te ki kōpeke ana māori ranei. Kua kawea te tukanga i roto i te tikanga ki te whakapai ake i ona āhuatanga hangarau me te hanganga o ngā āhuatanga hou - kakahu ātete i roto i te waku ki ētahi atu wāhanga.

Tapanga: 1-APC, APC-2. Whakamahia hoki te hanga o crankshafts, nihowhiti, ahunga.

Pānga o tāpiritanga i runga i ngā āhuatanga

I tua atu i te turanga rino-graphite me to ratou i roto i to ratou hanganga, me ētahi atu wāhanga, e meinga ano hoki nga āhuatanga o te maka rino: konupora, silicon, ūkuikui, whanariki, etahi huānga alloying.

Mangan whakapiki i flowability o whakarewa whakarewa, te waikura resistance me te kakahu resistance. whai wāhi te reira ki te pakeke, me te kaha o here o waro ki rino i roto i te tātai matū Fe ₃ C, te hanganga o te Onemata potakataka.

Silicon hoki he pānga pai i runga i te fluidity o te koranu whakarewa, whai wāhi ai ki te mimiti o te cementite me inclusions graphite tohatoha.

Whanariki - kino, engari he wāhanga mooni. whakaiti te reira i te āhuatanga pūkaha me te matū, whakaongaonga te hanganga o te kapiti. Heoi, ko te hononga kouma ki tona ihirangi o ētahi atu āhuatanga (hei tauira, konupora) papaki tukanga microstructural. Ko te kupu, ina te rongoa te ōwehenga Mn-S 0,8-1,2 Onemata i tetahi awe pāmahana taima. Na roto i te whakanui ake i te ōwehenga ki 3 Ko reira taea ki te whiwhi i tetahi hanganga hiahiatia i runga i ngā tawhā tatūkē rānei.

Kei te huri Phosphorus mo pānga te fluidity pai te kaha, Whakahekea te taikaha me te kōngohe, pānga i runga i te roanga o te graphitization.

Chromium me molybdenum haukoti i hanganga o tawerewere graphite, i roto i te tahi mau tirotiro whakatairanga te hanganga o te Onemata potakataka.

faarahi Tungsten te ātete ki te kakahu, ka mahi i roto i ngā wāhanga o pāmahana teitei.

Konumohe, te konukōreko, me te parahi whai wāhi ki te graphitization.

Na roto i te huri i te nui o nga mea timatanga matū e hanga ake te koranu rino-waro, me te ratou ōwehenga, ka taea e pā reira nga āhuatanga whakamutunga o maka rino.

Huapai me ngā huakore

Kōngohe chugun- rauemi he whakamahi whānui i roto i te toi. Ko tōna painga matua ko:

• taumata tiketike o te pakeke, kakahu resistance, kaha, me te fluidity;
• āhuatanga noa o te taikaha me te kōngohe;
• processability i pēhanga maimoatanga, i roto i te rerekē ki te maka rino hina;
• āhuatanga o ngā tūemi taatou ako i raro i etahi tikanga o te maimoatanga waiariki me te matū-ngāwhā;
• utu iti.

Ko te huakore Ko te āhuatanga takitahi:

• fragility;
• te aroaro o inclusions o graphite;
• mahi rawakore i roto i te whakairo;
• castings taimaha nui.

Ahakoa nga tōnounou nāianei, e te rino kōngohe tiaki i roto i te metallurgy me te engineering aunoa. Mai i whakaputaina reira taua kōrero nui rite crankshafts, wahi whawhati Pads, nihowhiti, piston, tūhono tokotoko. He he momo iti o rama, motuhake takitahi i roto i te ahumahi noho te rino kōngohe. Ko tōna tono he angamaheni mo te kawenga i raro i ai i te whakamahi o ētahi atu rawa he pea.