Nitration o toluene: whārite Reaction

Kia kōrero a pā ana ki te āhua o te nitration o toluene. Rite rite mā te tauhohe i te maha nui o ngā hua semifinished whakamahia i roto i te hanga o explosives, pharmaceuticals.

Ko te hiranga o te nitration

E wātea ana i roto i te ahumahi matū hou pärönaki Benzene rite pūhui nitro kakara. Nitrobenzene i roto i te aniline ko te hua takawaenga, kakara, production ho'oraa. Ko ia he whakarewa pai mō te maha ngā pūhui matū waro, tae atu cellulose me te nitrite ki te hanga i te puranga gelatinous ki a ia. I roto i te ahumahi hinu te whakamahia te reira rite he para mo lubricating hinu. A, no te te nitration o toluene he benzidine rite, aniline, waikawa aminosalicylic, phenylenediamine.

Āhuatanga o te nitration

Nitration āhuatanga rōpū NO2 kokoru ki te rāpoi ngota o te pūhui waro. Tei runga i te rauemi tīmata, puta tenei tukanga mā te tuwhena, nucleophilic, tikanga electrophilic. Ko te matūriki kaha hei tīhiko nitronium, katote me Radicals NO2. pā Toluene nitration tauhohenga ki te whakakapinga. Hoki ētahi atu matū organic kia whakauru nitration, me te tua o te here rua.

kawea Nitration o toluene i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te waiwaro kakara i roto i te whakamahi i te waikawa nitrating (pungatara me waikawa hauota). Ko te whakakōkī whakaaturia ngā āhuatanga waikawa pungatara te taviniraa rite te tukanga tikanga vodotnimayuschego.

whārite tukanga

Nitration o toluene tā whakauru o tetahi ngota hauwai e nitro. Nahea te kaupapa o te tukanga haere tonu?

I roto i te tikanga ki te whakaahua i te nitration o toluene, e taea te māngai te whārite tauhohenga e whai ake:

ArH + HONO2 + = Ara-NO2 + H2 e

āhei te reira ki a koutou e whakawakia anake i runga i te akoranga whānui o te pāhekoheko, engari e kore e whakaatu i te āhuatanga katoa o tenei tukanga. I roto i te meka i reira he he tauhohenga i waenganui i te waiwaro kakara, me nga hua o te waikawa hauota.

Hoatu e te hua he rāpoi ngota wai, te whakaiti reira te kukū o te waikawa hauota, nitration o toluene reira he pōturi. I roto i te tikanga ki te karo i tenei raruraru, kawea te tukanga i roto i pāmahana iti te whakamahi i te waikawa hauota i roto i te nui i te taikaha.

Addition o te waikawa pungatara rite dehydrating āpiha whakamahia , anhydride ahetiki, waikawa polyphosphoric, boron trifluoride. taea ratou snizat kohi o waikawa hauota, faarahi te reira i te tōtika o te pāhekoheko.

Te mita o te tukanga

whakaahuatia te nitration o toluene i roto i te mutunga o te rautau tekau mā iwa V. Markovnikov. i taea e ki te whakatū i te hono i waenganui i te aroaro i roto i te ranunga tauhohe ia kukū waikawa pungatara me te auau rere tukanga. I roto i te hou production nitrotoluene te waikawa hauota anhydrous e whakamahia, tangohia i roto i te i te taikaha iti.

Ano, sulfonation me nitration o toluene tā whakamahi dehydrating boron wae pūkōwhai e wātea ana. Ko tōna whakataki ki te tukanga tauhohenga e āhei ki te whakaiti i te utu o te hua whiwhi, e hanga e wātea ana te nitration o toluene. Whārite tukanga e rerengia ana e te tikanga i whai ake nei:

ArH + HNO3 + BF3 = Ara-NO2 + BF3 · H2 e

I muri i whakaurua otinga o te wai tauhohenga te, ai te monohydrate boron puka pūkōwhai dihydrate. I nekehia atu te reira i roto i vacuo, ka tāpiri konupūmā pūkōwhai, e hoki ana ki te puka pūhui taketake.

pū nitration

Kei reira ētahi āhuatanga o te tukanga e pā ana ki te pai rawa o tauhohenga, tïpako te whakamahi i tauhohenga. A feruri i te tahi mau o ratou kōwhiringa atu:

• 60-65 ōrau te waikawa hauota i roto i te ranunga o 96 ōrau te waikawa pūngāwhā;
• ranunga o 98% te waikawa hauota me te waikawa pungatara kukū mō te tauhohenga matū organic iti;
• konurehu pākawa haukinia ki te waikawa pungatara kukū ranei - ko te pai rawa pai mō te hanga o te waerau o pūhui nitro.

Ko te kinetics o nitration

waiwaro kakara, te pāhekoheko ki te ranunga o te pūngāwhā me waikawa nitric, nitro ionically. V. Markovnikov taea ki te tohu i te pū o te pāhekoheko. e te tukanga wahi i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga. waikawa Nitrosernaya te tuatahi i hanga, i te whakamamaetia dissociation i roto i te wairewa. E tali katote Nitronium ki toluene ki te hanga i rite te nitrotoluene hua. A, no te tapiritia ki te ranunga o ngā rāpoi ngota wai puta i roto i whakapōturinga.

I roto i te whakarewa ki te āhua organic - nitromethane, acetonitrile, sulfolane - ka taea te hanganga o te māraa ļa ake i te tere o te nitration.

Ko te māraa ļa nitronium hua piri ki te karihi kakara o toluene, ko te kupu i hanga takawaenga. Atu i reira he he āputa iraoho, ārahi ki te nitrotoluene hanganga.

Hoki te whakamārama taipitopito o te tukanga haere tonu ka taea e tatou whakaaro te hanganga o te "sigma" me "pi" matatini. Mātauranga "sigma" o te matatini ko te taahiraa auau-whāiti o te pāhekoheko. Ko te tere o te tauhohenga te pā tika ki te oioi o nitronium te māraa tāpiritanga ki te ngota waro i roto i te karihi o pūhui kakara. kawea iraoho wāwāhi atu o toluene te i roto i tata tonu.

Anake i roto i te tahi mau āhuatanga, i reira kia kia etahi raruraru ki te whakakapinga e pā ana ki te pānga kanoirite nekeneke tuatahi nui. Ko e tika ana ki te whakatere o te tukanga hoki i roto i te aroaro o mau fifi o ngā momo tenei.

A, no te kōwhiri i te whakakōkī me te kaihoko dehydrating ki takiwa tukanga waikawa pungatara reira he neke taurite ki te hanganga o ngā hua tauhohenga.

mutunga

hanga e te reira i roto i te nitration o toluene nitrotoluene, i te mea he hua tino o te ahumahi matū. Ko tenei taonga ko te pūhui taikaha, na te hiahia i roto i ngingio ngā mahi. I roto i te raruraru taiao e pā ana ki tona hanga ahumahi, mōhio te whakamahi o te nui nui o te waikawa pūngāwhā kukū.

Hei akakoromaki i tenei raruraru, e rapu Utaina mō huarahi ki te whakaiti i te waikawa pungatara ururua whiwhi i muri i te tukanga nitration. Hei tauira, kawea te tukanga i roto i pāmahana o raro, ko ngāwari regenerable te reo e whakamahia ana. He āhuatanga oxidizing kaha, e tōraro pānga nui haere te waikura o konganuku te ati ki kaiao ora waikawa pungatara. I roto i te hanganga ture ki te taea ki te akakoromaki i enei raruraru katoa paerewa haumaru, whiwhi pūhui nitro kounga teitei.