Plo - he aha te mea tenei? Ko te mau parau tumu o te hōtaka ahanoa-hāngai

He aha meinga ahanoa-hāngai hōtaka i roto i te nuinga o ngā kaupapa? Plo tuku he ara whai hua ki te mahi ki a ratou whīwhiwhi. Engari o whakaaro he hōtaka rite te raupapa o ngā tohutohu whakamahi, tohu reira te reira rite te rōpū o ngā ki etahi āhuatanga, me te hua ia ratou ki etahi mahi. Nā tēnei, i roto i te tono mārama, atu pono, me te legkosoprovozhdaemyh.

Ko te mau parau tumu o te hōtaka ahanoa-hāngai (OOP) i hanga no te mea kua kitea here i roto i te huarahi i mua-tīariari. I roto ia ratou - te uru mutunga ki nga raraunga me te tokomaha nui o ngā hononga, e tangohia here i runga i te huringa. Ratou mōhio me te take nui ki te matau he aha te OOP hōtaka me aha e ona painga.

reo tukanga

C, Pascal, Fortran, me reo rite e ngā. Ko, ia o te operator parau te rorohiko ki te mahi i te tahi mea: ki te tiki i nga raraunga, tāpiri ake nga tau, wehea ki ono, te hua whakaaturia. reo ngā Tāpiritanga he rārangi ako. Ki te he te reira iti, e kore te kahore atu parau tumu whakahaere (maha kīia ki rite te tauira) e hiahiatia ana. hanga te rorohiko he rārangi o ngā tohutohu, ka puta ia ratou e te rorohiko.

Wehenga o ngā mahi

A, no te riro tono rārangi atu cumbersome o hohoko. Torutoru taea mahino atu atu i te torutoru rau tohutohu tae noa ki e whakarōpūtia ratou. Hoki tenei take, ko te mahi te ara ki te hanga i te tono atu mahuki ki ona kaihanga. I roto i te tahi mau reo, e taea te huaina te taua ariā subroutines ngā tukanga ranei.

Kei te wehea te taupānga ki ngā mahi, i ia o nei he whakaaro mārama me atanga.

Ka taea te whakawhānui i te whakaaro o te wehenga o ngā tukanga ki te whakarōpūtanga nui o ahanoa huaina te kōwae, engari he ngákaunuitia te parau tumu: te whakarōpūtanga o wāhanga e kawe rārangi o te tuhinga.

Wehenga o ngā mahi me te kōwae - tetahi o nga kohatu kokonga o hötaka hanganga, e hoki te maha ahuru matahiti noa ko te Plo notemea reira tauira.

raruraru hōtaka hanganga

Ka rite ki riro nui tono, hōtaka hanganga timata ki te wheako fifi. riro Kaupapa matatini rawa. neke whakairoiro. Ko tā te reira i te tau nui o hötaka. Kua tupu te whīwhiwhi. Utu pihinga ake, i neke atu i te hōtaka, me i reira ka haere mai te tiango.

Tātaritanga o take o rahunga whakakitea hē tauira ngā. Ahakoa o te āhua o hanganga pai huarahi hōtaka whakatinana, hei tono nui tōtu'a matatini.

He aha e nga take o enei raruraru e pā ana ki ngā reo tukanga? Tuatahi, whai wāhi mutunga ki raraunga ao nga mahi. Tuarua, ngā tukanga auauhia me ngā uara kino whakatau i te ao tūturu.

Ki te whakaaro tatou enei take i roto i te horopaki o te pūmanawa rārangi kaute, tetahi o nga mea timatanga tino nui o te raraunga ao ko te huinga o SKUs. Ka taea e ngā mahi rerekē tirohia ki a ratou ki te tomo i te uara hou, kua whakaaturia reira, huringa, me te pera. D.

uru mutunga

Te hōtaka tuhituhi, hei tauira, i roto i te C, i reira e rua ngā momo o te raraunga. Local huna i roto i te taumahi, me te kore e ētahi atu ngā tukanga e whakamahia ana.

A, no te whai wāhi ki te taua raraunga e rua, neke atu rānei ngā mahi, me te whakamutunga ao. Taua, mo te tauira, kei te tangohia ki ngā mōhiohio pūkete e pā ana ki te kaupapa. pea te raraunga ao tetahi tukanga e wātea ana.

I roto i te hōtaka nui, i reira e maha ngā āhuatanga, me te maha huānga ao. Ko te raruraru o te tauira ngā he e arata'i te reira ki te maha nui o ngā hononga pea i waenganui ia ratou.

Taua he maha nui o hononga ai e rave rahi mau fifi. Tuatahi, fakafaingata'a'ia'i reira te māramatanga o te hanganga o te hōtaka. Tuarua, ki te uaua te huri. Huri i roto i te tūemi raraunga ao kia rapua e whakatikatikanga o nga mahi katoa e whai wāhi ki reira.

Hei tauira, i roto i te hōtaka kaute tangata whakatau e kia ngā waehere ahanoa kiia kore o te 5 mati, a i 12. Ka rapua te huringa tenei te momo raraunga i poto ki te roa. Na e pā ana ki te tikanga whakarerekētia te waehere mahi kia ki te mahi ki te hōputu hou.

A, no te e puta ke te āhuatanga i roto i te tono nui, he uaua ki te mea he aha ngā tukanga whai wāhi ki a ratou. Otira, ahakoa ko tenei ahua, te huri kia hua a ratou i roto i te mahi hē ki ētahi atu raraunga ao. hono katoa e ki mea katoa atu, na te tauiraa i roto i te wahi kotahi backfire i tetahi.

Whakatauira i te ao tūturu

Ko te raruraru tuarua, me te nui atu o te tauira ngā ko e ona raraunga wāhi motuhake me ngā mahi painga simulates te mea i roto i te ao tūturu. Tenei e mahi tatou ki ngā pērā i te iwi motokā ranei. He ratou rite kahore raraunga te mahi ranei. ahanoa matatini tūturu-ao i huru me te whanonga.

huanga

Tauira o ngā huanga (i ētahi wā ka karanga āhuatanga) mo te iwi he tae kanohi, me te ingoa o te pou, mo te motokā - te mana, me te maha o nga tatau. Ka rite ki tahuri reira i roto i, te huru o te ao tūturu ōrite ki te raraunga i roto i te hōtaka. E ratou uara motuhake, pēnei i puru (te tae o kanohi) ranei wha (te maha o tatau).

whanonga

Whanonga - Ko e hua taonga tūturu-ao i roto i te whakautu ki etahi ahua o te pānga. Ki te ui koe he rangatira mo te hua utu, te whakahoki, ko te "ae" ranei "kahore." Ki te pēhi koe i runga i te wahia, ka mutu te motokā. Na tu nga whanonga kupu he tauira. Whanonga rite ki te tukanga: huaina reira ko ki te mahi i te tahi mea, a ka meatia e te reira na. Ko te kupu, e kore e nga raraunga me mahi e ratou whakatauira ahanoa tōtika tūturu-ao.

whakatutuki

māngai te ahanoa i OOP te rite te huinga o ngā raraunga, me te mahi. nga ngā tukanga e kua huaina mahi mema i roto i C ++ anake, tukua ki te whiwhi ona uara. E huna a tiakina i huringa enei. E ā Ngā tikanga me mahi ki tetahi. Encapsulation me upryatyvanie - ngā taketake i roto i te whakaahuatanga o te reo ahanoa-hāngai.

Ki te hiahia koe ki te huri i te raraunga, e mohio ana te reira rite te mea mahi taunekeneke ki a ratou. e kore e taea e No ngā tukanga atu te uru ratou. ohie tenei tuhituhi, patuiro, me te pupuri i te hōtaka.

He tono tikanga ngā o te maha taonga e taunekeneke ki a rātou anō, ka meinga te mahi mema.

I teie mahana, te OOP tino whānui whakamahia te reo (hōtaka ahanoa-hāngai) - C ++ (me me). I roto i te Java kāore ētahi āhuatanga pēnei i kuru, tauira me te kainga maha, e hanga ana e ia iti kaha, me te pūkenga atu C ++. kua kore ano tae C # te rongonui o C ++.

Me kï reira e pera-ka karanga mahi mema i roto i ngā tikanga C ++ ka karanga i roto i te tahi mau ētahi atu reo ahanoa-hāngai pērā i Smalltalk. Ko te tūemi raraunga e huaina huanga. Ka karangatia hoki te tikanga o te ahanoa e unga ia karere.

faaauraa

Ka taea e koe te whakaaro i te taonga o te tari kamupene. I roto i te nuinga o ngā rōpū, e kore e mahi kaimahi kotahi ra ki te tokotoko, i te utu overcharging e whai ake nei, a ka he wiki whai wāhi i roto i te hokohoko hokohoko. tari Ia he ona ake ngā kaimahi, ki te mau ohipa mārama whakaritea. He ake raraunga: tohu o utu, hoko, kaute kaimahi, me ētahi atu tangata i roto i te tari mahi ki to ratou mōhiohio ... Ko te wehenga o te kamupene, reira, whakahaere te mana o ona ngā mahi, me te pupuritia e tapatahi raraunga. Kaute he kawenga mō te pūtea moni. Ki te hiahia koe ki te mohio i te nui katoa o te utu utua ki te peka tonga i roto i Hōngongoi, e kore e hiahia ana ki te ruku hōhonu ki te pūranga. Ko reira nui ki te tonoa he tuhipoka ki te tangata haepapa, tatari noa he wāhi ki te raraunga e tangata me ka tukua te whakautu ki te mōhiohio tonoa. Ka āta whakarite tēnei tautukunga ki ngā ture me te ngaro o te pokanoa waho. I roto i te ara ano he ahanoa i roto i te Plo whakarato tono whakahaere.

Kia mahara te reira e kore e te takotoranga o ngā tono ki ngā taipitopito o te hōtaka mahi. Te nuinga o ngā tohutohu C ++ ngā hāngai ki te reo tukanga pērā i C. I roto i te meka, te mahi mema i roto i te C ++ e tino rite ki te mahi i roto i te C. ka tukua anake te horopaki whānui ki whakapumautia ranei te ako ngā ranei whakahe-hāngai.

Te ahanoa i roto i te OOP: Definition

A, no te whakaaro i te raruraru o te hōtaka i roto i te reo ahanoa-hāngai hei utu o ngā pātai e pā ana ki tona wehenga ki mahi motuhake ko te raruraru i roto i te whakaurunga wehenga. Ko nui māmā ki te whakawhanake tono OOP whakaaro. Ko e tika ana ki te ōrite o te pūmanawa, me ngā tūturu tenei.

He aha te momo o nga mea e ngā i roto i te OOP? Here te tahi mau kāwai angamaheni.

ahanoa tinana i roto i te OOP - ko:

• tauira rere waka;
• wāhanga hiko i roto i te hōtaka hoahoa ara iahiko;
• tauira ōhanga te whenua o;
• rererangi i roto i te pūnaha mana waka rangi.

Elements o te taiao rorohiko o te kaiwhakamahi:

• tahua;
• matapihi;
• whakairoiro (rārangi, tapawhā, porohita);
• puku papapātuhi, kiore, pūreretā, kōpae.

iwi:

• kaimahi;
• ngā ākonga;
• kiritaki;
• kaihoko.

ngā mōhiohio:

• tauhi pukapuka;
• he mea tūmataiti;
• papakupu;
• tepu o ahopae me longitudes o whakataunga.

Communication o te ao tūturu ahanoa a ko te Plo te hua o te huinga o ngā mahi me raraunga kua revolutionized ratou te hōtaka. he ōrite tata taua i roto i reo ngā reira.

piha haapiiraa

Ahanoa i roto i te Plo - he melo o te piha. Eaha te auraa? Kua hanga-i roto i te reo hōtaka momo raraunga. Momo int, t. E. He tau tōpū tomu'a e te roto i C ++. Ka taea e koe te whakaatu i tetahi maha o int taurangi.

Waihoki, he plurality o ngā tautuhia e kotahi te piha haapiiraa. tautuhi te reira i te mahi me te raraunga i roto i ona whakaurunga, e kore te hanga i ratou, me te kore e he int waihanga taurangi.

Class i roto i te Plo - he whakaahuatanga o te maha o ngā rite. Prince, Koná ko Madonna ko nga kaiwaiata. Kahore he tetahi i taua ingoa, engari e taea te huaina na iwi, ki te whai ratou i nga āhuatanga e tika ana. ahanoa OOP - tenei tauira.

kainga

I roto i te ora, kua wehea akomanga ki subclasses. Hei tauira, kua wehea kararehe ki amphibians, whāngote, manu, ngārara, me te pera i runga i. D.

Ko te parau tumu o tenei ahua o te wehenga ko e he āhuatanga noa ki te piha haapiiraa i nei te ia sublcass. waka katoa i wira, me te nekeneke. Ko te āhuatanga tautuhi o te waka tenei. I tua atu ki te āhuatanga whānui o ia sublcass he ona ake āhuatanga. He maha tūru pahi me taraka i te wāhi ki te kawe kawenga taimaha.

Waihoki, ka taea e te piha haapiiraa turanga e he sublcass matua e rave rahi pärönaki e kia tautuhi ai kia ka faaite ratou ona ake āhuatanga ki te tua. Tupu rite mahi, whakamāmā hōtaka ngā. Ki te kei te mahi tino nui e rave rahi ngā wāhanga o te waehere te taua, ka taea e koe unu i nga āhuatanga noa, me te hoatu ratou i roto i te kotahi tukanga. Ka taea e toru rohe tono karanga te mahi ki te mahi mahi noa, engari ratou e ahei te hua me ona ake ngā mahi. Waihoki, kei te piha haapiiraa turanga mōhiohio noa ki te rōpū o pärönaki. te whakaiti i te mahi rite te tupu o te hōtaka ahanoa-hāngai, me te whakamārama i te hononga o ona āhuatanga.

tukurua

Kia hanga te piha haapiiraa te ka debugged, e taea te whakawhiti i te reira ki te tahi atu hötaka ki te whakamahi anō i roto i to koutou ake tono. Ko te rite ki te whare pukapuka o te mahi e taea te whakauru i roto i tono rerekē.

I roto i te OOP, kainga ko te toronga o te whakaaro o te whakamahi maha. Mai i te piha haapiiraa tīariari, kahore te huri i te reira, ka taea e tatou te hanga i te kotahi hou ki te tua o te tahi atu mahi. Ko te noho pai o anō-whakamahi o te pūmanawa tīariari - he painga nui o te Plo. Kei te whakapono te reira e whakarato reira he moni piki haere o te haumi tuatahi.

Te hanga momo raraunga hōu

Whakaurunga e tika ana mō te hanga o ngā momo raraunga hou. Pea whakamahi i te hōtaka uara e rua-ahu (hei tauira taunga ranei ahopae me te ahopou), a ka whai i te hiahia ki te whakapuaki i te mahi o te tauhanga ki runga ki a ratou:

position1 = tūranga + takenga,

te wahi position1, tūranga me te takenga - he rua o uara tau motuhake. Te hanga i te piha haapiiraa e ngā enei uara e rua, me whakapuakanga tāupe o ona taonga hanga i te momo raraunga hou.

Polymorphism, ngāwari

Ngā = (rite), me + (me) e whakamahia ana i roto i te tauhanga tū i runga e kore e mahi i rite te pai kia rite ki te hanga-i roto i ngā momo, pērā i int. ngā Tūnga, me etahi atu. E kore ianei këtia, ka whakaturia e te pūmanawa. Me pēhea e enei ngā matau me pehea ki te hapai i a ratou? Ko te whakahoki takoto i roto i te meka e taea te whakaturia whanonga hou mo ratou. ka waiho enei ngā mahi mahi Class mema Tūnga.

Mā te ngā ngā tukanga ranei i runga i huaina ki ta e mahi ratou te polymorphism rānei. A, no te reira he he operator, pērā i + = ranei, whiwhi te whai wāhi ki te mahi ki te momo raraunga hou, te reira ta e te overloaded reira. Kikī i roto i te Plo - he ahua o te polymorphism. Ko tona āhuatanga nui.

He pukapuka i runga i te Plo "Papatonotanga Ahanoa-Tirohanga mō horoi" e tukua katoa ki te kia maheni ki tenei kaupapa i roto i te taipitopito atu.