Rangatiratanga Russian: te pakanga me te uniana

I roto i te rau tau XII-XV i te wā o te wehewehenga feudal i Rus vai ngā kāwanatanga - kingitanga onamata. I roto i te rau tau X i reira ko te mahi, kua meinga nei e te täkupu i roto i te rau tau e whai ake nei, - te tohatoha o te whenua e nga rangatira Russian nui, ana tama, ko ona teina, ki te rau tau XII e arahina ki te mariko mimiti haere o te āhua Russian Old.

mana

He i o whenua me te mana ona poari, hohoro timata tenei ahua o kau ma'u o te mana ki te uaua hoki motuhake ōhanga me te tōrangapū i te pokapū me tenei raruraru te whanaketanga o te rangatiratanga Russian. I roto i te rohe katoa o nga rangatira o te ahua o Rurik (anake mo Novgorod, i kua kanohi te hanganga ahua rite ki te käwanatanga) taea riro rangatira Ariki nei i okioki i runga i to ratou taputapu whakahaere, arā, o te piha haapiiraa faehau, a riro tetahi wahi o te utu i nga rohe subordinated. Feudatories (rangatira) ki ana matua o nga minita, ko Boyar Duma - consulting me te tinana tohutohu. Prince ko te rangatira matua o te whenua, etahi o nei no fakafo'ituitui ki a ia, me te toenga tikanga ia o rite te rangatira rohe, a ka wehea ratou i waenganui taonga natemea i o te hahi, e pupuri ana boyars here me ratou pononga.

rangatiratanga Russian i roto i te wā o te wehewehenga

I roto i te wā o te wehewehenga i roto i Russia hanganga ā-tōrangapū e hāngai ana i runga i te pūnaha o te arawhata feudal. Tae noa te rau tau XII Kievan Rus me nga rangatiratanga Russian raro ki etahi aroākapa o te kaha. Grand Prince o Kiev ahu te nahanaha feudal, ka whiwhi tenei mana te ko Galicia-Volyn Vladimir-Suzdal rangatira. nahanaha Central nohoia e nga rangatira o nga rangatiratanga nui rite Chernigov, Polotsk, Vladimir-Volyn, Rostov-Suzdal, Turov-Pinsk, Smolensk, Murom-Ryazan, Galician. I te taumata i raro i rangatira, me o ratou apa (tavini te taupori o te rangatira Untitled).

Na roto i te waenganui o te rau tau XI, te tukanga o te whakangaromanga o rangatiratanga nui, a ki nga rangatiratanga ahuwhenua tino whakawhanakehia - Kievi me Chernihiv rohe. Mai te mutunga o te timatanga o te XII ki te rau tau XIII, tahuri tenei au ki te āhuatanga ao. Tika ko Tākongakongatanga tere i roto i Kiev, Chernigov, Murom-Ryazan, Turov-Pinsk mau. I roto i te tohu iti kaha mo reira te kawanatanga Smolensk, engari i roto i te rangatiratanga Rostov-Suzdal me Galicia-Volyn enei wā kuru ia wā kīnakinaki ki rōpū rangitahi i raro i te mana o te rangatira "pakeke". tenei wa katoa te whenua Novgorod i taea ki te mau tonu tapatahi tōrangapū.

hoariri

I roto i te wa o te wehewehenga feudal timata ki te tākaro i te tūranga nui Congresses rangatira katoa-Russian, me te rohe. kōrero ratou nga take tōrangapū ā-me waho. Otiia kihai i taea e ratou mutu te tukanga purara. Tenei momeniti a tangohia ana painga o nga mano tini Tatar-Mongol, whenua Russian me te rangatiratanga o Russia kore i taea e uru ope ki te pato'ii te fakaaoao waho, me te reira ngaro etahi o te rohe nui o ona whenua tonga-hauauru me te uru i muri pahuatia e te hoia o Batu Khan i roto i ngā rau tau XIII-XIV i patua Lithuania (Polotskoye, Kiev, Pereyaslavskoe, Chernigovskoye, Turovo-Pinsky, Smolenskoye, Vladimir-Volynskoye) ko Poland (Galitskoe). He ko whaiaro anake Northeast Russia (Novgorod , Murom, Ryazan me whenua Vladimir).

Ko te hakari Russian rangatiratanga rōpū ki te timata ki. XIV me n. O te rau tau XVI. Kua whakahaeretia "Kohia" e te Moscow rangatiratanga ai kāwanatanga Russian mo te faaho'iraa mai o ratou kotahitanga.

mau feudal Russian

matua National mo nga rangatira Russian ko te whakaoranga o Russia i te ioka o te Golden Horde me te ora ōhanga, me ki te mahi i tenei i te reira tika ki te whakakotahi katoa, engari te tangata i ki tu i roto i te pokapū. I taua wa, whakakitea ana e ia e rua rangatira kaha - Moscow me Tver. i hanga Tver rangatiratanga i roto i 1247 i roto i te kingitanga o te teina o Aleksandra Nevskogo - Jaroslav Yaroslavovych. I muri i te matenga o tona teina, ka ia te kawana o te rangatiratanga Tver (1263-1272 gg.), Nei i reira te kaha tino i roto i Russia. Heoi, ko reira i te matenga o te tukanga whakakotahitanga.

Na roto i te XIV rau rawa tere kake Moscow, i mua i te taenga mai o te Tatar-Mongol ko ia he ahanoa iti borderline o Vladimir-Suzdal kawanatanga, engari na te timatanga o te rau tau XIV ka he pokapū tōrangapū nui. A katoa no te noho ia i te tūranga matawhenua rawa pai. Mai i te tonga me te rawhiti o te mano tini hipoki tona kawanatanga Ryazan me Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod, i te raki - rangatiratanga Novgorod me Tver. Ngahere a tawhio Moscow i mokemoke mo nga kaieke hoiho, te Tatar-Mongol. Na reira, ka nui haere te whiwhinga o taupori i roto i te rangatiratanga, Grand o Moscow Russian nui. He anga ki te whakawhanake i te mahi, me te ahuwhenua. waiho Moscow hoki te pokapū kaha o te whenua me ngā wai, ka whai wāhi tenei ki te hokohoko, me ngā rautaki hōia.

Moscow

Na roto i te awa ka puta mai i roto i Moscow ko Oka Duchy o Moscow ki te Täingäwai me ona takoha i roto i pēnei ki te whenua Novgorod. hoatu hoki kaupapa ngāwari o te rangatira Moscow hua pai, ko a ratou i ahei ki te riro i runga i te tahi atu rangatiratanga Russian me te hahi ratou. Ko te kaiwhakarewa o nga rangatira Moscow o te whare ka Daniil Aleksandrovich - (. 1276-1303 gg) te tama whakaotinga a Aleksandra Nevskogo. I raro i tona tikanga, tino nui haere te rangatiratanga o Moscow tona rohe. I roto i te 1301 oho reira ki Kolomna, riro i roto i te rangatira Ryazan. I roto i te 1302, ua tuu mai Pereyaslav rangatira, nei i kahore tamariki, ana taonga Moscow. I roto i 1303 i roto i Moscow, piri ia Mozhaisk. No te tau toru rererua ia te rohe o te kawanatanga Moscow, a kua riro te reira tetahi o te nui rawa i roto i te raki-rawhiti o Russia.

Mozhaysk - i te timatanga o te awa Moscow, a Kolomna - i te mangai o te awa i roto i te mana tonu o nga rangatira Moscow. Pereslavl-Zaleski - tetahi o nga wāhi hua - i muri i whakawhiti ki te rangatiratanga Moscow tino whakakaha ona pūmanawa. Na reira, ka anga te rangatira o Moscow ki te uaua ki a Tver mo te kingitanga nui. Ka rite ki te peka matua o Tver, riro Michael Yaroslavovich Prince te tika Horde i runga i te rangatiratanga nui.

Na i roto i Moscow mano Yury o Moscow, nei i marenatia ki te tuahine o te Khan Uzbek Konchak (i muri i Papitaisó Agafia). hoatu Khan ia te tika ki te torona. Na ka patua Michael i roto i 1315 te kapa o Yuri, a horo ana tana wahine, e mate i muri mai i roto i Tver. mahi ana ka karangatia Mikhail ki te Horde. I roto i te 1325 patua George te tama mātāmua a Mihaila Tverskogo - kanohi Dimitri pāharakeke, i muri i whakangaromia te Khan Uzbek, te whainga a Uzbek Khan he kaupapa here o whangai rangatira Russian, rite ki te hua o te rangatiratanga, nui o Tver ko Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1326-1327 gg.).

Te whakatikanga ake i roto i te Tver

I 1327 i reira ko te whakatikanga ake i roto i Tver ki pakō Uzbek whanaunga. patua te hunga tutu maha Tatars. haere mai Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1325-1340 gg.), mau painga o te kau, ki Tver ki te Tatar-Mongols ka tāmia riri o te iwi. Mai reira, ko te tapanga i runga i te rangatiratanga nui i nga rangatira Moscow. whakahaere Kalita ki te whakatutuki i te hononga tata ki te mana hahi i roto i Moscow. Na reira, oho te Metropolitan Pita ki te ora i roto i Moscow. Na roto i taua wa, hei Moscow kua kore anake wä, engari ano hoki te pokapū fakalotu o Russia. I roto i te kingitanga o tama Ivan Kalita a Himiona ki whakakake (1340-1353 gg.) A honoa Ivan te Whero (1353-1359 gg.) Ki te Duchy o Moscow i Kostroma, Dmitrov, whenua Starodubsky me tetahi wahi o te whenua Kaluga.

Don

Prince Dmitry (1359-1389 gg.) Ko 9 tau ka anga ki te whakahaere i te rangatiratanga Moscow. Kia ano, te pakanga mo te torona o Vladimir Grand. timata Hoariri o Moscow ki te tautoko nuitia te Horde. He tohu o te angitu, me te wikitoria o te rangatiratanga Moscow ko te hanganga o Kremlin te-kohatu ma, i ko anake te pa me taiepa kohatu i roto i te-raki rawhiti Russia. Na roto i i taea e ki te whawhai atu kerēme i runga i te kaiārahi katoa-Russian Tver, Nizhny Novgorod me pei te Lithuanian Grand Duke Algirdas tenei Moscow. I roto i te manakohia o Moscow ke te toenga o ope i Russia.

Na te Horde ki te waenganui o te rau tau XIV tīmata te wā o te vaivai o te kaha pokapū, me te pakanga mo te torona emepaea. I 1377 ko te awa he collisions whawhai haurangi te wahi i kurua Muscovite ope Horde. Ko te tau i muri mai i roto i 1378 i runga i te awa o Vozha hoia patua Murza Begich Dmitry.

Battle o Kulikovo

I roto i te 1380 faaoti Khan Mamai ki whakahokia te mana o nga whenua Russian o te Golden Horde. apiti e ia ki runga ki te Lithuanian Piriniha Jagiello, a ka whakatutehu ratou ki Russia. Prince Dmitry i taua momeniti te ngarahu a rite te rangatira pūmanawa. oho ia ki te Tatars, a whiti te Don, te wahi mahi ia i roto i te whawhai ki te hoariri i runga i tona rohe ake. Ko te mahi tuarua ko ia ki te whawhai ki te kore e hoatu Mamai ngā ope ki Jagiello.

Mahuru 8, 1380 i te ra o te ata Battle o Kulikov i kohu, tīmata noa 11 ra te ōrite te toa-moke o Russian Peresvet me te toa Tartar Chelubey. Tatar tuatahi wahia te hoia Russian matatau, a he hira noa toku whaea, engari ka patua i te kaiwhakawa wiki taha pehipehi Dmitry Bobrok-Volintsev ko Prince Vladimira Serpuhovskogo. Na roto i te 15 haora i mārama katoa te whawhai. rere Tatars, a mo te generalship timata kaiaka ki te karanga Dmitri Donskoi. Battle o Kulikovo tino whakawarea te mana o te Horde, i muri hopea whakaae te aoniu o Moscow i runga i te whenua Russian.

Tokhtamysh

rere Mamay i muri i te hinga i roto i Kafu (Feodosiya), te wahi i patua ai ia. Ko te rangatira o te Horde ka ka Khan Tokhtamysh. I roto i te 1382 ohorere ia patua Moscow. I te wa ko Don i o pa, na haere ana ia ki te raki, ki te kohikohi i tētahi takoha hou. Ko te taupori itoito whawhai e whakarite te korero o Moscow. Ka rite ki te hua, outsmarted Tokhtamysh ratou, te fafau kore ki pahuatia te pa, a ka ki te whawhai anake ki te Don. Otira, kokiritanga ia ki Moscow, patua ana e ia te pa, a ka whakakikoruatia hakari hoki reira.

I mua i tona mate, ka hoatu e Don te tika ki te kingitanga nui o Vladimir ki tana tama Vasily ahau, i waho te ani i te Horde tika i runga i te tapanga. Ko te kupu hanumi rangatiratanga Russian - Moscow ko Vladimir.

Timur

I roto i 1395 ka haere te rangatira Timur Tamerlane, patua Central Asia, Pahia, Siberia, Baghdad, India, Turkey, ki te Horde ka whakangaromia ai, a ka oho ki Moscow. huihuia Basil ahau e tenei wa he faehau i roto i Kolomna. I roto i Moscow kawea i Vladimir Advocate o te whenua Russian - te icon o te Vladimir Mother o te Atua. A, no te i roto i te hauwhā tuarua haere Timur ki Moscow, a noho i roto i Yelets rohe, ka i muri i te ia, kitea rawatia ake e ia ke tona whakaaro ki te haere ki Russia. E ai ki te kōrero, kua whai pānga te reira ki te āhuatanga o te nuinga o Mother Meri moe Timur.

pakanga feudal me te Uniana o Florence

I muri i te matenga o Basil ahau i te mutunga o te rau tau XIV, te pakanga o nga rangatiratanga Russian me te totohe, i huaina "pakanga feudal." I roto i te rangatiratanga Moscow i roto i ana tama, me nga tama i muri ko Dmitry Donskoy he whawhai tino mo te kainga o te torona. Ka rite ki te hua, ka haere ia ki Vasily II te Dark, Muscovy mo tenei wā nui haere i te 30 ngā wā.

kihai Basil II ki te whakaae i te uniana (1439), me te tu i raro i te tuatahi o te popa. whakaritea tēnei uniana i raro i te take o te tiaki Russia i Byzantium, Ottoman. Russia Metropolitan Isidore (Kariki), nana nei i tautoko te uniana, i whakataka tonu. Na ka ka Metropolitan Pihopa Hona Ryazan. Ko te timatanga o te rangatiratanga o te Russian Siu Ekalesia o te'o Constantinople.

I muri i te raupatu o Constantinople i nga Otomení i 1453, ka anga te upoko o te Ekalesia Russian ki te tautuhi i Moscow. kaha tautoko Siu Ekalesia te pakanga mo te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian. Na i kore te pakanga mo te mana wehe rangatiratanga Russian, a haere ia i roto i te whare rangatira. Otiia ka tina heke te hanganga o te kāwanatanga nui Russian, a meinga katoa mohio rite te whakapaipai Moscow.