Raru cranial, 12 o takirua: anatomy, mahi tepu

Ko te raru e puta i roto i te roro, me te whakawhānui i reira, i roto i te rongoa tautuhi te rite raru cranial cranial ranei (12 takirua). innervate ratou repe, uaua, kiri, me te tahi atu whēkau kei roto i te upoko me te kaki, me te rite i roto i kōwhao puku, me te rei.

Kia kōrero o tenei ra e pā ana ki enei faaipoipo me aua maumaui e ara ake i roto i a ratou.

Ngā momo o raru cranial

ka mea ia o o raru takirua denoted e te tātai Roma i te tuatahi ki te tekau ma rua, rite tonu ki o ratou wāhi i runga i te turanga o te roro. E tū ana i roto i te raupapa e whai ake:

1) olfactory;

2) poke iho;

3) oculomotor;

4) poraka;

5) trigeminal;

6) e whakangau ke;

7) mata;

8) rongo;

9) glossopharyngeal;

10) kaipaowe;

11) ngā toronga;

12) sublingual.

Ēnei ngā autonomic efferent me afferent muka me e kei o ratou otaota i roto i te mea hina o te roro. Tei runga i te hanganga o muka karere, kua wehea raru cranial katoa (12 takirua) ki tairongo, nekeneke, me te whakauru. Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou ratou faatura tenei i roto i.

momo tairongo

Tenei rōpū ngā olfactory, ataata, me te māna raru.

Ko te raru olfactory he tukanga e te hunga i roto i te mucosa nasal. Tīmata ki te kōhao nasal, whiti ratou te pereti mātiti me e tika ana ki te umanga olfactory, te wahi mutu te neuron tuatahi, me te tīmata i te ara pokapū.

Poke iho rua ngā o weu whakawhānui i te mahuetanga tuaroa me rakau. te raru katoa he wahi o tetahi oko i roto i te kōhao cranial. Tuatahi, i whai ahua ai ratou he whakawhitinga, ka wahi whatu, kakau roro whatu muka circumferential me pokapū kaituku. I roto i te kotahi karere ngā pā ana ki kotahi miriona muka (axons o nga neurons o te etine) me, i roto i te tua, Kei roto te reira tetahi waho te tenetene, i te tahi atu - te roto. Karere tomo te pakohu roro i roto i te teihana ataata.

Na roto i te waru o nga rua o raru ko cranial e rongo - 12 o ētahi atu takirua, i roto i te tua ki no enei e toru ki te nekeneke whakauru ranei. I roto i te muka io rongo e whakahaua i te taringa waenga ki nga karihi. I roto i ia o ratou tomo te vestibular me pakiaka koko. whakawhānui ratou i te taringa waenga me ko roto te koki cerebellopontine.

momo nekeneke

I roto i te tahi atu rōpū o te 12 o raru cranial takirua he oculomotor, poraka, atu, sublingual me te putanga raru.

te toru te tokorua, i.e. ka raru ko oculomotor i roto i autonomic, motor, me muka parasympathetic. E wehea ratou ki manga o runga me raro. Na nga manga o runga anake he rōpū nekeneke. Ko wāhanga o te uaua e whakaara ake te kamo ratou.

Ki te rōpū i muri ngā ārai i te raru e arahi te kanohi ki te neke. Ki te whakarite tatou i nga raru cranial katoa - 12 takirua - he te wahine whakatarapi tino enei. mai ratou i te karihi ki tegmentum, ka kāpui te kakau roro me whakahaua ki te ohuraa, innerviruya runga uaua matahao o aporo kanohi.

ana Abducens ki whakatika te uaua kanohi. E ratou he matua pūkaha i roto i te poka. E haere mai ana i roto i o te roro, e tonoa mai e ratou ki te moko orbital pai, innerviruya reira uaua tika kanohi.

raru atu mai i te oblongata medulla me nga wāhi waha o te ua. E hono ana te pakiaka takitahi ki tetahi take whakawhānui i roto i te poka, me te he te wehewehe i nga manga o waho, me te ā. peka ā-, e he muka whai wāhi i roto i te innervation o te paeoro me te pharynx, kua piri te reira ki te karere vagus.

Na te whakamutunga o te 12 takirua o raru cranial (Ripanga nei hoki te haratau aroaro te i te mutunga o te tuhinga) e pā ana ki te pūkaha, ko te karere hypoglossal. He cerebrospinal te take o tenei karere. Ko, i runga i te wā, kua oho reira whakahokia ki te angaanga. Ko reira mārama e ko te reira i te io pūkaha o te reo. Pakiaka puta i te oblongata medulla me ka whiti i te iatuku kakī, me te tomo i te uaua reo tuwhatuwhaia ki manga.

whakaaro whakauru

Tenei rōpū ngā trigeminal, kanohi, glossopharyngeal me raru vagus. I roto i te raru whakauru, ganglia reira, rite ki te hunga katoa e kitea i roto i te ua, ko ratou e kore e whai pakiaka mua, a muri. E ratou he pūkaha me ngā momo muka rongo e piri i roto i te kātua noa. Hoki, kia tika kia ratou a tawhio noa.

Tukua 12 rerekē takirua o raru cranial. Ko te kupu, ko te tuatoru, te whitu o, te iwa me te tekau takirua whai muka parasympathetic i te wāhanga putanga e kua whakahaua ki te ganglia autonomic. He tokomaha o ratou hanumi manga, i reira te muka rerekē.

E rua pakiaka, kei hea he tairongo te nui me te iti te karere trigeminal - nekeneke. innervation kiri o ratou tupu i runga i te wāhi karauna, taringa, me te kauwae. hopu hoki Innervation te kirikamo me te kanohi aporo, Rura, mucous - te ihu, me te waha, niho me pae, me te te wahi matua o te arero.

karere Trigeminal kei waenganui i cerebellar waewae, waenganui, me te piriti. Muka e ganglion pakiaka tairongo e takoto i roto i te tara pae tino tata te tihi i hanga nei e te wāwāhi i te Rura. mutunga ratou ake i roto i te karihi o te karere, kei nei i roto i te poka, me te karihi o te ara filosilivá, tonu i roto i te oblongata medulla, a ka tono tangata ki te ua. muka Motor io pakiaka mai i karihi trigeminal, i te mea i roto i te piriti.

Mai i te ganglion haere upper-, kauae raro, me te karere whatu. Kei te tairongo, kua wehea te whakamutunga ki nosoresnichny, frontal me te roimata. Innervation 12 raru cranial takirua rerekē kore anake i roto ratou takirua, engari pärönaki hoki manga. Ko te kupu, innervates karere lacrimal te koki lateral o kanohi, haere nga manga secretory repe lacrimal. Te karere frontal, aua, kua branched runga i te rae me te kaiwhakawhiwhi reira mucosa. Nosoresnichny kaiwhakawhiwhi te 'Afio, ka haere atu ia ka raru ko wini e innervate te mucosa nasal.

He karere tairongo, me te maxillary whakawhānui fossa pterygopalatine me mata mua palatal-anga. Mai i ia mai i te raru ko kauae o runga e haere ana ki nga niho o te kauae runga, me te pae. haere ana te karere i runga i nga paparinga o te raru ganglion i te hoki o te ihu ki tona mucosa me te pū ihu. He pukuaroha a parasympathetic muka karere.

Ki te momo whakauru ko te karere mandibular. Kei a ia ko te pakiaka motor. Ko tōna manga rongo ngā karere buccal tuku i te mucosal tika ushno-pae tino innervating te kiri i runga i nga mau hiero me taringa, me te reo, e te kaiwhakawhiwhi te matamata me te kaikōrero hoki. he whakauru iti iho karere kauae. E haere ana i roto i te kauae raro, mutu reira ki runga ki tona kauwae, te pekapeka atu ki konei i roto i te kiri, me te mucosa o te ngutu o raro. E herea ana te manga ki te ganglia autonomic:

• karere ushno-pae tino - ki te taringa i innervate te repe hūare;
• reo karere - ki te ganglion hoatu innervation i roto i te repe submandibular me sublingual.

Ki te mua ngā nekeneke me rongo raru cranial. muka Mixed hanga mouthfeel. Ētahi muka innervate konei lacrimal me salivary repe, me etahi atu - te mua rua-hautoru o te arero.

Kei karere kanohi o muka nekeneke, timata i roto i nga rua o runga. Kei roto i tēnei takawaenga karere whakarehu me muka parasympathetic. Ētahi tukanga e ganglion, hua weu gustatory o nga raru vagus me glossopharyngeal. He tīmatanga ki te tahi atu salivary me lacrimal karihi tata te matua nekeneke.

karere Kanohi tīmata i roto i te hinu wheua cerebellopontine koki, a ka puta i roto i te hongere i mua o te meatus māna. He he he string me drum, haere i roto i te kōhao hono ki te karere reo. Kei roto te reira i hā, me te parasympathetic muka e tae te ganglion submandibular.

putaatu te io kanohi nga mau hiero wheua, me te tū i roto i te repe hūare, te wahi intertwining. No reira peka te faaatea tikanga tahi-āhua. I tenei wa, innervated katoa uaua e pā ana ki te tāwhai, me etahi ētahi atu. Manga i runga i te kaki o nga manga karere kanohi ki tona uaua subcutaneous.

kitenga rua Glossopharyngeal repe lacrimal innervation, wahi arero muri, te taringa, me te pharynx roto. muka Motor whakahaua ki stylopharyngeus uaua me te detrusor korokoro me te Tārewa - mo ki te repe hūare ushnomu ganglion. Ko te karihi o enei raru, i roto i te rerekē ki ētahi atu karihi e e 12 o raru cranial takirua, kua whakaritea i roto i te poka - tapatoru o te karere vagus.

timata muka Parasympathetic ki salivary karihi. karere Glossopharyngeal, neke atu i te oblongata medulla toro ki te reo turanga. Mai i ganglion io tīmata drum he muka parasympathetic whakawhānui ki te ganglion taringa. Next, timata reo, mindalikovye me raru pharyngeal. innervate raru reo te arero.

Pohehe ana rua whakatinana innervation parasympathetic i roto i te puku, me te i roto i te pouaka me te kaki. Kei tēnei karere o te nekeneke me te muka tairongo. Tenei ko te innervation nui. Ko te karere vagus he matua rua:

• hikumārō;
• te wahi mokemoke.

Mahue i muri i te oriwa ki runga ki te kaki, neke te reira ki te paihere neuro-iaia, a ka branched.

hara

Ka taea e whai Dysfunctions nga raru cranial katoa - 12 faaipoipo. whakakitea Anatomy o te wāhi pānga kei i ngā taumata rerekē o te otaota ngahaú ranei. Hei hanga i te tātaritanga, he i roto i-hohonu tātaritanga o tukanga pathological intracranial. Ki te pā te lesion tetahi taha o te matua, me muka, he reira tino pea, ko reira he takahi o nga mahi o tetahi o nga pāngia 12 o raru cranial takirua.

akoranga Neuroscience, Heoi, ko te tohu i runga i te taha ki te ritenga atu. Na ka pāngia ara kino. Reira tupu hoki e hono te pōrearea o nga raru, me te huamo, whēwhē arachnoid, whēwhē, malformations iaia, me ētahi atu tukanga rite.

Ko te mate tukutahi o 12 o raru cranial takirua, e ko, te wheua arero me te vagus me glossopharyngeal, ka mohiotia rite te pararutiki bulbar. Ko te mate rawa kino tenei, mai i reira he he tūponotanga o māuiuitanga te pokapū tino nui o te kakau roro.

Knowledge o te wāhi matawhenua o raru cranial taea ki a koe te tautuhi i tika te wahi kuiti o ia lesion. Ki te whakahaere rangahau, whai wāhi tikanga motuhake. Ki te taputapu e tika ana, i tenei ra he reira taea ki te whakakitea nga kōrero katoa o te āhua o te fundus, te faatae te, ki te tātari i te mara o te kite me te aronga o te mate. rangahau rorohiko taea nui-pū te kimi i te wāhi pakaru.

rangahau ophthalmological

Tenei tikanga taea ki te kite i kōtītiti i te oculomotor, poraka me raru efferent faaipoipo whakakitea nenewha mahi iti toitoi, exophthalmos tohu e rua. Ka taea te meinga māuiuitanga o te ataata, me te io rongo na whāiti o te awa i roto i te wheua ranei, i runga i te anga ke, tona toronga. hanga tātaritanga te te i'ai runga o te āmionga, me te ngā angaanga puare.

Verterbalnaya me kakī angiography

Tenei tikanga he uara mō te mohio ki malformations iaia me ngā tukanga intracranial. Heoi, ka whakarato ētahi atu pārongo āmiki i runga i enei take i te tomography rorohiko. visualizes te reira i kahiwi karere cranial, whakatau puku rua ataata, me te māna, me te tahi atu pathologies.

rheotachygraphy

ako Hōhonu o te raru cranial hanga i te whakawhetai taea ki te whanaketanga o tenei tikanga. whakatau te reira i te āhua o māhorahora ngangau uaua, me te mahi pakoire, uaua o te arero, mangai ngohengohe me te tahi atu uaua. taea hoki Electromyography ki te tātai i te tere o te kawenga hihiko haere nga kahiwi kanohi, hypoglossal me apatoko raru. Ki tenei mutunga, tūhura i tatou whakautu pūpū kemo whakaratohia e te e te trigeminal me raru kanohi.

whakamātautau Neurological me tohu o etahi raru cranial

whakamana ana tēnei tukanga i roto i te raupapa motuhake. E haamata te reira ki te rangahau o te io ihu. huruhuru Cotton waiwaitia i roto i te faaitoitoraa hopoi mai ki te ihu tētahi. Te faatae te i whakamatauria hoki whakamātautau kanohi, ai, i roto i te tua ki te whara tika, taea noa ki te tāutu i ngā huringa tuarua. Ka taea e māuiuitanga kakahu whakaroau, degenerative, inflammatory ranei e taea karere te tino ngaro.

Pāpaka e whai ake nei e toru 12 o karere cranial (oculomotor, trochlear me kua puta) takirua hei te diplopia take me te strabismus. kia hoki puta te reira i te runga kamo ptosis, mydriasis, diplopia.

Abnormalities i roto i te rima o te rua, e ko, i roto i te karere trigeminal, ārahi ki ino o te tūtohutanga i runga i te wahi o te mata, kei hea te tīari ratou. Ka taea te kite i tenei i roto i te mau hiero, te rae me te cheekbones, kanohi, kauae me ngutu. tupu te reira i e mana'o mamae kino, i reira he rashes me ētahi atu tauhohe. No te mea i nga raru kanohi maha hononga, ka āhuatanga tenei rua e te whānui o tauhohe pathological momo.

I roto i te take o te ofatiraa o te io rongo te taumaha rongo, glossopharyngeal - waimaero tūtohutanga i roto i te taringa roto, te hypoglossal - iti te reo kaupapa. I roto i te take o te karere vagus whakawhanake pāpāngia o te mangai ngohengohe me te taura waiata. taea hoki te te hono fakahohaasi reira manawataki ngakau, respiration, me ētahi atu mahi visceral-vegetative.

disorders matatini me raru cranial (12 takirua): anatomy, tepu

Ka taea te takahia Taumahi o muka karere e rua anake me i roto i ngā, tahi ki ngā pathologies o te angaanga o raro. Na, ki te e pāngia nga raru katoa i tetahi taha o te turanga cranial, te korero e pā ana ki te syndrome Garcin. A, no te nga puku ophthalmic o wheua, me te kikokiko ngohengohe puta syndrome teitei moko o orbital. I roto i te pāpaka me obnyatelnogo me faatae te whakatika Kennedy syndrome.

whakatika ēnei me ētahi atu mate e rua i roto i ngā pakeke, me te i roto i ngā tamariki. Hoki ngā tamariki kino io rawa auau e kua pā ana ki malformations.

Kei raro ko te hanganga i runga i e taea tetahi mahino lelei ange e founga ki te mahi i nga raru cranial (12 takirua). Anatomy (tepu i runga i tona mohio) e tauturu i te whakatere koe te āhua kūware o te mahi o ngā ratou rōpū.

mutunga

titiro matou i nga raru cranial katoa - 12 faaipoipo. Anatomy o te mahi tepu i roto i te tuhinga whakaatu e raru cherpno-kaka katoa i te hanganga matatini, kei te tata e pā ana ki ia atu. A, ki te whakatinana i te mahi e ki iti ranei e kore e whakamana i i te katoa, ka i reira he maumaui.

Well ki te ako i te raru cranial katoa (12 takirua) tepu. Neurology, te whakamahi i tenei raraunga, me te whakawhetai ki te taputapu motuhake hou, hanga nui te ahunga whakamua i roto i te kaha ki te tātaritanga wā me te maimoatanga whai hua o tūroro.