Rōpū toto: kaupapa huhu toto, rH

wāhanga toto Various i te maha o motuhake, pēhia kia e pā ka whakakotahi ngā rōpū e rua rerekē. внутри организма. faataa taua tītohunga e te aroaro i runga i te mata, me te i roto i te wē o ia rōpū o ngā takitahi agglutinogens me agglutinins, e e taea ki te te wehe ke i ona ake erythrocytes, te ārai i te reira mahi i roto i te tinana. E mohio a ngā pūtau pūnaha ārai i agglutinogens tangata waho rite te riri. A mo ngā take tiaki whangai tinana ki te tūkino me te tango ratou ki te awhina o agglutinins roto i te wē o ratou pūtau toto whero.

i mua ara te timatanga o te rau tau XX, i whakapono ai e taea e koe ngā tetahi toto e he parau he. Na te tahi mau taime mutu katoa ara te mate no te mea e kore te toto transfused mohio a e te tinana. Whakawhanake adhesion me te whakangaromanga o ngā pūtau toto whero. Otiia ka haumaru whakawhetai ki a Karl Landsteiner, ko wai i taea e ki te kitea, ka whakamatau te oraraa o te whero ngā pūtau toto agglutinogens me agglutinins inaianei wehewehe i waenganui i kaupapa toto me te huhu toto.

rōpū toto

huaina te pūnaha whakawhanakehia e Landsteiner, ko te abo. Na roto i te toto whakarōpūtia ngā reira wha rōpū i runga i te agglutinogens rānei, denoted A ko B me agglutinins he, b raina ki runga.

Agglutinogens (antigen) - matū matatini, kei runga i te membrane o te pūtau toto whero, he feliliuaki ka riro i ngā mātua.

Agglutinin (antibody) - immunoglobulins, ngeniwhero wē hangaia i roto i te ara tūturu ki te tiaki i te tinana i ira e kore e e hakari i runga i te mata ngeniwhero. E hua ratou i roto i te tuatahi o nga tau o te ora, kia rite ki te mahi tiaki o te pūnaha ārai mate whiwhi ki pūmua ki antigens ke.

Ka rite ki kite i te tepu, i ia huinga o antigens rōpū toto me te rerekētanga agglutinin e ki te whakawhanake i te antigens ngaro hoki te tiaki. I roto i te wē, kua hua pūtau toto whero agglutinins huritua o te momo o antigens i runga i te membrane. te vai tenei rerekē, kia e ka ingested erythrocytes o toto ki waho te rōpū, hohoro whakangaromia ratou antigens kore ai e mate ona ake pūtau.

tauwehe toto rh

Ko hoki te rōpū kaupapa toto huhu tīaroaro whakaaetia e tika ana ki te tango ki pūkete te rH tauwehe toto. tauwehe rh - he āhuatanga tonu e kore e huri i runga i te ora me te toto, ko te pūnaha whakarōpū Rhesus (rh). hāngai ana pūnaha rh te i runga i te tāutu o nga antigens ono C, D, E, c, d, e runga i te mata o ngā pūtau toto whero, i kitea i roto i te tau 1940 e Karl Landsteiner ko Alexander Weiner.

Ki te kitea ngeniwhero mata antigen D (kitea i roto i te 80% o te mau taata) te aroaro tukutahi o C me E antigens ranei, no te toto ki pai rH tohu rH +. I roto i te take o tenei rōpū o antigens kitea te te take rH he tōraro Rh-.

Ko te hiranga o te take rH i huhu

kia toto huhu he te taua uara o te pūnaha Rhesus. Ko te kupu, he kaiwhiwhi ki rH-kino takoha toto ka uru anake te ahua kino. Waihoki, whakaaetia pai, engari i roto i ngā take tino e whaowhia o toto ki rH-kino i roto i te moni iti, i te nuinga 200 ml. I roto i te taua huhu e kore e incompatibility puta, engari i roto i infusing te toto ki a rH-kino pūtau toto whero ki te uara pai kitea whakautu ārai paruru ki te antigen D., no te kimi erythrocytes ke pūnaha ārai mate tīmata ki te whakaputa i agglutinins (d, c, e), e kino ringihia i roto i ngā pūtau toto whero, e tika ana ki te hopearaa nui mo te rauropi kaiwhiwhi. Ko te abo pūnaha me Rhesus wehewehe momo toto waru katoa.

hototahi toto

huhu totó - Blood huhu tukanga, whakamahia nei te ki whakahokia toenga me te toto tohanga o te toto. Me kia hototahi mō te taputapu e rua ngā pūnaha ki te toto o te kaiwhiwhi kaituku toto. Hoki te wa roa i whakapono ai e reira ko te kaituku ao, me te kaiwhiwhi ao. I te kau, kua tata ora ake enei ariā e rua i te pūnaha hauora. Heoi, i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino, kahore te wa, me te ōrite kaituku momo toto me te take rH ētahi wā whakamahia tonu i roto i huhu moni iti, kore ake atu i te 500 ml.

Na roto i te toto kaituku ao ngā te rōpū tuatahi me te uara tōraro Rhesus 0 (ahau) Rh-, mai kore tona hanganga he antigens whaiaro. Kaiwhiwhi Universal whakaaro rōpū te wha pai AB (IV) rH +, e tika ana ki te aroaro i runga i te antigens membrane ngeniwhero A ko B. Ko, ahakoa, he mahi e ngana ana ki te pupuri e huhu ki ngā rōpū ōrite.

rōpū toto ahau: Hototahi iahiko

I roto i te rōpū huhu ahau ki a rH uara tōraro (0 (ahau) Rh-) e taea e te kaituku hoki ngā rōpū toto katoa ki te take pai, me te kino Rhesus i roto i huhu ohorere me te mea e tika ana te mahi i te nui nui o te kaituku i ahau mo te rōpū ki te Rhesus tohu ōrite.

Hoki te momo kaiwhiwhi toto tuatahi, me te rH take kaituku toto pai taea e te tuatahi rōpū pai kino ranei 0 (ahau) rH - / +. Ko te rōpū toto tuatahi ki rH hakoko tōraro huhu hua rōpū ōrite anake 0 (ahau) Rh-.

Hototahi o te rōpū tuarua

Ko te rōpū tuarua tōraro A (II) Rh- taea e he kaituku mo te tuarua, me te wha ki tetahi Rhesus taupū. te rua te rōpū pai A (II) rH + whakamahia te rite te tuarua, me te wha o kaituku-anake AB (IV) rH + āhuatanga Rhesus pai.

Ko te kaiwhiwhi ki te rōpū pai tuarua A (II) kia riro rH + toto kaituku te tuatahi 0 (ahau) rH - / + A me te rōpū tuarua (II) rH - / + Rhesus ki tetahi taupū. Ki te te toto kaiwhiwhi whakaritea o Rhesus kino uara A (II) Rh- hua huhu ki ngā rōpū rite mo te rua o nga uara anake kino pai rH.

hautoru rōpū Hototahi

Ka rite ki te rōpū toto kaituku tuatoru ki te pai Rhesus tauwehe B (III) rH +
whakamahia hoki ngā kaiwhiwhi huhu ki te toru me te wha o nga rōpū o te tohu pai Rhesus. He tuatoru kino rōpū hototahi mō te takoha ki te toru me te wha rōpū o toto, mo tetahi uara o rH i te kaiwhiwhi.

Mau taea'e tei mau o te toru o te rōpū pai transfused toto kaituku rōpū tuatahi me te tuatoru ki Rhesus kino pai ranei. Ko te toru o hototahi āhuatanga kino ki te toru me te wha o nga rōpū ki rH-kino.

Hototahi o te wha o nga rōpū

toto takoha Ko te wha te rōpū ki te take pai rH he pai anake hoki kaiwhiwhi huhu ki ngā rōpū ōrite, me te i runga i te makimaki. he hototahi hoki huhu hoki te wha te rōpū anake ki a rH kino, me te pai te tuawha negative.

Here te kaiwhiwhi ki te rōpū pai te wha AB (IV) he pūkenga rH + me tango he uara tōrunga i te katoa rōpū toto tino Rhesus ki rH tetahi uara. A, no te huhu rH-kino te whakamahi i kaituku pūtau toto whero o ngā rōpū katoa anake ki Rhesus tōraro.

Tūponotanga o huhu o ngā rōpū hotokore

Ko te mōrea matua i roto i te huhu toto he agglutination.

Agglutination - tukanga hononga erythrocytes, e arata'i ki to ratou whakangaromanga whanake i roto i te whakapā atu ki te tinana i roto i te agglutinogens toto ki i whakawhanakehia te kaiwhiwhi agglutinin toto. Tenei te tikanga e reira he agglutination ka whakakotahi toto ki antigens rite me agglutinins A me he, me te b. I taua huinga o te antibody (te b ranei) whakawhanakehia hoki te antigen ngaro (A ranei B) whakangaro kaituku pūtau toto whero, hua i roto i to ratou whakatau muri me hemolysis (whāwehe). Toto ko te taraka matua o te hāora ki ngā pūtau katoa i roto i te tinana, na te tiango i muri o ngā pūtau toto whero i hanga te huhu ru, e taea e hua i roto i te mau hopearaa kino, me te ara te mate. Ko reira no te mea o taua aro nui ki nga tūponotanga o toto huhu rōpū hototahi ki ia atu kaupapa toto.

Abo me te pūnaha Rhesus ko te matua i roto i te whakarōpūtanga, engari e kore e te tetahi anake. I runga i te mata o te membrane ngeniwhero tū maha atu antigens e kua whai wāhi tēnei wā i roto i te kōwhiringa o te toto hototahi. Ko, ake me te ake hōhipera tūmataiti ato'a whakatau i te aroaro ngaro ranei o te antigen Kell onge, e ki te kore e hototahi ki tetahi atu kaituku pai pūtau toto whero.