Rūri - ahumahi keri o te pūtaiao me te hangarau

History ruri tīmata roa i mua - 5 mano tau ki muri. He aha te mea te reira - toku rangahau me te toku ruri. kupu Foreign e pā ana ki te hangarau, he tino maha o te take mai German. Kua tonu kua Germany he rangatira i roto i te mara o te engineering. Na maha nga mea e pā ana ki ngā ahumahi, whai ingoa Tiamana.

He aha te mea te reira toku rangahau

Te ahumahi katoa e pā ana ki te keri, huaina toku rangahau ko. Te iritiraa mau i te tikanga German "faataa-rohe" ranei mezhevschik. Rūri tā whakatau nga rohe o maina faka'āuliliki o putunga, engari kua mahi tonu te reira i roto i te tatararaa pū o te hanganga tiakina, tona tūranga mokowā motuhake, te whanaketanga tikanga mo - hono katoa e te ki te whanaketanga tino pai atu, me te mahi o te moni tāpui. Kairūri kohikohi raraunga katoa i te tiaki muri o ratou pūtake, whakatau me te kanohi kauwhata i runga i te mahere unu ake.

Anake te hopu tawhito

Rūri - tetahi o te matamua manga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau. Ko te tuatahi oku mahi rā hoki ki te IV-III senituli BC. e tiakina ratou i roto i te tahi mau wahi o te ao ki tenei ra, ko matou ano tātaitanga me drawings hoahoa ki ngā whanaketanga i muri. Ētahi kaupapa hanga atu papyri, o marama - tae te wai i puru, onepu kōwhai. I roto i te ngā whakamārama ki te tānga tohua e nga inenga geodetic mua. A, ki te ka geodesy kua i roto i te rau tau e ahau tona taputapu tuatahi - diopter runga i whakatakotoria i muri theodolite i runga, kua whakaaetia anake te Surveying, engari ka he peka motuhake anake i roto i te anotau Middle. Ki te haerenga mai o ngā wāhi keri, whakatika raruraru hou, i whakaturia mahi hou. oku maha puritia e rave rahi rangatira, a i nga rohe i waenganui i o ratou wāhi ki te kia mārama e rua i runga i te whenua, me te i roto i ona rire. ko te ngako o te ako hou tenei. I te wa ano, a Īhaka, i reira ko tona ingoa - "Surveying".

Ko te putanga o te ako hou

Puta whānui o ngā ngaio whai wāhi i roto i tenei take anake, te toi o inenga keri kamata whakaako i roto i ngä whare wänanga wharekarakia. I roto i te rau tau XV reira ko te whakaaro ngaio tuatahi - he kāpehu maunga. Ko te maha o inenga e hiahiatia ana mō ngā huna ana i roto i te taputapu maina me whakapakoko te whakanui ake i te wa katoa, ka atu mātanga ana whakaaro. Hoki mahi mātau o te mahi e hiahiatia ana e te hunga ngaio. Mai kua mahi i te tātaitanga ki te mau i te tokomaha nui o te iwi i roto i nga whekau o te whenua, te Engineers i ki te tiki teitei mātauranga keri.

toku rangahau Russian, rite keri katoa me te ahumahi katoa, riro he hiringa nui ki te whanaketanga i raro Pita I. Tangohia rite te pūtake mō te whakatutuki i te kura ahumahi Tiamana i kō atu e kitenga kaimahi Russian. I roto i Russia, ka anga reira whakaputa tuhinga pūtaiao motuhake, whakaturia ake awheawhe mo te hanga o te pū mea (i roto i te awheawhe i te Russian Academy o tukuna Sciences kāpehu, hauwhā, astrolabes o te kounga tiketike rawa), tuwhera whare wānanga, e hua Engineers-kounga tiketike. I roto i te rau tau XVIII i Russia whakatuwheratia te institution mātauranga tuatahi (kura) ki te faaineine i tohunga anake o te maina me toku ruri. Na i ako i tohua nga tūtohutanga rangatira o te maina me ahumahi metallurgical o nga Urals i roto i "Ture Factory" i raro i te palakalafi VI, te meka e te pou o tino kairūri, mezhevschika ranei, tangohia anake tohunga o te taumata teitei i.

Ko te tae o te ruritanga motu

Ko te tikanga whānui o te rūri rangahau whakawhanakehia M. V. Lomonosov. Hoki te hanganga me te whanaketanga o te toku rangahau motu mahi nui pūtaiao Russian pērā i GA Maksimovic, kaituhi o pukapuka, PA Olyshev, whakaaro theodolite Russian ki putorino rereke, G. A. Time, e whakaputaina i runga i te whakamahi o te theodolite me awhi aratohu i roto i taku take. kaiaka Great V. I. Baumana, te kaiwhakahaere o te rua-Union Congress o ngā kairūri Russian - i roto i te 1913 me te 1921. I roto i te 1905, whakaputaina ana e ia te mahi "Course o Surveying o toi", me te i roto i 1921 mo te wa tuatahi i roto i Russia (mua Mining Institute), he motuhake hou, i whakaurua rite-kairūri Engineers. Me kï hoki hua PM Lentovskogo, e ako tenei pūtaiao i roto i France me Germany. I tona hokinga mai, i whakaturia e ia te moheni ngaio tuatahi i runga i mahi, a hanga he mīhini whakaōritenga kairūri.

I roto i 1938, i roto i te Kharkov whakatuwheratia te wheketere mo te hanga o te taputapu motuhake, i tukua nei i ngā wā rerekē Gyro M-1 me te hohonu DA-2.

mahi tika - utu tika

I roto i te tsarist Russia, te tikanga o te kaipūkaha kua tonu kua kiia me te pai utua. Ipatiev Whare ingoa ko muri i te kaipūkaha Ipatiev, te rangatira whakamutunga o te fare. Ka taea e Royal Karaka taumata tiketike utu i te papai te kāinga, me te ora whakamarie. I roto i ngā wā Soviet, te makehe "kaipūkaha-kairūri" kihai i whai i tetahi whakataetae. Pea ka huri te tahi mea i teie nei mo te pai.