Secret "Southern Society" Decembrists: he tuhinga kaupapa here, whakaaro me ngā kaiuru

he taonga mīharo i roto i ngā ngā te hītori o te XIX rautau Russia. Heoi, ni'ai whakatikanga ake nga Decembrists 'i kaumatua Square i roto ia ratou tetahi wahi rawa motuhake. I muri i te katoa, ki te ko te whakaaro o nga nganatanga o mua katoa angitu, me te kāore ki te hopu mana i roto i te whenua ki te whakakapi i tetahi tangata mārō etahi, na tenei wa ko reira he huringa o te pūnaha pāpori me te whakawhiti ki te tukanga mō te ture Republican āhua. Ko te tīmata o te ngangaretanga Hakihea nga ngā mema o te "South" me "Te Tai Tokerau" hapori ngaro, te whakahaere e NM Ants, Trubetskoy ko PI Pestel.

prehistory

Ko te tikanga tuku iho te kōrero e pā ana ki whakatikanga ake nga Decembrists 'ki timata ki te turanga o Aleksandrom Muravevym i St Petersburg "Union o Faaoraraa" - he hapori ngaro, i whakaaturia tona whāinga te whakaoranga o te peasants me mau ana i roto i whakahounga tuwhena i roto i te ao o te whakahaere kāwanatanga. roa tenei whakahaere kotahi anake te tau, a ka whakamararatia e tika ana ki ngā rerekētanga i roto i te whakaaro kaiuru 'i runga i te taea o te regicide. Heoi, tokomaha o ona ngā mema tonu o ratou mahi, i teie nei i roto i te "Union Welfare". Kia ako i te he e hiahia nga mana ki te whakauru i roto i te rarangi o nga tutu o ratou tutei, hei utu i hanga e ia "Northern" (wawe 1822) me te "South" (1821), sotaiete ngaro. Ko te tuatahi o ratou whakahaeretia i roto i te pane raki, me te tuarua - i roto i Kiev.

hapori Southern

Ahakoa te maha mana porowini o te whakahaere o he, whakahaere i Ukraine, ko ona ngā mema nui atu huinga tuwhena atu te "northerners". ko matua e tika ana ki te meka i te "Southern Society" ngā katoa o ngā āpiha, e te nuinga o i wheako i roto i te whawhai tenei, a kua rapua ona ngā mema ki te huri i te hanganga tōrangapū o te whenua i te tukipoto i hōia, me te regicide. Ko te wāhi koki i roto i tona mahi i timata i roto i te 1823. Ko reira ka e tangohia e wahi i roto i te amuiraa Kiev i tangohia i te tuhinga kaupapa here "Southern Society" fa'u e Pavla Pestelya, ka karanga "Russian te pono". Tenei mahi, tahi ki te kaupapa ture tauira okioki Murav'ev i na te mau melo o te "Society Northern", He wāhi nui i roto i te hanganga o ngā tirohanga whakamua i roto i te kāhui Russian o te rau tau XIX, e, rokohanga, arahina ki te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom.

tuhinga kaupapa here

i te aroaro o "te parau mau Russian" Pestel ki a ratou i runga i nga mema o te marae, "Southern Society" i roto i te 1823. Heoi, tīmata ia te mahi i runga i te reira hoki i roto i te 1819. Kua oti te tuhituhi Tapeke 5 vahe runga whenua, te piha haapiiraa me ngā take motu. whakaarohia Pestel ki whakaingoa te Nizhniy Novgorod ki Vladimir ka oho ki te whakapaipai o te kāwanatanga kotahi hou o Russia ki te ahua Republican o te kāwanatanga. I tua atu, i te "parau mau Russian" whakaarahia te pātai o te whakakāhoretanga tonu o serfdom. Ko te "Southern Society" whakaurua ano Decembrists:

• öritetanga te aroaro o te ture, nga tangata;
• te tika ki te pōti "Popular Assembly" mo nga tangata katoa i runga i te tau o rua tekau;
• maia ki te korero, karakia, te piha haapiiraa, huihui, nekehanga, me te pēhi i;
• inviolability o te kāinga, me te tangata;
• ōritetanga i mua i te tika.

whāinga

Ko nga mea i mea, ko atu tuwhena atu te "Southern Society" "Te Tai Tokerau." Ko tōna whakaaro matua ko ki:

• te whakakorenga o autocracy, tae atu whakangaromanga tinana o ngā mema katoa o te Whare kingi o Romanov;
• te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom, engari kahore hoatu te whenua ki te peasants;
• whakataki o te kaupapa ture;
• whakangaromanga o rerekētanga i te piha haapiiraa;
• te whakatūnga o te kāwanatanga māngai.

P. Pestel: poto huahua haurongo

Na ko wai i ki te urungi "Southern Society" ka hanga tetahi o nga tuhinga tino nui e pā ana ki te whakaritenga o Russia, i runga i te pūtake o te mau parau tumu o te Māmá? Ko taua tangata Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich, i whanau nei i roto i 1793 i Moscow, i roto i te utuafare Tiamana, te wahi whakaaetia ana Lutheranism. I tau 12, ka tonoa te tamaiti ki Dresden, te wahi ako ia i tetahi o nga kura kati. ko te mātauranga anō Pavel Pestel i te Corps o whārangi, me te tangata taitama tāutuhia i roto i te hoia Lithuanian ki runga ki tona otinga. mahi Military o te conspirator heke mai i reira i neke atu i angitu. I roto i ngā, whakakitea Pestel merekara o toa i roto i te pakanga o Borodino me i te tahi atu whawhai o te Pakanga II o te Ao i roto i 1812, kua whakawhiwhia he momo o tohu Russian me whakauru.

mahi tōrangapū Pavla Pestelya

I muri i te wikitoria ki runga Napoleon i te taiao o te rangatira Russian he whakahaere tōrangapū, whāinga ki te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga o peasants me te rāhui i ara whakangaro i te arikitanga ranei. Ko tētahi o enei ko te hōia, me te Pavel Pestel, e riro te mema o te "Union o te whakaoranga", i muri "Union o Uelofeá," me te hopea arahina i roto i 1821 "hapori ngaro Southern." Ko te miscalculation matua i hanga Pestel Pavel Ivanovich, ko reira tona mana'o e, i roto i te hui o te wikitoria o te ngangaretanga te whenua ake hei rangatira Kāwanatanga Takitaro. Kua meinga tenei whakaaro āwangawanga i roto i te mau melo o te "Northern Society", pera i roto i te hunga whakakeke reira tokomaha o te hunga e kite i roto i ona mahi me te hiahia ki te riro i te tonotono, ko te hiahia Napoleonic i. Ko te aha ki te "northerners" i roto i kahore hohoro whakakotahi ki te "Southerners", e te mutunga whakaiti ratou pūmanawa whānui. Whakawa i nga tuhinga, i roto i 1824 Pestel, whakaaro ia taahia e hoa, ite ia whārua nui, me te ara mo etahi wa ngaro moni i roto i nga mahi o "Society Southern".

"Society Southern": kaiuru

Haunga P. Pestel, te mau melo o te hapori ngaro, whakaritea i roto i nga rangatira o wae hōia e tu i runga i te rohe o Ukraine hou, i te maha tatini hōia pai-mohiotia i te wa. I roto i ngā, i roto i nga kau taki o te "Southerners" koa te mana motuhake S. Muraviev-Apostol, M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Davydov me te hero o te Pakanga Patriotic o 1812, te tau S. Volkonsky. Hoki kua te whakahaere o te whakahaere kua pootitia he kaiwhakahaere, e, motu ke i Pestel ko Nikita Muraviev, tomo ano te quartermaster-whānui AP Yushnevsky.

Hohenga i te mana ki te maka atu i te mahi o sotaiete ngaro

I roto i te aamu o te kaupapa Decembrist, ko te take ki tetahi atu hapori conspiratorial rite, i reira nga tinihanga me provocateurs. I roto i ngā, i te hape tino mate i hanga e ia Pestel, e hanga he ngaro "Southern Society" tona kaimahi - Kāpene Arkady Mayboroda. Last kihai i whai tetahi mātauranga, rite kitea e maha hapa wetereo katoa e kitea i roto i te faahaparaa i tuhituhia ki runga ki a ratou Pestel, ko ahau hao. I roto i te hinga o 1825 i hanga Mayboroda he ururua nui o hoia 'moni. Wehi nga mau hopearaa, ka korerotia e ia mana e pā ana ki te tutu ope. faahaparaa Ahakoa mua o te he, i hanga he āpiha kore-whakahau ano i roto i Sherwood, e tae noa ka karanga ki a Alexander te tuatahi ki te whakaatu me te tono tangata ki te wahi o te mahi ki te Bug Tuatoru Regiment, kia taea e ia tonu ki te pūrongo i runga i te whāinga, me whakaaro o nga hunga tutu.

Teuteu mo te whakatikanga ake

I roto i te ngahuru o 1825, i te hui ki General S. Volkonsky, tāutuhia Pestel i ngā taumata "Southern Society" i roto i te marama e haere mai, ko te nui tino o nei ko te takanga o te whakatikanga ake, whakaritea hoki January 1, 1826. Ko te meka ko e i tenei ra arahina ratou ki i mahara Vyatka Regiment ki te mahi i nga mahi o te kaitiaki i te tari matua o te 2 Army i Tulchin. I hangaia he, huarahi takoha haere ki St. Petersburg, supply o kai faufaa. I riro te reira e e kia hopukina ratou te rangatira me te rangatira o te kaimahi o te ope, ka oho ki St. Petersburg, i reira e tautokona ratou e waeine ope arahina e rangatira o te Mema States "Northern Society".

Ko te mau hopearaa o te maunu o nga Decembrists mō ngā mema o "Southern Society"

e mohio ana torutoru iwi e hopukina Pestel Pavel Ivanovich i ara i mua i te mau ohipa i roto i te kaumatua Square, a ake tino, Hakihea 13, 1825, ka rite ki te hua o te faahaparaa Mayboroda. I muri mai e whakawarea ana te reira, ka tukua i runga i ki te marae 37 te mau melo o te "Society o te tonga", me te 61 te mau melo o te "Society Northern" me 26 takitahi e pā ana ki te "Society o te tonga Silaví". He tokomaha o ratou i whiua ki rerekē momo o te mate, engari ka murua, ki te kahore hoki e rima: Pestel, Ryleeva, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovka me Muraviev-Apostol.

Ko te whakatikanga ake o te Chernigov Regiment

I muri i te riroraa ei mōhio o nga ngā i te kaumatua Square, a he tokomaha o nga kau taki o "Southern Society" i mauheretia, faaoti te toe noa ratou hoa ki tahoo. I roto i ngā, Hakihea 29 rangatira o te Chernigov Regiment Kuzmin, ka whakaekea Sukhinov, Soloviev me Schepillo ratou rangatira hoia me wetekina Muraviev-Apostol, nei i kiia ake i roto i te kainga Trilesy. Te ra i muri mai, ka mau te hunga tutu te pa o cornflowers ko Motovilovka, i kauwhautia te "Siu Catechism", tamata nei, na roto i te inoi ki te whakaaro fakalotu o te hoia ki te whakamārama ki a ratou e nga whakapae o te hanahana o te mana emepaea - kia rongo pakimaero, me te iwi Russian te pai ai anake o te Ariki, a kore tangata mārō.

Tau mahana i muri, puritia te kainga Ustymivka taupatupatunga i waenganui i te hunga tutu me hōia a te kāwanatanga. Ano, opani S. Muraviev-Aposetolo hoia ki te ahi, tumanako e pera e nga rangatira e kitea ratou i te tahi atu taha. Ka rite ki te hua o te parekura, i werohia ia, tukua whakamomori tona teina, ka hopukina 6 rangatira, me te 895 hoia i. Ko te kupu, kua mutu te "Southern Society" ki te tīariari, ka i rānei ngaro ona ngā mema i te pae tino e aore faatopahia ka whakahekea ki Siberia ranei ki te ope, te whawhai haere tonu i roto i te Caucasus.

Ahakoa te meka e i te maunu o nga Decembrists kahore angitu, tohu reira nga kingi Russian i runga i te hiahia mō ngā whakahounga, e, Heoi, ina kua kore i whakahaere te tauhohe o Nicholas II. I te wa ano, i te hōtaka "Southern Society" me "Te Ture" i hoatu Muravyov whanaketanga ki te whanaketanga o ngā mahere Russian ki taui i te whakahaere pāhoro, e, i roto i te parau tumu, a arahina ki te revolution 1917.