Tauwhāinga kūiti i roto i te ōhanga - he aha te mea tenei? Ko te tūranga o oligopolies i roto i te ōhanga Russian hou

I roto i te nuinga o nga whenua capitalist e āhuatanga e whanaunga mākete oligopolistic. Tauwhāinga kūiti i roto i te ōhanga - ko te ahua o te whenua waenganui, tuku i runga i te ringa kotahi, ki te whakahaere i katoa hinonga Largest ka whakahaere, i runga i te tahi atu - ki te hanga tikanga i roto i te heke mai ki te tomo i te taiao whakataetae. I roto i tetahi take, he tino nui hoki Russia te kaupapa, no te mea he mea i roto i to tatou take whenua hira akoranga.

He aha te mea he tauwhāinga kūiti

Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou i roto i te kōrero atu i te rerekētanga i waenganui i tenei momo o whanaunga mākete i runga i te tahi atu. Tauwhāinga kūiti i roto i te ōhanga mākete - he wahi hui mo te maha iti o ngā, me te maha kaihoko. Ka rite ki te tikanga, e kore e te maha o ngā umanga nui ake 10-12 wae. Nuinga taa, kia whai āhuatanga o rua heriheri me whakataetae te mākete oligopolistic, i runga i te whanonga o ona kaiuru matua rānei.

kia mohio ki te reira e ka te mākete i reira he he torutoru kaitākaro nui anake, i ratou e rua anake tauira o te whanonga: i roto i te tuatahi ratou tahi-whakahaere me te mahi tahi ki te whakaoti take o ngā kaupapa here utu, me i roto i tetahi atu - whakataetae me te whakaaro tahi e te tahi o kino rawa hoariri. I roto i te take tuatahi e korero tatou e pā ana ki "whakaaetanga ngaro", ka tika whakaae kau taki ki te kapu o te kawhe ranei i roto i te ruma mamaoa i runga i te aha te huru o te mahi kēmu. pakanga Price i roto i te tauira tuarua o te whanonga e kore e haere tonu ki te painga o ngā kaiwhakanao, engari te whakaiti i roto i te utu o te production ranei te whakapai ake tona kounga tohoakii kiritaki pea hou.

āhuatanga āhuatanga o te tauwhāinga kūiti

Tauwhāinga kūiti i roto i te ōhanga hou i ratou āhuatanga motuhake. He he torutoru anake:

1. Ko te katoa maha o ārahi kamupene i runga i te mākete. Ratou te tikanga tango e pā ana ki te taua rahi, kia e kore e taea te huaina to ratou kaha heriheri parakore.

2. Ki te whakaaro tatou ki te kauwhata, ka whai i te ānau tono mo ia kamupene takitahi te huru whakaiti, i nei e taea tetahi faaoti e kore he whakataetae te mākete.

3. Ko te āhuatanga matua ko e kore tetahi mahi i runga i te wahi o tetahi o nga kaihanga ka noho kahore whakarongo o whakataetae. Ki te ki ara te rōpū tino nui whakaara i te utu o ona whakataetae ka takoha kia ki te tango i mahi rite ranei tīmata te tono mo o ratou hua. I roto i tenei take, pērā i te mākete whakataetae, whanonga uaua kiritaki ki te matapae. Tauwhāinga kūiti i roto i te ōhanga - te reira tonu te pana ki te whakapai ake i te kounga whakaiti te utu ranei.

E hangaia 4. hua pinepine te papa'iraa i roto i te mākete oligopolistic. Ko te kupu, te tākaro i te kaihanga tonu anake i roto i pakanga utu, kia rite ki te huringa te kounga momo ranei o ngā hua e kore e taea e ratou. I te wa ano, i tetahi atu Momoroto - rerekëtanga tauwhāinga kūiti (hei tauira ahumahi automotive) - ka taea ki a koe te whakarite iwi nui-tauine i waenganui i ngā umanga whakaputa mo te aro o te kiritaki.

5. Ka taea e tetahi tauwhāinga kūiti te āhuatanga e te tohu o te kukū. Ko te teitei te taupū, iti iho te whakataetae i roto i te mākete. Tātaihia te tohu o te kukū mā te whakamahi i Herfindahl-Hirschman.

ngā tomokanga ki te mākete

Ko te mākete i roto i i reira ko te torutoru noa ngä nui, kamupene taitamariki he tino uaua ki te tomo. E kore te mea poitirere tenei. Tauwhāinga kūiti i roto i te ōhanga Russian te mau whakatōpū ratou mana, a ka puta ratou ingoa i runga i te tauine ao. Ka rite ki te tikanga, ahumahi katoa e taea te huaina oligopolistic ko te hunga te wahi i reira e iti rauemi, hangarau mātanga, taputapu nui-tauine.

Ko mārama e ka waiho i te kamupene taitamariki tino uaua e kore anake ki te tīmata i te mahi i te reira, no te mea titau te reira i haumi nui, engari ano hoki ki te haere tonu ki te mahi i te taumata whakataetae. A, no te te ingoa o "Lukoil" i runga i te ngutu o te katoa, ka pakeke ki te whiua te mea. I roto i te mahi ao, i reira e rua anake tauira o te takiuru angitu ki te mākete oligopolistic te kamupene hou. Ko te "Volkswagen" i roto i te US ko AvtoVAZ i Russia tenei. Na reira, i reira anake ki te tautoko āhua o te huru, na e kore e korero i te whakataetae noa.

Ko te mākete o te hanga hinu i roto i Russia

Ko te tūranga o oligopolies i roto i te ōhanga hou o Russia te maitai ata e te hi'oraa o te mākete hinu. Tenei Ko tetahi o nga tauira tino kōhure o te āhua o te torutoru kaitākaro nui e taea te whai i te kaupapa here o "whakaaetanga ngaro".

Tuatahi, whakaaro ki ta puta te u i roto i te mākete i homai, me te e wāhanga e nohoia. Hoki tenei e hiahia ana matou i te ahua e whai ake nei.

I taea te kite i tenei ahua, 11 anake kamupene Russian hua tata 90% o te hinu. Wha o ratou ake te wahi o te 60%. Ko nga kaitākaro nui ratou, tai'oe ratou tikanga. kanohi tohatoha o te hanga kaha i roto i Russia te i roto i te ahua e whai ake nei.

He aha te mea e tupu i roto i te mākete hinu mau

Tauwhāinga kūiti i roto i te ōhanga Russian, me i ngā i roto i te ahumahi hinu, tikanga rite monopolists. I roto i ngā, i reira e pūnaha e tino whakahaere i te tukanga katoa i te hinu poutū-ngātahi, me tona tukatuka mua ki te hoko ki te mutunga kaiwhakamahi i runga i te waho, me te mākete ā-.

Ka rite ki te Komiti Anti-Heretaunga ki, e kore te mea mārama nga mahi o te kaitākaro nui i roto i tenei mākete. Takahi, kia te utu o ngā hua hinu kia whai ahua i raro i te mana o maha ngā āhuatanga o waho, me te ā, engari i roto i te vairaa mau ko reira nui tiketike rawa, a, rite whakaaturia e tātaitanga, penehīni taea utu 20% iti, e pokaia ki kaiwhakanao waho. I reira - collusion, i roto i nei whakaae nga rōpū matua i runga i te utu me te hoko i te reira i runga i te mākete kāinga.

Ko te mākete o ngā pūkoro i Russia

Ki te whakaaro tatou ki te tūranga o oligopolies i roto i te ōhanga Russian hou, he whakaatu i tetahi atu tauira pai te mākete mō ngā pūkoro. Te whakataetae i konei kua roa mutu ki te waiho anake hei utu. Hoki kawea te tika ki te kukume i te kiritaki i roto i te whawhai tūturu, i ētahi wā noa whakataetae taurite.

A feruri i, he aha te mea te āhuatanga, me te aha noho nga kaitākaro te tūranga ārahi.

I taea te kite i te ahua he wahi nui o te mākete, mau te "Big toru", e ngā WhM "VimpelCom" ( "Beeline") me "MegaFon". Aita i maoro a'e, te whakanui ake i tona tere "Tele 2", ahakoa ki te tiki wāhi ki te wāhi tino pai o Moscow me te katia tonu St Petersburg. whakaatu tatauranga e whakamutunga tau te puhanga o reira ngā katoa ki te ōrau torutoru. heke WhM te maha o kiritaki i 0.1%, te "Megaphone" - 0.3, me "Beeline" - e rite nui rite 2.6%.

Nahea te tauwhāinga kūiti runga i te mākete o ngā pūkoro

"Ko e Big toru" whakahaere tata te mākete katoa o ngā pūkoro. Ratou kaha o hangarau hou, pērā i 3G- me 4G-Ipurangi. I roto i te parau tumu, kite te tauwhāinga kūiti i roto i te ōhanga hou o Russia te i roto i te āhua o ngā whakahihi. I te tau 2006, i te "Big toru" whai wāhi i roto i te tutukitanga nui a i te whakapanga o whakatupu he ki nga ngā rohe. Ko i taua wa kite te hanumi, o te tahi mau kamupene iti ranei ratou ngaro oti.

I roto i te 2010, whainatia te Ratonga Antimonopoly te feia faatere o te mākete nui rawa hoki te overstatement āta o tariffs mō ngā ratonga i roto i te tīpokapoka. Ka ia kamupene e whakatupato, i moni ki te 1% o te moni hua mo ratou mahi. Ko te nui katoa o te moni FAS moni ki 8.1 miriona moni. He mea tika ki te tātai i te maha pirioni o moni riro e te kamupene ratou.

Ko te "Big toru" me "Tele 2"

I roto i te 2006, puta koi te ao kaiwhakahaere Swedish "Tele 2". I hanga i he hoki i roto i te tau 2001 i te reira, engari i whakaware nga ārai tamau ki te urunga ki te mākete noho ia i roto i nga rohe pokapū. Ngā mihi ki te whawhe tupato o nga hea o ngā rohe, te whakahaere ki te mau i te painga whakataetae i roto i te wāhi 13 mō te kotahi tau anake "Tele 2". I tua atu, ko te kamupene whakahaere he rawa pukuriri kaupapa here utu, i tukua iho ki te riro 4.3% o te mākete. Ko reira he pakaruhanga kore i taea e e mahue i te kaitākaro nui i roto i te kōrero pūkoro.

riro te "Big toru" Kua i nga ara pokanoa ki te "Tele 2", me i roto i te wehenga tikanga katoa kore-whakataetae. Hei tauira, i hanga he tono ki te Tāhuhu o Taiwhenua o te mema kotahi, ka i āta tirohia teihana me tari "Tele 2" katoa hoki mehemea kei te mahi tika ratou.

Otiia e kore e kua te kamupene Swedish iti iho me te huinga whāinga matua hoki ratou i te raupatu o te Territory Krasnodar. Tenei "nui e toru" e kore e taea e tona ringa, ka a ratou ki te tapahi i te utu i roto i te hawhe ki te tu āta te whakataetae. Ka taea te kite i tenei tauira maitai te tūranga o oligopolies i roto i te ōhanga hou. e kore ko te take whakataetae Fair, a ki te te kamupene hou, ko te ki te ora, me te riro i te tunga ki konei, e hiahia ana koe ki te whai tautoko rawa kaha, ranei i te kāwanatanga, ranei i te kamupene ake mana.

Tauwhāinga kūiti me tona wahi i roto i te ōhanga mākete

whakaae economists katoa i runga i te wāhi kotahi o te tirohanga: he tauwhāinga kūiti tika ki te ao hou, me te ōhanga mākete. Na ahakoa ko ētahi wā uaua ki te whakahaere i tenei mākete, ētahi wā whakahaere he whawhai ki nga whakataetae, kua tonu he taha pai mo te hanganga o te pūnaha ōhanga hauora. ara:

1. Tuatahi o te katoa, umanga nui i nui pūtea, e taea te pau i runga i te whanaketanga o te ahumahi, rangahau me te whanaketanga.

2. Mai i te paratarafa matamua e waiho i taua wa he moni, me ka taea e koe te haumi i roto i te whanaketanga, ka waiho i te hua atu pai mo te kaihoko, a ko te kupu, ko reira taea ki te whiua te whakataetae. Tauwhāinga kūiti i roto i te ōhanga - ko te pūkaha kaha o te ahu whakamua.

3. I roto i ngā wāhi kei reira te mea he Rapa, kahore he kaha haamou pērā o whakataetae, e rua i runga i te mākete tuwhera. Here, i reira he utu iti me te hua o te kounga kairangi.

4. Ko tētahi atu painga ko te ārai tomokanga. Ki te whakataetae ki kia anake pai pütea nga kau taki kamupene.

huakore oligopolies

Tata nga painga katoa - ko te take kino e ara ake i roto i nga mau o te ōhanga o tenei ra tenei.

Kia tīmata a ki te meka e kore i wehi i te feia faatere i te kamupene o te whakataetae me te tikanga fakahāhā mahi te mea ratou hiahia. Ko te Ture o ratou mahi, whakau ratou nga whakaaetanga ngaro, kia e etahi mahi atoa. Mahi collusion, te tākaro ratou kiritaki, i meatia ratou kia hoko hua o te kounga iti mo te utu teitei. Na i te iwi kahore whiriwhiri, no te mea he rite ki te heriheri te tauwhāinga kūiti i roto i te ōhanga hou: rānei te hoko noho (hei tauira) kahore penehīni ranei.

Ahakoa tauwhāinga kūiti taea whakaawe i te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau, me te mea anake e ratou, kamupene nui he i roto i kore hohoro ki te whakauru hangarau hou, me te haumi i roto i te whanaketanga. Faataa katoa e ano ko te maro taua i roto i te hohoro no te mea e matau ana ia: ka hoko tonu. Tae noa utu koe atu katoa moni haumi mua, kahore hou e kore e whakawhanake.

Ngā mutunga iho o te oligopolization mākete

huru tōraro ki motuhake me oligopolies i roto i te ōhanga ko te mārama ore. Mahalo ko e tika ana ki te meka tenei e rawa nui te matakana me te tokomaha rawa te iwi te hunga e hiahia ana ki te whai pai i te moni o te iwi mau i roto i to tatou whenua. Otiia i roto i te meka, te nui kukū o te hanga e hiahiatia ana i roto i tetahi o te ōhanga manga.

Tuatahi o te katoa, he tika ki te hōkai o ngā mahi tenei. Ka kitea tēnei i roto i te utu i whakaritea. Hoki pakihi iti e tāupe tata katoa utu. Otiia i runga i nga ahumahi nui o tauine e taea te whakaora i runga i te whakatinanatanga o tetahi hangarau hou. Hei tauira, te whanaketanga o te tarukino hou e utu $ 600 miriona, engari ka whakawhiti i enei utu mo tau, kia tutuki ra ano te raruraru, a taea te tāpiri i te utu ki te utu o ngā hua kua hangaia, a kahore e te utu o tenei huri nui.

mutunga

Tauwhāinga kūiti i roto i te ōhanga - ko te taputapu rawa kaha mo te whanaketanga o te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau i tenei. Ki te hongere tika tika i roto i nei e hiahia ana koe ki te neke, ka ka huna i te reira i te kohakore katoa me taha kino kitea i roto i te āhuatanga o nāianei i roto i to tatou whenua.