Tikanga ōmataora - Ngaahi Tefito'i Mo'oni me tenei ... te tumu parau o tikanga ōmataora. Tikanga ōmataora i roto i Russia

poi katoa o mahi ngaio o te tangata hāngai ki o ratou puka o matatika ngaio. I te wa ano i ratou katoa tetahi āhuatanga motuhake.

Matatika - he ako e whakaaro nga āhuatanga morare o te whanonga tangata. familiarizes Ko tōna ako tatou ki te kanorau o ngā ture me ngā hononga i waenganui i te iwi. He etahi ture momo katoa o matatika ngaio. Kei te whakaaro ratou te tikanga, me ngā tauira o te ture ā-tangata. Ko te pūtake mō tenei whakaae mana'o matatika. Ko tētahi momo o tenei ako mai ki te rängai hauora.

matatika hauora

whakamōhio ia tatou tenei ako ki te huru morare teitei, e me whai te tangata ko te ora o tona tūroro i roto i nei ringa. Ki te rā, te ture taketake katoa o te ako i roto i roto i te tuhinga i huaina "Te Tikanga Matatika o te tākuta Russian." I whāngai te reira i roto i 1994. tūmanakohia matatika Traditional rata te ki te whakatutuki i te mau huru whaiaro me te hononga o te tākuta, me te manawanui.

tikanga ōmataora

e kore e ora tu tonu. I te wā nei o te whanaketanga o te hapori i tika i roto i te hanga o etahi ahua o matatika ngaio hauora. hangaia ana tēnei mahi te ki ata i te tawhē, i whakaaetia te whawhe o te ora, me te mate tangata. Me tika mau enei mahi katoa nga morare me hauora o te manawanui. Na tenei te haere mai te tiaki o te ora te tangata Tikanga Ōmataora.

History o te whanaketanga

Tikanga ōmataora - he āhuatanga matatini tangohia e kua wahi i roto i te ahurea hou. puta te reira i roto i te US i te 60raa-70 o te rau tau whakamutunga. Ko te wā "tikanga ōmataora" i whakaarohia e te American matepukupuku rānei Potter i 1970. Ko ia te tangata e karangatia e hoki tākuta me ōmataora puna ratou mau tautooraa ki te whakarite tikanga tika o te ora. E ai ki a Potter, tikanga ōmataora - e kore te mea he pūtaiao tika o te ora. Ko te whakaaro nui hou, e komokomo ana te matauranga o te ahumahi koiora, me te ngā tenei uara tangata.

Ko te wā "tikanga ōmataora", he ariā, kaua ona ihirangi ranei, i muri i kua puta ke te tetahi wa tino. Ko te wahi tuatahi i haere ako whitinga o morare, tikanga tangata, ture me ngā take pāpori, whai wāhi te takanga o nei ki te transplantologicheskie hou hangarau biomedical ira, me te uri.

I roto i te mau hitu ahuru o te rau tau whakamutunga i roto i Amerika i hanga te tuatahi pokapū mātauranga, me te rangahau, i ako tikanga ōmataora. unuhia ana e ia whakarongo ki te ako ako raruraru o kau taki lotú, kairīpoata, me kaitōrangapū. Whakaaro etahi o nga take me te iwi whānui.

Whanaketanga o tikanga ōmataora i roto i te tekau tau i muri whakahohea reira ki te riro āhukahuka i te whenua o Western Europe. I roto i te nineties, kua riro te ako o tenei ako nui aro i roto i Eastern Europe (tae atu Russia), me te rite i roto i Ahia (rawa i roto i Haina me Hapani).

mahi nui

Tikanga ōmataora - he parau haapiiraa hangaia ki te kitea te rerekētanga o ngā tūranga i runga i ngā take morare uaua e puta i roto i te hononga ki te ahunga whakamua te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao biomedical, me te mahi. te whāinga o tēnei ako ki te whakahoki i te pātai e whai ake nei:

- He taea ki te whai wāhi i roto i te pūruatanga tangata?
- He mea whakaaetia ki te hanga o te ira tikanga "momo" motuhake te tangata ki te mau huru nui hinengaro, me te tinana?
- E ahau e te whakaae o whanaunga o te tupapaku, ki te whakaritea te taiepa te ki te whakaputa i whēkau mō te transplant iwi tino mate?
- Kaua Me ahau ki te mea ki te manawanui e ko ia marere? Etc.

Ko te whāinga o te tikanga ōmataora ko ki te kitea pāpori e manakohia, me te pae morare whakatau tangi take pērā. O te akoranga, i reira he feaa tika e pā ana ki ranei e hiahia ana ahau i te tikanga ōmataora hauora? I muri i te katoa, i reira ko te oati Hippocratic. He maha tenetere haapii mau haapiiraa o kaiwhakaako morare. Ko te tiaki o te ora i runga i to tatou wāhi mātātoa paraneta takaro e maha physicists ārahi. whakarite ratou te kaupapa, karanga ki te whakakorehia i te whakamātautau o patu karihi. haapii haapiiraa morare tangata me ōmataora, whawhai hoki te tiaki o to tatou taiao.
matatika Heoi Hippocratic me tikanga ōmataora i etahi rerekētanga. Ko te tuatahi o enei mau parau haapiiraa e rua he pono āhua rangatōpū. No te rau tau maha, tirohia reira te tūranga o te tākuta i roto i te kaupapa morare, hangaia ki te whakatutuki i tona fatongia ki te manawanui. whakaaro te manawanui e ki kia mate ana i te takitahi. He hāngū ia, a e kore e whai wāhi i roto i te mau faaotiraa faufaa mo tona ora. Tikanga Ōmataora Kaupapa - te manawanui hei kaupapa morare kaha. I te wa ano e taea ki te whai wāhi i roto i te kōrero noa i te hononga whakataetae ki nga pūtaiao me rata ranei ia.

āhuatanga

e kore te te ako hou hoki whakamuri ngā uara tuku iho, pēnei i aroha me te aroha, kawenga morare o ngā tākuta, me te kino nenaneseneniya parau tumu ki te manawanui. Anake i roto i te āhuatanga ahurea, me te pāpori o tenei ra, ko te tangi hou, me te tikanga enei taime katoa.

Tikanga Ōmataora Kaupapa - he mana āhua, me te mana āhua ake o te tuakiri o ia takitahi. E whakamöhio ana tënei ako te tika o ia tangata i runga i to ratou ake ki te tango i te whakatau tino nui e pā tona ora.

E tano ia tapao e whai ōmataora ranei kaiwhakaako rite tohunga te matauranga e pā ana ki te tikanga cloning tangata. Heoi, ki te aukati i taua mahi, e kore ratou e taea e. Ko ki waho reira o ratou mātau ngaio. Ko te aha tetahi o nga āhuatanga o tikanga ōmataora ko tona whanaketanga ki te whai wāhitanga o ngā tohunga i pekanga rerekē. I roto i tenei rārangi reira he ōmataora me kaimātai hinengaro, tākuta, philosopho, kaitōrangapū me te ture, me ētahi atu Ko reira e kore e maere, mai te mau fifi e ara ake i roto i te hononga ki te whanaketanga o te rongoā me te koiora, kia rere, me te matatini e he taea to ratou otinga anake ki te kaha ki o iwi e whai etahi matauranga me te wheako.

Ko tetahi atu āhuatanga nui tikanga ōmataora: kua roa te kōrero i te kï e te whakapanga o te pūnaha tūmatanui o taonga motu, wä, me te tahi atu - he tino kino. Ko te aha e kore te tikanga ōmataora noa ako take morare puta i te whanaketanga o te hapori. Ki te hanga tona whai wāhitanga rerekē whakanōhanga āhuatanga o sotaiete pluralistic. He tauira o tenei ko nga komiti matatika, mahi i roto i ngā hōhipera me ngā pokapū rangahau.

He aha hāngai i runga i tikanga ōmataora?

Morare me te hauora - e te te turanga e te kaimahi ki te hanga tūtohutanga tika i te pūtaiao hou o nga whanaunga morare. whakaaro te reira i te raruraru matua e whai ake nei:

- euthanasia;
- whakamomori;
- transplantation;
- faaotiraa o te meka o te mate;
- ngā i runga i te tangata, me te kararehe;
- te hononga i waenganui i tākuta me te manawanui;
- Ko te whakahaere o hospices;
- huru ki te iwi e hinengaro huma;
- te fanauraa (surrogacy, engineering ira, me ētahi atu).

take bioethical pā ana ki te mahi taha matatika pērā i sterilization me ārai, me te materoto. Ko ratou momo hou katoa o te pokanoa i roto i te rongoā uri.

Whakaaroa, mo te tauira, materoto. ahakoa takahi ana te reira i te parau tumu taketake o te Fakapapau Hippocratic, e na ô: "E kore kino"? Ahakoa e taea te kawea te reira i roto i te wāhi matatika o te tirohanga? Ki te pera, tonu ranei anake i roto i etahi huru? Ko te whakautu ki ēnei pātai whakawhirinaki i runga i te mau parau tumu morare, me te whakangungu ngaio hauora.

bioethical āwangawanga raruraru me te insemination tāwhaiwhai. I runga i te ringa kotahi, pā hangarau uri hou te āhua o te faaipoiporaa, i te mea te uara tangata tino nui. I te tahi atu - mo etahi o nga hoa faaipoipo he anake te ara ki te whai i te tamaiti. Tikanga ōmataora i roto i tenei take, e karanga ana i runga i te mata o te tokotoko, ka i roto i vitro kikiritanga āwhina wahine hepohepo, e kore tahuri tenei whawhe i roto i te puka o te whakamātau motuhake.

take i tautohetia mahi ki tikanga ōmataora, he surrogacy. I roto i tenei tikanga, he hua manu wairakau i te mau metua koiora whai wāhi ki te kōpū o tetahi wahine katoa. Tenei a Maata hiahiatia te hoki e mau ana i te tamaiti. I muri i whanau, te tamaiti homai ia mātua whanau. I runga i te ringa kotahi, ko reira te whawhe whakamana i runga i te natura tino o te tamaiti, i runga i te tahi atu - anake te whai wāhi hoki ki te tahi mau faaipoipo te waihanga i tētahi whānau oti.

revolve tonu tautohetohe e mura huri noa taua take rite pūruatanga tangata he taea ki te whanaketanga hou o engineering ira. I roto i te aparauraa o te taha morare o te take tae e ōmataora me mau taote, kaitōrangapū me philosopho. Kaua e hipa i tēnei taha raruraru me okotai. I tēnei wā, i reira e rua ira rawa ritenga o te tirohanga. Ko tētahi o ratou mai i te meka e he tino unethical whakapūruatanga me he haumaru hoki te tangata, me te hapori. whakapono kaiwhakahau o tenei tirohanga ko e pūruatanga ko te ara ki te whakakore mate me te tahuti ore. Ko reira ko te whakaaro te ritenga. Ana kaitautoko whakapono e he moepuku taua whawhe. I tua atu, notemea reira he ati pea, no te mea e kore e taea e pūtaiao ano matapae i te mau hopearaa taea katoa o tenei whakamātau.

hanga take Tino matatini ture, me te matatika transplantology. Ki te rā, ngakau whakatokia, ate, pūkahukahu me te wheua wheua, me ētahi atu Raruraru i roto i tenei rohe whakaaro ki te mau ohipa, me tika o te kaituku, me te ana whanaunga, kaimahi hauora, te haamauraa i te meka o te mate tina heke.

Ko tētahi o te euthanasia take matatika āwangawanga i tenei ra tino maha ngā tautohe. Tenei whakaterenga āta o te mate o te manawanui, whakaaro nei te mahu. hangaia euthanasia ki te aukati i te mauiui o te manawanui. Ko e poka ki te whakaaro o mau faaroo katoa, me te te Fakapapau Hippocratic tenei mahi. Otiia i te wa ano, i te pae hopea whakatau kore e te take whakaaro.

Ko te mau parau tumu o te ako

I roto i te tikanga ōmataora i reira he ariā taketake. whakawhirinaki Pūtaiao runga ratou i roto i hei whakaoti rapanga akiaki o to tatou wa. Ko te mau parau tumu o tikanga ōmataora:

- te faatura i te mana tangata;
- mahi kahore kino, me te hanganga o te pai;
- mana motuhake o te tangata takitahi;
- haapa'oraa o te tika.

piri Pūtaiao ki te ture e wha. Tenei matatapu me te parau mau, e whakaae me te inviolability i roto i te faatura o te ora tūmataiti. te mau parau tumu tikanga ōmataora tahi me ture matatika hanga taunga taketake e tohu i te pā ana ki te manawanui hei takitahi.

Whanaketanga o tikanga ōmataora i Russia

Ko čtahi o te ako whakaaro whakakitea i roto i to tatou whenua i roto i te tīmatanga o nga nineties. Heoi, e kore e tenei te tikanga e tikanga ōmataora i Russia anake puta i te mutunga o te rau tau whakamutunga. I te anga ke, i te tuatahi i hanga te nuinga o hangarau biomedical i roto i to tatou whenua. He tauira o tenei pūrere e taea te mahi ki te tuku mo te tohatoha extracorporeal. I hanga te reira e SS hoki i roto i 1926. I roto i te taua tau Bryukhonenko whakatuwheratia Institute tuatahi o te ao o te Toto huhu. I tua atu, JJ 1931 Raweni i roto i te tautuhinga haumanu o tākihi allotransplantation i whakamana. I nui i roto i te tau 1937, me te ka tū mahi tuatahi o te ao o te kaiwhakato uaua ngakau tāwhaiwhai. Mātakitaki i tenei VP whakamātau Demihov, a ko ia i runga i te tamataraa Karaitiana Bernard.

Ko reira i roto i Russia mo te wa tuatahi i roto i te ao i roto i te 1920, i nekehia atu nga here katoa o ture i runga i te materoto. I roto i te pia ma o te rau tau whakamutunga, pūtaiao Russian Alexander School Serebrovskii te raupapa o rangahau taketake rite ki te hua o nei i reira taea ki te whakamatau i te hanganga matatini o te ira.

I whakahaeretia he whānui o ngā mahi i roto i ngā wāhi rerekē o te hangarau hauora i roto i te USSR ngā wā katoa, me te rawa pai. Heoi, i hanga nga matatika o te rangahau pūtaiao i roto i Russia i roto i te kingitanga o te kāwanatanga Soviet noa e kore i taea e. Ko tētahi take mo tenei ko te Māoritanga o te kāwanatanga. whakaaro Pūtaiao i roto i te USSR i kore anake te kaha hua o te hapori, engari ano hoki i te uara ahurea chelovekoobrazuyuschey rawa.

Heoi, ahakoa tenei, Tikanga Ōmataora i Russia āta timata ki te riro tona tūranga. Ko te kupu, ko te tangata tohe Soviet Frolov whakaarahia te pātai o te uara o whakatutukitanga pūtaiao ki te painga o te wāhi tangata o tirohanga. I roto i 1995, te tuhinga tuatahi whakaputaina M.K.Perova. Kua whakatakoto tenei tikanga Russian hoki i roto i te 60raa te whakaaro e he ana ki te katoa te tangata matapo pūtaiao.

He wā hou i roto i te whanaketanga o tikanga ōmataora

I te mutunga o te rau tau whakamutunga, tangohia Russia kua te ara o te democratization. ko te mätäpono taketake e inarā timata ki te whakawhanake i Tikanga Ōmataora tenei. Ko te ariā o tenei ako tonu i whakaritea e kore anake i runga i te rangahau, engari ano hoki i roto i te whakaputa, te taumata ariā, me te mātauranga, me te whakangungu.

Ko te pūnaha whakahaere o ngā whare rangahau Russian inaianei i wae hanganga motuhake. Ko ētahi o ēnei rāngai tikanga ōmataora, e whakahaerehia ana i roto i te whare RAS tangata, taiwhanga Institute o Philosophy "Axiology o te matauranga me matatika o te pūtaiao" me te tini ke atu.

I roto i te 2000, tangohia te paerewa mātauranga āhua i roto i Russia. E ai ki tenei tuhinga, i hanga te ako o "Tikanga Ōmataora" whakahauanga i roto i te faaineineraa o tohunga i roto i nga kura hauora o te whenua. whāngai i te huarahi taua te amuiraa mātauranga i roto i 1995, i ngā take o te mātauranga toi i roto i teitei whare mātauranga hauora, me te rongoā o te Russian Federation. I tūtohutia Omuaraa ki Tikanga Ōmataora rite te akoranga motuhake i roto i te faaineineraa o ngā ākonga i roto i te tau matua.

I te 1995 ka kite ia i te marama o te hōtaka motuhake. I hanga te reira i te Institute o ritenga, me te whakangungu matatau o ngā kaiako o tikanga ā, me reia i MSU. Lomonosov. tikanga ana tēnei hōtaka te hoki ngā kaiako, whakaako ngā ākonga i runga i te makehe "Biomedical Ethics".

I tēnei wā, ki te kia maheni ki nga raruraru o te ao rongoā e taea e ngā take matatika i roto i te tuhinga. Tino rongonui i roto i tenei rohe ko te makasini "tangata" (ētita - BG Yudin) me "Medical ture me Ethics" (ētita - Myl'nikov IS). Hoki ngā ākonga rata me te tuhinga whakaputaina, e no ni'ai te tikanga ōmataora. Yudin ko Tishchenko, Ignatiev, Ivanyushkin, Siluyanova, poto ko nga kaituhi o te maha pepa i runga i tenei kaupapa.

āhuatanga taumauri

I tēnei wā, ko te ako i Ngā Akoranga te āhuatanga morare o te hononga o te rongoā hou, me te tangata, hipoki maha take. Ngā mihi ki tikanga ōmataora me faahohonu tino whakawhānui te māramatanga o te takitahi i roto i ona āhuatanga matatika, me te taiao, me te koiora. Ko te pātai whakaaro e tenei ako, kei runga i te mimiha o rua sciences. Tenei mātauranga tikanga tangata , me te koiora. Ka rite ki te wāhi matua o tenei pūtaiao ko nga mau taime o te rapu o te ngako pono o te tangata.

I roto i nga tau tata nei, piki i reira he he tukanga o te hanganga o te hapori bioethical ao. whakahaerehia ana tēnei e rua ngā take - ao, me te rohe. pā ana te tetahi tuatahi te ki te tūponotanga o te mau hopearaa kino o te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau i roto i ngā rongoā me te koiora, e kua haere tahi e te putanga tamau o āhuatanga raruraru hou o te huru morare, me te matatika. Tenei āhuatanga Ko ki etahi whānuitanga pā te ngākau nuitanga o te hapori tangata katoa. te whakanui ake tonu raka o tukanga mea. Ko tenei e tika ana ki te democratization te whakanui ake o whanaunga pāpori. A, no te whakaaro tenei kei te ki kia kotahi o te matau tangata tumu ki te ora, ki te hauora, ki te mate me te ki te farii i ngā mōhiohio.

Ko te take tuarua mo te whanaketanga o tikanga ōmataora, ā-rohe, i whakaritea e te āhua motuhake o tenei pūtaiao. Here ona humanization mana o te hapori rite te katoa, me te o te takitahi, te tukanga e ai te huringa o te matatika tuku iho, me te hauora, rongoā, me ētahi atu technologization pā enei āhuatanga katoa te whanaketanga o tikanga ōmataora i roto i rua ngā pai, me te kino.

I teie mahana, i roto i to tatou whenua i reira he kore hononga ta'e ki te wawata o tenei ako. Heoi, ara te hunga e mōhio o te uara humanistic o ngā take bioethical, whakaae te tukanga haere tonu o te hanganga o te outlook tēnā. ka kite a ētahi wā pērā te rite te ara o te ora whakaritea ki runga ki a tatou Te Hau-ā-uru. Kei te riro te reira e taea e tenei tukanga faaino i te tuku iho me ngā tikanga o to tatou hapori.

He he mea rawa whakaaro tika ke. whakapono ētahi e tikanga ōmataora i Russia noa e kore e tangohia pakiaka, me te e ōrite ana ki tenei kaupapa whakaako whakauaua taea te hanga e. Ua faataa te reira i katoa e i roto i to tatou whenua, atu iho ahurea, fakalotu, me te pāpori, he mentality me te hinengaro.

Heoi, ko te tukanga o te hanganga o te outlook bioethical ko. E titau te reira i te māramatanga taumauri o etahi o nga raruraru tuku iho. I roto ia ratou, te whakamāramatanga o te ngako o te tangata, tona ora, me te mate, maimoatanga me te ora, te mate me te hauora, me ētahi atu

te whakawhanake i tēnei wā Biomedicine tino tere. Ko tōna whakahē i roto i te tikanga maha take angitu i roto i te tahi mau iwi te hiahia ki te hopoia streamline te whakatutukitanga o te rongoā me te koiora, wherahia ana ratou kia rite ki te mōrea. Tenei ka tukua te hapori ki te kia rite rite mo hopearaa katoa taea hoki ia.