Tohu o te hanga tōtika i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā tauira auaha o te whanaketanga

E whakaatu ana te tātaritanga i kua tipu te tāpaetanga o pūtaiao e pā ana ki te ihirangi me te initiator o ngā tukanga auaha, me te kitea he iteraa i roto i te 6 whakatupuranga o tukanga auaha tauira.

Ko te tuatahi (1G) me tuarua (2G) whakatupuranga whakaata te tauira rārangi o "ru hangarau".

Na roto i te puta ke te waenganui-80s o whakamutunga rau tau tohu hanga mahi i me te tauira wha-whakatupuranga - Integrated i ai aro mātai o te whai huatanga o te production i hāngai i runga i te kaha ki te whakawhiti ki te matauranga ki auaha rite te tukanga whakarara-ki-rangatū.

Ko tōna āhuatanga tino nui o te tohu mahi maitai production pērā i te tohu o te hononga ki te hanga o te rangahau, te mahi tahi whakapae, te hanga rōpū taumahinga-arā, o ngā māngai o te wāhanga ngā o te tukanga auaha.

I roto i te 90 te huri kotahi ano te pūnaha o tohu o te hanga tōtika me whakatakoto te rima te whakatupuranga - he tauira o te rautaki whatunga (5g), e tohu ana he whanaketanga atu o te tauira integrated, riro tona hua auaha. Ko te tukanga auaha , ko te kore noa i te taumahinga-, engari ano hoki multiinstitutsionalnym, whatunga.

I roto i te tauira whakatupuranga ono i hanga te timatanga o te rau tau XXI (6G) - tuwhera tauira, e pā ana te ahua o nei ki te R & D ao.

whakatakotoria te whakaahuatanga o te tukanga auahatanga taua tohu o te hanga tōtika, rite te pera-ka karanga "huna" matauranga. Here te tukanga auaha - he pūnaha taumata-maha, e hanga he ahua o te hanganga mo te whanaketanga me te whakatinanatanga o innovations.

I te wa ano, e tika ana ki te hua koi i roto i te whenua ahumahi, te tūranga o ngā ahumahi nui-tech, te töna tino taonga ko ratou nga taonga o te mana whakairo hinengaro. I roto i nga tau tata nei, ko te arotahi matua o te aromātai i mana whakairo hinengaro ariā o te whanaketanga i runga i ngā whai wāhitanga akoranga i roto i te tono o te aromatawai o ngā tikanga pakihi, e kore e nei i uru ki roto ki te taxonomy o moni, utu, me te mākete huarahi. tohu mahinga o production konei ko ratou kōtuitanga e na taketake e whai ratou tata kahore raraunga tūturu o te mea timatanga tauira tuku iho ranei. Ko ratou:

- tauira o te uara-tapiritia ōhanga - Eva;

- tauira uara pānga tāpiri - SVA;

- te kōwhiringa tikanga i whakarite ai tūturu - Rov tikanga.

I te taumata o te mahitahi "taiao waho" - "whakahaere" kia wehea tikanga mō te fariiraa i moni, me nga tikanga o te tohatoha, me te whakamahi o innovations.

ngā āhuatanga whakahaere mō te whiwhi kaupapa ngā te whanaketanga o ngā momo whakahaere hou o te auaha: riko, ūnga-hāngai, me te kōkiri.

Ko te tikanga ohaoha mō te whiwhi innovations ngā: kirimana kāwanatanga, deductions tāke, manakohanga, painga, hararei, me te instalment taurewa, me te tahi atu ngā.

Na roto i te te whakarite me te akiaki i te whakahörapatanga me te whakamahi innovations ngā:

1. poapoa whakahaere o arumoni me te kore-arumoni whakawhiti hangarau;

2. poapoa Economic kanohi i te tomonga o te hangarau.

I te taumata o te ngā i waenganui i ngā pūnaha "whakahaere" - "hou" kia hanga he tu'unga:

1. whakahaere: ko te hanganga o ngā rōpū o te iwi rite-whakaaro;

2. Ko te, te faaitoitoraa morare morare-hinengaro o te kaituhi, me te hou i roto i te whakatōpū o manatārua o mana whakairo hinengaro hoki ratou kaihanga tūturu;

3. Economic - hāngai poapoa pūtea kaituhi me te hou: i roto i te whakatōpū o mana whakairo hinengaro hoki ratou kaihanga tūturu, wahi i roto i hua i roto i utu kingitanga, utu puranga moni, mōhio, roiate manatārua; painga rauemi autaki: i roto i te wa noa.