Whakangungu me te tangohanga: te āhuatanga hītori

Na roto i te mutunga o te rau tau XVI i roto i kaupapa Pākehā i hanga nga hiahiatanga katoa mo te whakawhiti ki ona tūranga rationalistic ki a'usia whakamātautau tikanga o hinengaro o te ao. I roto i te whakaaro nei ka whakanekehia tuatahi te whakaaro o te pūtaiao whakamātautau ko Francis Bacon me Descartes.

Ko te mau parau tumu o te matauranga pūtaiao, kua whakatikaia e enei pūtaiao, te hanga tata he orientations taumauri me huarahi hou. Te reira i te nuinga wikitoria te whāititanga o Organon me a Aristotle wharekarakia scholasticism, kihai i nei i mohio ki te wheako rite te puna o te matauranga o te mooni.

E ai ki Bacon, ki ngā wā katoa, me te tino tūhura i te ao o te natura, kia whakamahia tikanga o te arataki me te tangohanga. Hei wāhanga o te tikanga inductive he tika, i roto i tona tirohanga, te whai i te ngā ki te whānui, i te meka ngā ki te neke ki te mutunga whānui i hoatu Bacon te ingoa - te axioms toharite. Tenei ka whakarato i tētahi wāhi ki te whakarite tika, me te ōrite i roto i te tukanga hinengaro, mai kite Bacon ati nui i roto i te whakawhitinga i ngā takitahi rēhita i roto i te mahara o te meka tonu ki whānui. whakaaro tenei tikanga te kore kaupapa i ātete ki te tauira deductive o whakaaroaro ana syllogistic, a rawa tōtika tāpiri reira. I roto i te whakaurutanga poto me te tangohanga i pararopi ngā ki te taputapu huarahi kotahi. Tenei huarahi nui whakawhānui tono o ia o nga wāhanga o rohe te tikanga inductive-deductive whakamahia takitahi i mua.

Tohe Bacon e reira ko te oti, me te oti arataki, taua ruritanga, a ko te kupu rawa mārama ratou mau rave'a huarahi me te wahi i roto i te pūnaha whānui o ngā rauemi hinengaro o te pūtaiao o nāianei. whakaaro te puka rawa o tenei tikanga ko te whakaaro arataki pono, ko reira ia nei, i roto i te whakaae a Bacon, ka taea e arahi te tangata e kore e noa ki fakamulituku pono, engari ano hoki ki te whakatau tino hou. Ka rite ki te whakaū me te e tūtohu ana ki te huihui ki tetahi atu tikanga - whakamātau, e te kaimahi rite te marae rawa i roto i te pā ana ki te tuhituhinga ki te kia whakamatauria.

Ka rite ki matau koutou, i tenei ra i te whakamāramatanga o te arataki e mārama nui whakatakoto - tenei tukanga o piki i roto i te tautohe o maha whakaritenga takitahi ki te ahuwhānui wae ratou whakatau. Mōhiotanga tā kaupapa piro i roto i te tahi atu i te ahunga - i whakatau te whakatakiruatanga o ki terminals takitahi e he tika mo te ahanoa katoa e kėia he huinga i homai.

Ki te whakaaro tatou ki te kāwai o te whakaurutanga, me te mōhiotanga i roto i te horopaki o ratou whanaketanga o mua, ko atu uaua te pikitia.

I roto i te tawhito, me te anotau Middle, whakamahia ngā pūkenga te nuinga taua ruritanga, he paetae nui me te āhua o i ko syllogistic o Aristotle. Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia, whakahaua te whakaaro i konei te i te axioms ki te whakawa tūmataiti. Ki te matauranga o nga ture o te natura e kore he whai hua te whakamahi o te tikanga pērā i te mea kihai i whakawhirinaki tenei tikanga i runga i te wheako. Te hanga i runga i wheako taea anake arataki, e whai wāhi te ako o te nekehanga o meka takitahi, e te hunga Nireaha ki te whakaū whakamātau, ki te tikanga whānui. Te mea faahiahia, whakaahuatia te whakaurutanga te Aristotle ia, Heoi, i roto i tona wa i kore utu ia i tetahi faufaa pūtaiao, me te mahi. Ko whakaaro ahau i te reira i te taputapu huarahi kaha Francis Bacon ko Descartes whakawhanakehia te mau parau tumu o te tono mahi i runga i te pūtake o te manatoko whakamātautau o meka. Kua whakaaturia ēnei kaipūtaiao e arataki, me te taea taua ruritanga te mahi i roto i te matauranga o ngā mahi ao.

Arataki, mahi rite te whakaaro arorau ōkawa, tino whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukanga hinengaro. Hātepe arorau inductive ko e whai ake: kimi āhuatanga ōrite o ngā o te piha haapiiraa i taua, formulates te kaupapa mohio he mutunga e pā ana ki te katoa o no ratou ki nga kaupapa katoa e whakatu i te piha haapiiraa. Na roto i tenei whakaaro whakamahinga hātepe papatono, i kitea ai te ture o te tōpapa ao, ki runga ki tauira o kōhauhau whakawhirinaki pēhanga me ētahi atu hononga hōhonu e te tīariari i roto i te āhua kitea.

Mōhiotanga, e whakaatu ana i te kaupapa o te whakaaro i te whānui ki te takitahi, te whakatangihanga a te wāhi tonu i roto i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao ariā i te wā o te hanga whakapae whakaaro. I roto i tenei take ko reira te tīmatanga o te hanganga o te matauranga pūnaha hou.

I roto i nāianei pūtaiao arataki tikanga me te tangohanga taunekeneke ki ia te ara ano rite, hei tauira, te ariā me te tātari, me o ratou te whakamahi atu nui titau whiriwhiri tika ko te rohe i reira te tūranga o ia o nga tikanga hua te pānga nui.