Whakaotia hāora o te kūhuka. tauhohe pitihāoratanga kūhuka

Ka titiro tēnei tuhinga i te āhua o te piti hāora o te kūhuka. Warowaihā he pūhui momo poligidroksikarbonilnogo, me pärönaki ona. Ko te āhuatanga āhuatanga - te aroaro o te hāparo-tahi ketone ranei ngā rōpū, me te i te iti rawa e rua ngā rōpū hydroxyl.

I roto i tona hanganga, e wehea warowaihā ki monosaccharides, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides.

monosaccharides

Monosaccharides Ko nga warowaihā māmā, e kore e taea te i raro ki te paparetanga. I runga anō i te mea reira i roto i te hanganga rōpū - taratahi te hāparo-tahi ketone ranei te aldose (enei ngā galactose, kūhuka, ribose) me ketoses (ribulose, te huahuka).

oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides he warowaihā e kua tito o rua ki te tekau toenga takenga hukatahi piri e te hononga glycosidic. Tei runga i te maha o ngā toenga hukatahi wehewehe disaccharides, trisaccharides, a na i runga i. E i hanga e te piti hāora o te kūhuka? Ka tenei e kōrero i muri.

polysaccharides

Polysaccharides he warowaihā e roto i neke atu i te kotahi tekau wae hukatahi hono e glycosidic here. Ki te te hanganga o te hukarau kei roto i te toenga hukatahi taua, e karangatia ana ko gomopolisaharidom (hei tauira, māngaro). Ki te he rerekē enei toenga - te heteropolysaccharide (pērā i heparin).

Kia pehea te nui Ko te hāora o te kūhuka?

Ko te mahi o te warowaihā i roto i te tinana tangata

Warowaihā i nga āhuatanga matua e whai ake nei:

1. Energy. Ko te mahi matua o te warowaihā, rite he ratou te puna matua o te pūngao i roto i te tinana. Ka rite ki te hua o te piti hāora makona neke atu i te hawhe o nga hiahia pūngao o te tangata. Ko te hāora o tetahi karamu o te warowaihā tukua 16.9 kJ.
2. Rahui. Glycogen me te māngaro he puka rokiroki o ngā matūkai.
3. Hanganga. Cellulose me etahi atu pūhui hukarau hanga kōhiwi roa i roto i ngā tipu. Ratou ano, i roto i te matatini me lipids me pūmua e he wahi o biomembranes pūtau.
4. Paruru. Hoki heteropolysaccharides waikawa i roto i te tūranga o te hinu koiora. raina ratou te mata o te hononga, i te hunga i roto i te whakapā me te rapirapi ki tahi i te tahi, mucosa nasal, wahi kūnatu.
5. Antigoagulyantnaya. Tenei te warowaihā Ko heparin, he āhuatanga koiora nui - ara, ārai upoo- toto.
6. Warowaihā tohu he pūtake waro mo te kōtuitui o te pūmua, lipids me waikawa karihi.

Hoki kaiao Ko te puna matua o te warowaihā, te warowaihā kai - te huka, māngaro, kūhuka, reihuka). Ka taea te synthesized te kūhuka i roto i te tinana i waikawa amino, nonireka, lactate me pyruvate (gluconeogenesis).

glycolysis

Glycolysis tohu tetahi o toru momo taea o te tukanga kūhuka piti hāora. I roto i tenei pūngao tukanga tohatoha rongoa e muri ATP me NADH. Ko tētahi o tona muingota, motumotuhia ki rua ngā rāpoi ngota o te pyruvate.

e tukanga glycolysis wahi i raro i te mana o ngā māngai enzymatic, i.e. kaiwhakakökï āhua koiora. Ko te piti hāora tino nui ko te hāora, engari ko reira ia tapao e taea te whakamana i te tukanga o te glycolysis i te ngaro o te hāora. ka karanga tenei momo o te glycolysis hāorakore te.

Glycolysis Ko te tukanga pitihāoratanga stepwise anaerobic o te kūhuka. Ki tenei glycolysis kūhuka piti hāora kore he oti. Ko te kupu, i roto i te piti hāora o te kūhuka hua tetahi anake rāpoi ngota o pyruvate. Mai i te wāhi o te tirohanga o hua pūngao ko te iti pai atu i takohe glycolysis hāorakore. Heoi, ki te haere te pūtau hāora, kia puta te faafariuraa i roto i te glycolysis anaerobic takohe, i te mea te hāora oti o te kūhuka.

Ko te tikanga o te glycolysis

I roto i te tukanga o te glycolysis pirau reira e ono-waro te kūhuka ki rua rāpoi toru-waro o pyruvate. Kei te wehea te tukanga katoa ki ngā wāhanga e rima faaineineraa me rima, i roto i nei Kei te rongoa pūngao i roto i ATP.

Ko te kupu, puta glycolysis i rua ngā wāhanga, i ia o nei e tahuri iho ki rima ngā wāhanga.

Hipanga №1 hāora kūhuka

• atamira Tuatahi. I te taahiraa tuatahi ko te phosphorylation o te kūhuka. Whakahohenga o saccharide fosfolirirovaniya puta i te ono o te ngota waro.
• Ko te wāhanga tuarua. He tukanga o te isomerization o te kūhuka-6-Phosphate. I tenei wā, kua unu te kūhuka ki te huahuka-6-Phosphate i te mahi catalytic o phosphoglucoisomerase.
• Ko te atamira tuatoru. Phosphorylation o te huahuka-6-Phosphate. I tenei wā, te hanganga o te huahuka 1.6-bisphosphate (i huaina ano hoki aldolase) i raro i te mana o te phosphofructokinase-1. Kei te whai wāhi ia i roto i te puoro o te rōpū phosphoryl i triphosphate adenosine ki te rāpoi ngota huahuka.
• tuawha te atamira. I tenei wā, te wāhinga aldolase. Ka rite ki te hua e rua rāpoi Phosphate triose, a i roto i ngā eldozy ketose.
• tuarima i te atamira. isomerization Phosphate Triose. I tenei wā, te unga glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate i te takahanga o te wāwāhi kūhuka. A, no te puta tenei whakawhitinga dihydroxyacetone Phosphate i te puka o te glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate. rite tēnei whakawhitinga e te mahi o whākōkī.
• te ono o te atamira. Ko te hāora o te glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate. I tenei wā, te hāora o te rāpoi ngota, me tona phosphorylation muri ki te 1,3-diphosphoglycerate.
• Ko te atamira tuawhitu. Tenei wā tā te whakawhitinga o te rōpū Phosphate 1,3-diphosphoglycerate ki ADP. Ko te hua mutunga o tenei taahiraa i hanga te te-phosphoglycerate 3 me ATP.

Wāhanga №2 - oti piti hāora o te kūhuka

• Ko te atamira te waru. I tenei wā, te whakawhiti 3-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate. whakamana ana te tukanga whakawhiti e raro i te mahi o te paru pērā i mutase phosphoglycerate. puta tenei hāora tauhohe matū kūhuka ki te aroaro whakahauanga o te konupora (Mg).
• Ko te atamira iwa. I tenei wā, te maroketanga o te 2-phosphoglycerate.
• Ko te atamira tekau. I runga i te whakawhitinga o te Phosphate i takea mai i ngā wāhanga o mua e rerengia ana i roto i äta me ADP. Whakatinana e te whakawhiti ki te fosfoenulpirovata ADP. Ko te taea te tauhohenga matū pērā i te aroaro o katote konupora (Mg) me te pāhare pāporo (K).

I raro i ngā āhuatanga takohe, mai te tukanga ki te CO ₂ ko H ₂ O. te whārite o te hāora te kūhuka e whai ake:

C ₆ H ₁₂ E ₆ + 6Na 6D ₂ → ₂ + 6H ₂ E + 2880 kJ / kamiriona.

Ko te kupu, ko te haaputuputuraa pūtau o NADH puta i roto i te hanganga o te lactate i te kūhuka. Tenei te tikanga e te tukanga taua ko te anaerobic, a kia puta ai i roto i te ngaro o te hāora. E hāora - whakamutunga acceptor irahiko, e kua tuku NADH i te mekameka romahā.

I roto i te tukanga o te tātai i te toenga pūngao o te tauhohe glycolytic me i matau e korerotia ia wāhanga o te taahiraa tuarua te rua. Mai i tenei e taea e tatou e faaoti e i roto i te taahiraa matamua pau rua rāpoi ATP te, a i roto i te rere o te wāhanga tuarua, he 4 ATP-phosphorylation o te tïpako rāpoi ngota i te momo. Tenei te tikanga e rite ki te hua o te piti hāora o ia rāpoi ngota o te kūhuka pūtau kohikohi rāpoi ATP rua.

Kua uiui e matou te piti hāora o te kūhuka i te hāora.

ara anaerobic o hāora kūhuka

Takohe hāora i huaina tukanga piti hāora i roto i nei puta kōwhiringa pūngao me e puta i roto i te aroaro o te hāora, te uaki mutunga hauwai acceptor i roto i te mekameka romahā. Hauwai kaituku rāpoi protrudes ngā hoa puka iti (FADN2, NADH, NADPH) nei e hanga e e tauhohe o te piti hāora tïpako takawaenga.

Ko te tukanga o te piti hāora takohe o momo dichotomic kūhuka ko te ara matua o te catabolism te kūhuka i roto i te tangata. Ka taea te whakamana i tēnei momo o te glycolysis i roto i te kopa, me whekau o te tinana tangata katoa. Ko te hua o tenei tauhohenga ko te wāhinga o te rāpoi ngota o te te kūhuka ki te wai, me te hauhā. Ka te pūngao tukua i roto i tenei take e whiwhi i roto i te ATP. Ka taea te wehea tēnei tukanga ki e toru ngā wāhanga:

1. Ko te tukanga o te faafariuraa o ngā rāpoi ngota kūhuka i ki te rua o ngā rāpoi ngota o te waikawa pyruvic. Ko te tauhohenga e wahi i roto i te cytoplasm pūtau me ko te ara motuhake te whāwehe kūhuka.
2. Ko te tukanga o te hanganga o te acetyl-ropu mai i roto i te decarboxylation oxidative o te waikawa pyruvic. Tenei tauhohenga e wahi i roto i te pungaraungao pūtau.
3. Ko te hāora o te acetyl-ropu mai ki te huringa Krebs. Ko te tauhohenga e wahi i roto i te pungaraungao pūtau.

I ia wāhanga o tenei tukanga hua nga momo iti o ngā hoa, na roto i te oxidizing complexes whākōkī o te mekameka romahā. hua tenei ATP i piti hāora o te kūhuka.

ngā hoa Mātauranga

Ngā hoa e hanga e runga i te taahiraa tuarua, me te tuatoru o te glycolysis takohe, kua oxidized tika i roto i te pungaraungao pūtau. Whakarara ki tenei, NADH, i hanga e i roto i te cytoplasm o te pūtau i roto i te tauhohe o te wāhanga tuatahi o te glycolysis takohe, e kore kaha ki te tomo i roto i te membrane punaraungao. whakawhiti hauwai te i NADH ki te pungaraungao cytoplasmic pūtau e huringa rakau. I roto i enei huringa taea wehewehe te matua - malate-aspartate.

Na, te whakamahi i te NADH cytoplasmic puta i roto i te malate oxaloacetate fakafoki mai i roto i te tahuri, tomo te pungaraungao pūtau me ka oxidized e whakaiti o nad punaraungao. hoki Oxaloacetate ki te cytoplasm i te puka o te aspartate.

puka mutated o glycolysis

Ko te ahunga whakamua o te glycolysis ai atu e tahi i te tukunga o 1.3 me 2.3-bifosfoglitseratov. Ko te kupu e taea te hangarua 2.3-bifosfoglitserat raro i te mana o te whakakōkī koiora ki te tukanga glycolysis, a ka huri tona āhua ki te-phosphoglycerate 3. tākaro ēnei whākōkī he momo o tūranga. Hei tauira, 2.3-bifosfoglitserat kei roto i te pūtoto, whakatairanga te whakawhitinga o te hāora ki te kopa, te kupu takoha ki te whakaiti me te dissociation o hāora pakuwha me erythrocytes.

mutunga

Ka taea e maha huakita te huri i te akoranga o te puka glycolysis i runga i ona wāhanga ngā. Ko taea ki te whakaiti i to ratou nui katoa whakarerekē o enei wāhanga ranei e te pānga o ngā pūhui whākōkī. Ētahi o huakita anaerobic i te kaha ki ētahi atu tikanga warowaihā whāwehe. Te nuinga o thermophiles e anake e rua o te paru glycolysis, i roto i ngā, enolase me pyruvate kinase.

titiro matou i te āhua o puta hāora o te kūhuka i roto i te tinana.