Wilhelm Richard Wagner: A Biography. Richard Wagner me ana mahi rongonui

Wilhelm Richard Wagner - kaitito Tiamana, me te theorist o whakaari, kaiwhakahaere whare tapere, kaiwhakahaere, polemicist, nei ka rongonui mo ana opera, e kua i te pānga orurehau i runga i te waiata Western. I roto i ana mahi nui - "Te Flying Dutchman" (1843), "Tannhauser" (1845), "Lohengrin" (1850), "Tristan ko Isolde" (1865), "Parsifal" (1882 .) me te tetralogy "Der Ring des Nibelungen" (1869-1876 gg.).

Richard Wagner: he haurongo poto me te auaha

I whanau Wagner i runga i Mei 22, 1813 i roto i Leipzig, i roto i te utuafare haehaa. i muri i te fanauraa o tana tama, ka mate hohoro tona papa, a ka i roto i te tau marenatia tona whaea Lyudviga Geyera. e kore e mohiotia te reira ranei te kaiwhakaari kaipaowe whakamutunga, te papa tūturu o te tamaiti. i tupurangi Wagner mātauranga waiata, noa ko ia 18, ka pau ia i te tau i Theodore Vaynliga i Leipzig. ka anga ia i tona mahi i roto i te 1833 rite te kaiwhakahaere koaea i Würzburg, a tuhituhi ana mahi wawe, hanga i roto i te peehia o te tito aroha Tiamana. I taua wa, ko Beethoven tona whakapakoko matua.

tuhituhi Wagner tona puoru tuatahi "patupaiarehe" i roto i te 1833, engari i tukua ai muri anake te matenga o te kaitito. Ko ia kaiwhakahaere waiata o te whare tapere i roto i Magdeburg i 1834 ki te 1836, i reira tona mahi i muri, "araia Love" e hāngai ana i runga i o Shakespeare "Measure mo Measure", i tū i roto i te 1836. i tukua e Opera he tokomaha oti a i whakaari kaihau. Heoi, nga raruraru pūtea o te kaitito ki tonu o tona haurongo katoa. Richard Wagner i roto i te taua tau i roto i Königsberg moea e ia Minna Planner, kaiwaiata me te kaitapere, kua whai wāhi i roto i te ora whare tapere porowini. Tau ava'ei muri iho ua farii e ia te pou o te tino kaiwhakatangi o te Taone Theatre, e, Heoi, ano hohoro haere kaihau.

Ko te kore o France me hoki ki Germany

I roto i te 1837, ka Wagner te tino kaiwhakatangi tuatahi o te whare tapere i roto i Riga. E rua tau i muri mai, i muri i te ako e kore tona kirimana e kia atu, i raro i te taupoki o te po, huna i nama, me kaikohikohi, haere te tokorua ki Paris, tumanako ki te hanga i te reira i te āhua. Richard Wagner, nei haurongo me te mahi i roto i France tipu tino rerekē, pera i te whakamahere ia mo tona taima i reira whakawhanakehia he mauahara kaha o te ahurea waiata French, kua noho nei ki a ia taea noatia te mutunga o te ora. Ko reira i tenei wa, Wagner, ite mau fifi pūtea, hokona te Paris Opera hōtuhi "te Flying Dutchman" mo te whakamahi i tētahi atu kaitito. I muri mai ka tuhituhi e ia tetahi atu putanga o te korero. Whakakahoretia ano ia e nga porowhita puoro Parisian, tonu Wagner ki te whawhai mo te aronga o: tito waiata i runga i ngā tuhinga French, i tuhituhi te aria mo o Bellini "Norma". Ko whakamātau ki te hoatu i to ratou mahi i roto i te horihori. I roto i te mutunga, whakaaetia te kingi o Saxony Wagner ki te mahi i roto i te marae whare tapere Dresden, a hua tenei i roto i tona ora Parisian.

Richard Wagner, whakama e te rahunga, i roto i 1842 hoki ia ki a Germany, a noho i roto i Dresden, te wahi i ia te kawenga mō te waiata mo te fare pureraa marae. "Rienzi" puoru fakamamahi nui i roto i te kāhua French, koa angitu tano. He rongonui tonu Overture i reira. I roto i 1845, i roto i Dresden, te tuatahitia o "Tannhauser." Ko te angitu undoubted tuatahi i roto i te mahi o Wagner. I roto i Noema o te taua tau oti ia ka timata te tuhituhi o te libretto mo te opera "Lohengrin" i te timatanga o 1846 ki te tuhituhi ki a ia waiata. I te wa ano, matenui e te kāhui Scandinavian, hanga e ia mahere mo tona tetralogy "Te Ring o te Nibelung." I roto i te 1845, kua rite ia te hōtuhi mo te whakaari tuatahi o te tetralogy "Ko te mate o Siegfried," i muri mai i whakaingoatia te "Twilight o nga Atua."

Richard Wagner: he haurongo poto. tau o te whakahekenga atu

whawhati te revolution o 1848 i roto i nga pa maha i roto i Germany. I roto ia ratou a Dresden, he wāhi kaha i roto i te kaupapa orurehau i riro Richard Wagner. Haurongo me mahi o te kaitito te nuinga e tika ana ki tenei wā o tona ora. tāngia e ia tirades hei tahutahu i roto i te ve'a no te fenua, fakatāutaha te tohatoha manifestos roto i nga hoia Saxon, a tae noa i ora te ahi i roto i te pourewa, i tiaki ai ia i ai nga nekehanga o te hōia. Haratua 16, i tukuna 1849 he whakamana mo tona puke. Ki te moni o hoa me te heke mai i roto i-ture Franz Liszt rere ia i Dresden, a haere mā Paris ki Switzerland. I reira, te tuatahi i roto i Zurich, a ka whakatata Lucerne mo te 15 nga tau i muri mai, me te tipu tona haurongo. i ora ai Richard Wagner, e kore he he mahi tūturu, peia i Germany, ki te aukati ki te tango i tetahi wahi i roto i te ora whare tapere Tiamana. tenei wa katoa mahi ia i runga i te "Ring des Nibelungen" e te nuinga tona ora auaha te rua tekau tau i muri mai.

I tū te atamira tuatahi o te opera Richard Wagner o "Lohengrin" i roto i Weimar i raro i te aronga o Franz Liszt i 1850 (e kore i te kaituhi kite tona mahi i mua i 1861). E tenei wa riro ano hoki te kaitito German rongo rite te polemicist, ko tona mahi ariā taketake, "Opera me Drama" haere mai i roto i te 1850-1851 gg. matapaki te reira i te faufaa o pūrākau mō te whare tapere, me te pehea, ki te tuhituhi i te libretto, a i whakaurua ki ona whakaaro i runga i te whakatinanatanga o te "mahi katoa o te toi" e ke te ora tapere i roto i Germany, ki te kahore te ao.

I roto i te 1850, i whakaputaina Wagner tuhinga "nga Hurai i roto i Music", i roto i i ui ia te taea rawa o te oraraa o te kaitito Hurai, me te kaiwhakatangitangi, rawa i roto i te hapori Tiamana. Anti-Semitism noho te tapao o tona kaupapa mo te ora.

I roto i 1933, te Soviet Union, whakaputaina te pukapuka i roto i te "Life o People faahiahia" raupapa AA Sidorova "Richard Wagner." mua haurongo Poto o te kaitito German Lunacharsky kupu e kore e hautopea te ao, whiti atu i tona mahi, engari sulilos hoki "aue, ki te tetahi e e tuku tenei ruānuku i roto i to tatou puni."

mahi hua

Richard Wagner nga mahi tino rongonui tuhituhia i waenganui i 1850 me 1865 - au, e ia tona ingoa i tenei ra ki a ratou. āta shied atu i te mahi haere tonu te kaitito ki te waihanga i tētahi huringa hautoa o tenei nui, e kore e kore tetahi ia i mua i haere koe. I roto i te 1851, i tuhituhi Wagner te libretto mō "Young Siegfried", i muri ko "Siegfried" ki te faaineine i te whenua mo te "ka kakarauri o nga Atua." mohio ia e i roto i te tikanga ki te whakatika i ētahi atu tona mahi, i roto i te tua ki tenei, ka hiahia te reira ki te tuhituhi e rua atu whakaari, me i te mutunga o 1851, tuhia Wagner te toe kuputuhi mo te "Rings". oti ia "Das Rheingold" i roto i 1852 i muri i te whakahounga o te libretto ki "Valkyrie."

I roto i te 1853, kua mana tīmata te kaitito tuhi "Das Rheingold". oti te rōpū i roto i te 1854th. mahi i muri te tino tīmata Richard Wagner, "Mate Walküre", i oti te reira i roto i 1856-m. I tenei wa i timata ia ki te whakaaro e pā ana ki te tuhi "Tristan me Isolde". I te tau 1857, i oti te mahi tuarua o "Siegfried" me te kaitito tino rumakina i roto i te tuhinga roa "Tristan." oti tenei mahi i roto i te tau 1859, engari ka mau tona tuatahitia wahi anake i roto i te tau 1865 i roto i Munich.

tau tata nei

I roto i te tau 1860, riro Wilhelm Richard Wagner whakaaetanga ki te hoki ki Germany, hāunga Saxony. I tatari whakawātea tonu hoki ia i roto i rua tau. I roto i te taua tau tīmata ia tuhituhi waiata mo te opera "te Mastersingers o Nuremberg", i hapu i roto i te tau 1845-m. anō Wagner mahi i runga i "Siegfried" i roto i te tau 1865, ka tīmata te hanga huahua o te heke mai "Parsifal", te tumanako o i puritia e ia mai i nga waenganui-1840. timata kaitito opera i te onoonoraa o tona kaiwhakaruruhau arii Bavarian Ludwig II. "Mate Meistersinger" i oti i roto i te 1867. I tū te tuatahitia i Munich tau e haere ake. Anake i muri i taea ki te tīmata anō te mahi i runga i te toru o nga mahi o "Siegfried", i oti i roto i Hepetema 1869 ia. I roto i te marama ano, ka meatia tuatahi opera "Das Rheingold". Ko te waiata mo te "Twilight o nga Atua," i tuhituhi te kaitito i waenganui i 1869 me 1874

Hoki te wā tuatahi i te huringa ki tonu i "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ( "Das Rheingold," "Mate Walküre", "Siegfried" me "Twilight o nga Atua") i mahi i roto i te "Festspielhaus", te whare tapere hakari i hanga Wagner hoki ia i roto i Bayreuth i 1876, i muri i te 30 tau i muri i tenei whakaaro i te tuatahi ka haere mai ki a ia. oti ia te mahi i runga i "Parsifal", tona whakaari hou i roto i 1882. February 13, 1883 i roto i Venice, ka mate a Richard Wagner, a tanumia i roto i Bayreuth.

tetralogy Philosophy

"Ko te Ring o te Nibelung" noho te wahi pokapū i roto i te mahi o Wagner. Here hiahia ia ki te tapaea whakaaro hou o te morare, me te mahi tangata, e e kua tino puta ke te akoranga o te hītori. whakaaro ia he ao noa o koropiko pononga tipua, i whakapono ia i te mana kino i runga i te ao Western i Kariki tawhito ki te ra nei. whakaaro hoki Wagner te puna o ngā mahi katoa te tangata wehi kia whiwhi e whakakahoretia o taua tangata i kaha ki te ora i te ora tino. Ko te "Ring o te Nibelungen" tamata ia ki te whakamārama i te reiti teitei mo te iwi, mea e ka te nuinga i runga i te hunga waimarie iti. I roto i te tahuri, kia rite ki a ia, te tangata i ki te ite i to ratou ake mana iti, me te hoatu kororia hero pai. Fifi e pā ana search o te viivii morare, me te iwi, he he wāhi o te mahere, i whanga Richard Wagner.

Ko te mahi o te kaitito i mahi e te whakapono e tāpeke rumaki anake i roto i te wheako tairongo taea tukua te tangata i te herenga o te rationality. Ko nga mea katoa kia kua he maramarama nui, i titiro te ora mahara ko Wagner hei fifi ki te whakatutuki i te tangata oti tino o mōhiotanga. Anake ka haere mai huihui te tangata pai me te wahine pai, e taea te hanga whakapakoko hautoa transcendental. Na Siegfried Brungilda maitai hinga kore i muri i tuku ki tahi i te tahi; motu mutu ratou ki kia tino tika.

I roto i te ao namata o Wagner he kahore wahi hoki te aroha me te idealism. Mahia anake hari i roto i tahi i te tahi. Me iwi katoa ki te ite i te painga i o etahi o nga mea, me ka piko ki a ratou i pai ai. Ka taea e te tangata rapu mo tona iku'anga, engari me whakarongo ia te pai ai o te runga rawa, ki te whiti ratou ara. Ko te "Ring o te Nibelungen" Wagner hiahia ki te tahuri tona hoki i runga i te ao tuku iho i te ao Hellenic-faka-Kalisitiané. hiahia ia ki te kite i te ao, wā nei e te kaha me te mahi kikino, waiata i roto i te kāhui Norse. ka catastrophic nga hopearaa o tenei kaupapa mo te heke mai o Germany.

Philosophy atu faiva

I roto i "Tristan," Kua puta ke rawa Wagner tona huarahi, whakawhanakehia e ia i roto i te "Ring o te Nibelung." Engari, torotoro ia te taha ki pouri o te aroha ki te ruku ki te rire o te wheako tōraro. Tristan ko Isolde, tukua, e kore te mate aroha potion to ratou inu, pai ki te whakangaro i te rangatiratanga, ki te aroha me te ki ora; whakaaro mana titorehanga o te aroha te konei rite haamou, a he pai mō ngā pūrongo kupu whakaari whakaari kāhua chromaticism puoro, me te nui pulsations orchestral.

Whakaataata Wagner, kihai i nei faaoroma'i o te mea katoa, engari ki ona kohakore matapo, ka haere mai ki te mua i roto i "Die Meistersinger." Ko te kōrero, ko te pā ana ki te kuao hero-kaiwaiata ki te wikitoria i te tikanga tawhito, me te utu ki raro i te hou, kāhua atu whakaongaonga ki te ngā tikanga e pā ana kamupene o Nuremberg - he korero patupaiarehe o te "mowhiti" i roto i te guise paku rerekē. ka mea a Wagner nuitia e "Tristan" Ko te "Ring" i roto i te iti. Oia mau, tāutu i roto i "Mate Meistersinger" kaitito ki te ahua Mesia o te kuao rohi pehe Tiamana, me te kaiwaiata nei riro i te taonga, a te mutunga tangohia e te rangatira o te hapori hou - e tu'atiraa rahi fiction kaituhi me tona haurongo. Richard Wagner "Parsifal" tāutu ara ake inarā ia ki te hero-kaiwhakaora, te kaihoko o te ao. Nga ouau, ka waiata atu ki te opera, ka waiho ratou te kororia o te kaituhi, a kahore ki tetahi atua.

Ko te reo waiata

Ko rite whakaongaonga rite pei tona ngakau, me metaphysics te whānuitanga o te kite a Wagner. Kahore waiata, e tona whakaari tonu noho tohu whenua i roto i te hītori o te whakaaro Western. Richard Wagner, tona waiata e whakamahatia te uara o tona mahi maha nga wa, ki rö te reo, pai tohu tana kaupapa. tikanga ia ki totohu ai te ātete o te ope o te take i te tikanga waiata. Tümanako, kia mau tonu te waiata, me he wahi o te papanga, e whakakapititia ki te tukutuku nehenehe o te mahi rōpū reo me te kuputuhi. reo-waha, maha rawa kerekere, me te syntactically torturous, e manakohia i roto i te waiata anake.

e kore hoki te waiata o Wagner i tetahi ara ko te tāpiritanga, whatu ki te whakaari i muri tona otinga, a ko reira nui atu i te mahi i roto i te kōrero ōkawa, "koe mo te whakaaro ki a koe." herea te reira i te ora me te toi, mooni me te tokonga o te uniana taupuhipuhi kotahi, faaitoito ratou ake pānga magic i runga i te whakarongo. tikanga reo waiata o Wagner te ki debunk te kouma, ka meinga whakaaetanga whiriwhiringa o ngā whakapono o te kaitito. I roto i te Wagner tai'o Schopenhauer ngaahi tulama waiata pai - e kore te mea he whakaata o te ao, engari ko te ao ano tenei.

'ulungaanga whaiaro

e kore e he putanga taua o te ora auaha o Wagner mea tetahi e pā ana ki te uauatanga faahiahia i roto i tona ora whaiaro, e, i roto i te tahuri, i te pānga i runga i tona opera. Ko pono ia he ahua whai mana nei kua hinga te ati. I roto i Switzerland, noho te kaitito i runga i takoha e kua riro ki te awhina o te tohunga te maere, me te kaha ki te rāwekeweke iwi. I roto i ngā, wāhi reira ki te oranga o te whānau Wesendonck, ko Matilda Vezendonk, tetahi o nga hoa tokomaha o Wagner faauru ia ki te tuhituhi "Tristan."

te ora o te kaitito i muri ko te haerenga o Saxony te raupapa tamau o hinana, totohe, whakamātau ki te hinga i te ta'etokanga o te ao, rapu hoki te wahine tino tika o tona aroha, me te kaiwhakaruruhau kaiwhiwhi tika pai o moni i taea e riro te reira. ko Cosima von Bulow Liszt te whakahoki ki tona titauraa mo te wahine tino, obsequiously me kanga fanatically ki ratou oranga. Ahakoa Wagner ko Minna mo etahi wa i ora anake, kihai i marenatia e ia ki a Cosimo i 1870, tata tekau nga tau i muri i te matenga o tana wahine tuatahi. 30 tau o muri atu i tana tane, okiokinga Cosima o tona ora whakatapua ano whare tapere o Wagner i Bayreuth. mate ia i roto i te 1930

whakamatauria te reira i te kaiwhakaruruhau pai Ludwig II, e ora mooni Wagner i te whare herehere te hunga 'a oho te kaitito ki Munich ki Blanche tata carte mō te ora me te mahi. Karauna Tānga Lyudvig o Bavaria tae te tuatahitia o "Lohengrin" i te tau o ma rima. aroha ia Richard Wagner - e kore roimata o hari e pupu i roto i ona kanohi kotahi te admirer taranata nui-rangatira o te kaitito i roto i te mahi. ka Opera te pūtake o te Kingi o Bavaria ao wawata, i roto i nei maha ia rere ki tona ora pakeke. Tona pokenga ki opera a Wagner arahina ki te hanga o ngā whare Breakers. "Neuschwanstein" Ko pea te hanganga tino rongonui, faauruhia e te mahi o te kaitito Tiamana.

I muri i tona whakaora, Heoi, mahi pera ino Wagner ki matapo koropiko arii taitamariki e i muri i te 2 nga tau i takoha ki te rere. Ludwig, i roto i te noa'tu o tona pe'ape'a, ko te tautoko pūmau o te kaitito. Ngā mihi ki tona ohaoha i roto i 1876 i hanga i taea mahi o "Der Ring des Nibelungen" i roto i Bayreuth hakari tuatahi.

I whakaae Difficile Wagner o tona painga, me ki nga tau ka tona whakaaro härukiruki. ko kātaki'i o tetahi feaa ia, ki tetahi kore tango ia ia ko ona fakatupu. Mea katoa i roto i tona whare anake an hoki a tawhio noa ia ia, ko tona take ki te wahine, mistresses, hoa, kaiwaiata, me mehe i ngako. Hei tauira, ka Hanslick, rongonui he fakaangá waiata Viennese, te tauira Bekmessera i roto i "Die Meistersinger."

A, no te he kuao philosopho Fridrih Nitsshe tuatahi tutaki Wagner, whakaaro ia i kitea e ia i tona ara ki te Atua, na marama, me te kaha whakaaro reira ki a ia. I muri mai ua ite Nietzsche e he nui iti ake i te apataki tino o Superman, me pehea ia ka puta ki a ia te kaitito, a tahuri ana i roto i te whakarihariha. kore Wagner whakarerea noatia tona rere Nietzsche.

Place i roto i te hītori

I roto i te hi'opo'araa whakatutuki Wagner tami tona whanonga, me tona ai'a. whakahaere ia ki ora te makanga tonutia o whakatupuranga muri o ngā kaitito. hanga Wagner he taua, reo waiata ahurei whai hua, rawa i roto i te "Tristan" me "Parsifal" e te maha i tuhia i te timatanga o te waiata hou ki te wa o te tupu o enei opera.

Richard Wagner, nei rongonui mahi kahore e whāiti ki formalism parakore me te whanaketanga ariā waitara, whakakitea e waiata ko te ope ora e taea taui i te oraraa o te iwi. I tua atu, kua whakamatauria te reira e te whare tapere whakaari ko te forum o whakaaro, e kore te scene o ora i mooni me te whakangahau. Na ka whakakitea e ia e taea tika te kaitito tango tona wahi i roto i te whakaaro pāhoro nui o te ao Western, uiui me te patua te mea puta Kāore i tuku iho te tikanga o te whanonga, wheako, mātauranga me te toi. Fakataha ki Karlom Marksom ko Charles Darwin Richard Wagner haurongo, auaha, kaitito tika ki te tango i tona wahi tika i roto i te hītori o te ahurea o te rau tau XIX waiata.