Homeliness, Hanga
Alloys Whakarōpū me te whakarewa
I roto i te ahumahi o tenei ra whakamahi te nui nui o te rauemi. Kirihou me composites, graphite me ētahi atu matū ... Ko he hāngai tonu te whakarewa. No te mea hanga reira nga waihanga nui, Kei te whakamahia te reira ki te hanga i te whānuitanga o ngā mīhini me ētahi atu taputapu.
Ko te whakamāramatanga whānui o
E huaina konganuku matū ohie nei i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa e te āhuatanga e maha ngā āhuatanga motuhake: kawe ia waiariki tiketike, me te nāianei hiko, me te kōngohe. Kirihou. I roto i te āhua totoka āhuatanga e hanganga karaihe i te taumata ngota, a koia i ngā āhuatanga kaha nui. Ko reira he alloys e ko ratou pärönaki. He aha te mea te reira?
Na ka karanga rauemi i takea mai i rua, neke atu rānei matū mā te whakawera i runga i te ira whakakoero. Kia mōhio e reira he konganuku me te konganuku-kore alloys. I roto i te take tuatahi, me i roto i te hanganga i te iti rawa 50% whakarewa.
Heoi, e kore e e raruraru matou i kaupapa tuhinga. Na, he aha te ahua o te whakarewa he whakarōpū? I roto i te whānui, wehe reira tika ohie:
- konganuku ferrous.
- konganuku Nonferrous.
Ko te kāwai tuatahi ngā rino katoa me ona alloys. He atu konganuku katoa tae, Heoi, rite ratou pūhui. Me ia kāwai ki te kia whakaaro i roto i te taipitopito atu: ahakoa te whakarōpū whānui tino hōhā, he reira mau nui atu uaua. A, ki te mahara matou e reira he konganuku utu nui ... A ratou, rawa, he rerekē. Heoi, ko te whakarōpū o konganuku utu nui noa māmā. Mea rawa i reira e waru o ratou: he koura, he hiriwa, konukawata, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, me rhodium, me iridium. Ko te tino tino ko nga konganuku rōpū konukawata.
I roto i te meka, te whakarōpū o konganuku utu nui , me te o hōhā. Na ka karangatia e (i roto i te whakapaipai) ko te hiriwa ano, koura, me te konukawata. Ko nui o "take teitei". Ko te wā ki te kōrero e pā ana ki te rauemi atu noa, me te tahuhu.
timata tatou ki te tirohanga whānui o te kōeke rerekē o maitai, i te mea tika te taua ko te pärönaki o te rere o te whakarewa mangu - rino.
He aha te mea maitai?
He koranu o te rino, me te etahi tāpiritanga, e kei kore neke atu i 2.14% waro ngota. Ko tino whānui te whakarōpū o enei rauemi, me e te reira ki pūkete: te hanganga me te production tikanga matū, te aroaro ngaro ranei o poke tuukino, me te hanganga. Heoi, ko te āhuatanga tino nui ko te hanganga matū, rite pānga ki te waitohu me te ingoa o te parahi.
momo waro
Ēnei rauemi tikanga i dopants, engari te hangarau o ratou tito whakarato he maha o te tahi atu poke (nuinga, konupora). Mai Ko te ihirangi o enei matū i roto i te whānuitanga o 0.8-1%, i tetahi mana ki runga ki nga āhuatanga kaha, pūkaha me te matū o te parahi, ratou e kore e whai. whakamahia tēnei kāwai te i roto i te hanga, me te ahumahi o ngā taputapu. O te akoranga, ko tawhiti te whakarewa i roto i tenei whakarōpū i runga i.
Structural maitai waro
Nuinga o ngā wā e whakamahia ana mo te hanganga o ngā hanganga ngā mō ngā take ahumahi, hōia kāinga ranei, engari maha e whakamahia ratou mo te hanga o ngā taputapu, me te tikanga. I roto i tenei take, e kore e nui ake te ihirangi waro i roto i tetahi take 0.5-0.6%. kia whai ratou i te kaha tino nui, whakaritea nei e te katoa ropu whaimana kaihoko whakamātautau ao (Rm, σ0,2, δ, ψ, KCU, HB, HRC). E rua ngā momo:
- Noa.
- Kounga.
Ka rite ki mo enei rauemi, kia te waikura o te whakarewa i runga i te mata. Ko te whakarōpū o ētahi atu momo o te maitai e whakarato mō ngā whakaritenga atu pākaha ki a ratou.
Taputapu maitai waro
Ratou whānuitanga - pū engineering, taputapu whakangao mo te ao pūtaiao, me te rongoā, me ētahi atu ahumahi e hiahia nui haere te kaha, me te tika. kia ngā ratou ihirangi waro i 0.7 ki te 1.5%. Me whai i te kaha nui rawa taua rauemi, kia ātete ki te kakahu āhuatanga me pāmahana te mutunga teitei.
steels patu
Na ka karanga rauemi nei, i roto i te tua ki poke tūturu roto he nui nui o dopants ki te tāpiri āwenewene. Ko ētahi o ēnei chromium, nika, molybdenum. I tua atu, ka taea e hoki kia te steels koranu konupora me te takawai ihirangi o te mea tino maha kaua e nui ake 0.8-1.2%.
I roto i tenei take, whakarōpū o te whakarewa riro tona wehenga ki e rua momo:
- Steels ki te ihirangi iti o tāpiritanga. I roto i te moni, o ratou he kore ake atu i te 2.5%.
- Doped. I roto i enei tāpiritanga kia ai i 2.5 ki te 10%.
- Rauemi ki te ihirangi tiketike o tāpiritanga (ki runga 10%).
E wehea ano enei momo ki momo, pera i roto i te take o mua.
Patu maitai hanganga
Ka rite ki ki ētahi atu momo katoa, kei te whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te engineering, hanga o ngā whare me ētahi atu hanganga, me te i roto i te ahumahi. Ki te whakarite a ratou tatou ki momo carbonaceous, ka whai hua taua rauemi i te ōwehenga o ngā āhuatanga kaha, plasticity me te pokey. I tua atu, he tino ātete ki te pāmahana tino iti ratou. O enei, kia piriti, rererangi, missiles, taputapu tiketike-pū mo te ahumahi.
Koranu taputapu maitai
I roto i te parau tumu, e tino rite ki te momo kōrero i runga ake i te āhuatanga. Ka taea te whakamahi ratou mo nga take e whai ake nei:
- Production o te tapahi me te tiketike-pū mea ruri, me te taputapu. I roto i ngā, whakaputaina tenei rauemi i taputapu maitai tarai, e tei runga i te whakarōpū he: kua hiahiatia reira ki te Tohua tāngia i runga i te hua.
- Na etahi o ratou hanga i nga mate mo matao, me te wera hurihia.
Koranu steels, whakaaro motuhake
Ka rite ki te ingoa titau, enei rauemi i etahi āhuatanga motuhake. Hei tauira, i reira he wera-ātete me ngā momo wera-ātete, me katoa mohiotia kowiri tira. Nä, ko te whānuitanga o ratou tono tā te hanga o mihini me taputapu, e ka mahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino uaua: he pūkaha mīhini huri hiko, he oumu mo te tango, whakarewa, etc ..
Construction maitai
Steel ki te ihirangi waro toharite. Whakamahia hoki te hanga o te whānuitanga whānui o ngā rauemi hanga rerekē. I roto i ngā, he no te mahi ratou pūkete (ngā momo me te pepa whakarewa), putorino, koki, a na i runga i. D. Oia mau, te whiriwhiri o te kāwai ngā whakarewa whakarongo ngā ki te āhuatanga kaha o te maitai.
I tua atu, tae noa ki te aroaro o te hanga o te katoa o nga āhuatanga e tatau toutou i te hi'oraa o tauira pāngarau, kia e taea te hanga etahi puka o te utu i roto i nuinga o te wā rite ki ngā whakaritenga kiritaki takitahi.
whakapakari maitai
Ka rite ki a koutou pea fifili, ratou hōkai - poraka whakaū me te taiwhanga raima whakapakaritia. Tukua ratou i roto i te puka o rakau ranei waea ki te diameter nui. Ko te rauemi he waro ranei, ranei he parahi ki te ihirangi iti o tāpiritanga alloying. E rua ngā momo:
- Hot-hurihia.
- Thermally a mihini whakapakaritia.
kōhua maitai
Whakamahia hoki te hanga o nga kohua i me ipurau, me te tahi atu oko, me whare, e te hunga ki te mahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga tiketike-pēhanga i pāmahana rerekē. Ko te matotoru o te mongamonga i roto i tenei take kia rerekē ai i te 4 ki te 160 mm.
steels
Na he rauemi e whakautu pai ki te maimoatanga e ratou tapahi. riro hoki processability tiketike. hanga tenei pai maitai mō raina production aunoa, e e hoko atu me te ake nga tau tenei katoa.
amo maitai
Enei momo o te momo e pā ana ki ngā momo hanganga, engari hanga ratou he taputapu ratou hanganga. E ratou āhuatanga tiketike kaha me te ātete nui ki te kakahu (abrasion).
E tatou te āhuatanga taketake me te whakarōpū o konganuku i roto i tenei piha. Ko te mahi i muri mai - ara maka atu noa, me te pai-mohiotia.
Maka rino: whakarōpū me ngā āhuatanga
Na ka karanga rauemi, i te mea he koranu o te rino, me te waro (me etahi atu tāpiritanga), ai awhe te ihirangi C i 2.14 ki te 6,67%. Iron rite maitai, kitea e ratou hanganga matū, tikanga o te whakaputa me te nui ine o te waro i roto i reira, me te wāhi o te tono i roto i te ahumahi, me te ora rā. Ki te kore te mea tāpiri te rino, e karangatia ana ko undoped. Te kore - doped.
Whakarōpū i te whakaaro
- He rohe, e kua whakamahia tata tonu hoki te tukatuka i muri i roto i te maitai.
- momo Foundry whakamahia mō te maka ana hua o whirihoranga me whīwhiwhi kanorau.
- Motuhake, i te faaauraa ki steels.
Whakarōpū i te momo o tāpiritanga matū
Mai rerekē nui te ihirangi waro o ngā momo o rauemi, te wehewehe i hoki e rave rahi ona momo:
- maka White rino. Āhuatanga e te meka i hono waro i roto i tona hanganga te tata rawa, he reira i roto i te ngā carbides. Ko tōna tino ngāwari ki te wehewehe: i runga i te mea kiano i matao ko ia ma, me te pīataata, āhuatanga e te pakeke tiketike, engari ko reira tino pakarukaru, ki te uaua nui ki te mīhini.
- Hawhe tarautete. I roto i te papa o runga o te makanga indistinguishable i maka rino ma, i tona matua - hina kei roto i roto i tona hanganga, he nui nui o te graphite free. I roto i te whānui, fakatahai reira nga āhuatanga o ngā momo e rua. Tino roa, engari i te wa ano he nui māmā ki te tukanga, me he pai nui te fragility o te āhuatanga.
- Hina. Kei te reira i roto i tona hanganga, he rota o te graphite. Tiketike, roa nui, pai tukinotia.
e kore e aitua hoatu matou aronga nui ki te graphite. Ko te take i runga i tona ihirangi me te hanganga mokowā o te whakarōpūtanga tei konganuku me alloys i roto i te take ngā. Tei runga i enei āhuatanga, kua wehea ratou ki pearlitic, ferritic-pearlitic me ferritic.
Graphite ano i roto i ia o enei momo o maka rino e taea e hakari i roto i ngā rerekē e whā:
- A, no te aroaro o ia i te mau papaa parau, me te "puawai" e pā ana ki te momo rau.
- Ki te kei te rauemi inclusions, i roto i te ahua rite kutukutu, ko reira he pātai o pēpēhia rino graphite.
- Fakatatau ki ai, he momo o papatahi, whakaurua pāhiwihiwi mea e i roto i mua o koutou - te ahua o potakataka.
- Porohita, āhuatanga hemispherical tohu te āhua porohita.
Otiia i roto i tenei take, ko tonu i oti te whakarōpū o te konganuku me te alloys! Ko te take i enei poke, noa'tu eaha te ke mea ai reira, i te pānga tika i runga i te kaha o te rauemi. Na, i runga i te āhua me te tūnga mokowā o nga inclusions rānei, maka kua whakarōpūtia rino ki te kāwai e whai ake nei:
- Ki te kei te rauemi inclusions o potakataka graphite, he reira te tikanga hina maka rino (MF).
- Na roto i te faaauraa ki te taitara "tāpiri", te aroaro o te rauemi korakora pēpēhia āhuatanga vermicular (raungaitia graphite rino).
- Kei roto te potakataka whakauru rino kōngohe (CN).
- Porohita "excipient" whakaahua ana te rino kōngohe (HF).
Waste - i roto i te hua!
A ki te mea i reira ko etahi ahua o te whakarōpū o mau ferrous? I muri i te katoa, nga milioni tau o taranata o rau haere whānui o ngā rauemi momo. E haere ratou en e Tuini ki te whare, kahore te haere i roto i tetahi puhipuhi, me te kōmaka? e kore o te akoranga. Tapeke wehewehe iwa kāwai:
- 3A. Paerewa whakarewa pango ururua, tae atu te whānui, mongamonga rawa nui. Ko te taimaha o ia moiety - e kore e iti iho i te kotahi kirokaramu. Ka rite ki te tikanga, te matotoru o te mongamonga o kore neke atu i te ono mitamano.
- 5A. I roto i tenei take, kaitā te mau. Ko te matotoru o te mongamonga - neke atu i te ono mitamano.
- 12. Tenei kāwai ngā te ranunga runga ake-whakaahuatia o nga momo e rua.
- 17A. Mau rino, ahu. Ko te taimaha o te wahi ia - e kore e iti iho i te pauna, engari e kore e neke atu i te 20 kg.
- 19A. Rite ki te piha haapiiraa o mua, engari kaitā ururua. I tua atu, etahi tukua ihirangi ūkuikui o te rauemi.
- 20A. Mau rino, te kāwai tino kaitā. Whakaaetia taimaha e rima nga wahi taranata. Tikanga, ka uru mai te wāwāhitanga tenei, te solia taputapu ahumahi, me te hōia. Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, ko te tino rite whakarōpū me ngā āhuatanga o te konganuku i roto i tēnei kāwai.
- 22A. Ano kaitā rino e mau. takoto te rerekētanga i roto i te meka e i roto i tenei take e pā ana ki te kāwai o te ururua me te mutunga o te ora i tuhituhia atu huaki paipa.
- Uru. mau Mixed. Nui! E kore e whakaaetia te reira i te tirotiro o te momo e whai ake nei: taura maitai me waea o whakarewa, me ngā wāhanga piauau.
- Galvanizing. Ka rite ki te ingoa titau, kei roto i tēnei te mau katoa, i ngā e piauau whatiwhatinga.
Taua ko te whakarōpū o konganuku ferrous. A inaianei ka aparau tatou tae ratou "hoa" e te tākaro he wāhi nui i roto i te ahumahi hou katoa, me te ahumahi.
konganuku kore-ferrous
Na karanga tatou te tahi atu āhuatanga katoa e whai he hanganga ngota o te whakarewa, engari e kore e te pā ana ki te rino, me ona pärönaki. I roto i te tuhinga pūtaiao te wā "whakarewa nonferrous", i te mea ariā fenāpasi. He aha e te whakarōpū o konganuku kore-ferrous?
He nga rōpū e whai ake nei, e kua wahia i runga i te maha o ngā paearu: te marama, me te taimaha, rangatira, marara me whakangutungutu, iraruke me ngā momo onge. E rave rahi o te konganuku kore-ferrous i roto i te whānui Whakaröpütia rite onge, kia rite ki to ratou katoa i runga i te ao, ko te ähua iti.
Kia mahara e motu ko te whakarōpū o konganuku taimaha. Heoi, e kore e tīari reira rite taua, engari i roto i tenei rōpū ngā parahi, nika, hinu, me te konutea, cadmium, mēkuri me te mata. O enei, whakamahia Cu me Zn anake te i runga i te tauine ahumahi, e ka whakahuatia e muri.
Konumohe, me ona alloys
Konumohe, "whakarewa whai parirau". E toru momo o reira (i runga i te tohu o te viivii ore matū)
- Te kounga teitei (whakaaro ma tiketike) (99.999%).
- viivii ore High.
- tauira Hangarau.
Ko reira i runga i te mākete i roto i te puka o pepa, ngā pūkete, me waea ki te rerekē-wāhanga ripeka te momo o muri. Whakaritea i roto i te hokohoko rite AD0 me AD1. Kia mahara e ara i roto i te tauira konumohe tiketike maha kei inclusions Fe, Si, Gu, Mn, Zn.
alloys
He aha te mea te whakarōpū o konganuku kore-ferrous i roto i tenei take? I roto i te parau tumu, kahore uaua. i reira e:
- Duralumin.
- Aviano.
Ka karanga alloys duralumin, e kua tapiritia ki te parahi, me te konupora. Ano, i reira he rauemi, te wahi e whakamahia he tāpiri i roto i parahi, me te konupora. ka karanga a Avial hoki alloys, engari i roto i ratou i te rota atu tāpiritanga. Ko te hunga matua, he konupora me te takawai me te rino, te parahi, a tae noa Titanium.
I roto i te parau tumu, te take i titiro i roto i te taipitopito te pūtaiao rauemi. e kore e Whakarōpū o te whakarewa i runga i konumohe, me ona puka mutu i reira.
parahi
I teie mahana, te wehewehe i parahi anoxic (parakore taonga ihirangi 97,97%) me te tino parakore, korehau (99.99%). Rerekē te tahi atu konganuku kore-ferrous, āhuatanga pūkaha me te matū o te parahi, ko te mana tino kaha noa nga poke iti rawa o te tahi mau tāpiritanga.
alloys
E wehea ratou ki ngā rōpū nui e rua. Ēnei rauemi, i te ara, mohiotia ki te taata mo mano o nga tau:
- Parahi. Na ka karanga parahi pūhui, me te konutea.
- Parahi. koranu Parahi, e ngā konutea roa, me te tine. Heoi, i reira e ano parahi, i roto i nei i reira e ki runga, ki te tekau tāpiritanga.
Titan
Metal tenei onge, me te tino utu. He he taimaha iti, kaha maere, pokey iti. Kia mōhio te wehea e ki te maha ngā momo: VT1-00 (i roto i tenei poke rauemi ≤ 0,10%), BT1-0 (tāpiri nui ≤ 0,30%). Ki te te tapeke o te poke ≤ 0.093%, ka he rauemi taua i roto i te hanga o te Titanium huaina konutawa.
alloys Titanium
E wehewehea alloys o tenei rauemi ki e rua ngā momo: rārangi me te deformable. I tua atu, i te rereketanga motuhake o momoroto: whakangutungutu, nui haere kōngohe. He nui ake pakeke me ngā momo pakeke (i runga i te maimoatanga wera rānei).
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