Bone hei okana: hanganga, ngā āhuatanga, ngā mahi,

Bone rite te wahi o te pūnaha o whēkau o kaupapa me te tautoko, me te kupu tinana faikehekehe tino āhua ahurei, me te hanganga, tika angamaheni raru architectonic me oko toto. Kei te hangaia te reira i te nuinga o te kiko wheua motuhake hipokina e te waho o te kiriuhi wheua, a roto kei roto wheua wheua.

āhuatanga matua

Ia wheua hei okana he rahi etahi, āhua me te wāhi i roto i te tinana tangata. tenei katoa nui te awe e ngā āhuatanga rerekē i roto i nei e whakawhanake ratou, me te ngā kawenga mahi ite wheua mō te rauropi tangata.

ahu Tetahi wheua ki te nui etahi o te supply toto ki nga puna, te aroaro o ngā wāhi motuhake o ratou wāhi, me te he oko architectonic tika angamaheni. E rite tono ki nga raru i innervate te wheua te taua enei āhuatanga katoa.

hanganga

Bone hei okana ngā etahi papanga e te hunga i roto i etahi whanaungatanga, engari, o te akoranga, te nui tino i roto ia ratou, ko te lamellar wheua hanganga kikokiko e taea te whakaaro he tauira o te diaphysis (tari pokapū, tinana) roa wheua tubular.

Kei te wahi matua o reira te i waenganui i nga papa paraharaha, roto, ki waho, me te karapoti ana ko te huinga o paraharaha gusset me osteons. Ko te whakamutunga, ko te he kōwae hanganga me te mahi o te wheua, me te kua kitea i runga i te tauira kiko motuhake wāhanga kikokore ranei.

Waho tetahi wheua karapotia e maha o ngā paparanga o ngā pūkete noa whānui ranei, e te hunga i raro i te kiriuhi wheua tika. I muri e motuhake enei paparanga perforating takere e roto i nga oko ingoa toto ano. I te rohe ki te kōhao medullary o wheua roa i roto i te paparanga atu e karapoti ana i te mau papaa parau i roto i werohia e te plurality o takere rerekē, whakawhänui i te pūtau.

kōhao Medullary tino kapi katoa ki pera-ka karanga endosteum e tohu ana i te kahu tino angiangi o kiko tūhonohono, e ngā hohekore pūtau osteogenic papatahi.

osteons

Osteon māngai concentrically whakaritea papa paraharaha, wheua e titiro rite ipurau o diameters rerekē ratou ohanga ki ia atu, me te a tawhio noa awa Haversian, i roto i nei te ngā raru me oko toto. I roto i te nuinga o te wā osteons pai dlinniku whakaritea whakarara ki te wheua, ai anostomoziruya tūhonohono maha.

he takitahi hoki wheua ia takitahi nga katoa maha o osteons. Ko te kupu, hei tauira, te pūkaka , rite te tinana kei roto ratou i roto i te nui o 1.8 ia 1 mm², me te wahi o te awa Haversian i roto i tenei take pūkete hoki 0.2-0.3 mm².

I waenganui i osteons he pereti takawaenga intercalated ranei whakawhānui i roto i ngā tohutohu katoa me whakatu te wahi o nga osteons tawhito nei e kua ngaro toe. Ko te hanganga o te wheua rite te tinana whakarato te rere tamau o ngā tukanga o te whakangaromanga, me te hanganga hou o osteons.

papa paraharaha, wheua i te āhua o ipurau, me fibrils osseinovye pātata ki tahi i te tahi ratou piri me whakarara. I waenganui i te mau papaa parau e whakaritea e takoto concentrically osteocytes. Tukanga o ngā pūtau wheua, me te horahia māmālie i maha tubules, neke ki te osteocytes tata-titaha, me e whai wāhi i roto i ngā hononga pūtau-pūtau. pūnaha lacunary-canalicular kupu pakaru mokowā ratou hāngai ô wāhi tika i roto i ngā tukanga pūkoro tinana.

Osteon hanganga ngā neke atu i te 20 rerekē paraharaha wheua concentric. wheua tangata e haere kotahi e rua ranei oko o te osteon microvasculature roto i te hongere, me te ngā unmyelinated weu io me tōiti waitinana motuhake, e kua haere tahi e paparanga o kiko wewete tūhonohono, tae atu osteogenic āhuatanga ngā pērā i osteoblasts, pūtau perivascular me te tini ke atu.

osteons whai takere te whakapā feunga raru ki ia atu, me te ki te kōhao medullary me kiriuhi wheua tika ki te aroaro o takere probozhdayuschih motuhake, e whai wāhi ana ki te oko anastomosing wheua whānui.

kiriuhi wheua

fakahu'unga te hanganga o te wheua, ano he tinana e te waho taupokina ai a reira e te kiriuhi wheua motuhake, i hanga nei i kiko tūhonohono kaiota te, me te he paparanga waho, me te roto. Last ngā pūtau tupuna cambial.

Ko te mahi matua ngā te kiriuhi wheua whai wāhi i roto i te houtanga, me te whakarato tiaki me te mahi arataukai, tutuki nei konei e haere ngā oko toto. Ko te kupu, toto me te wheua pāhekoheko.

He aha e nga mahi o te kiriuhi wheua

Ko te kiriuhi wheua tata rawa e hipokina te wahi i waho o te wheua, a anake te okotahi i konei ko nga wahi te wahi i reira he wheua ngohe articular, me te nape whakaritea uaua iohere ranei. E tano ia tapao e ki te awhina o te toto, me te wheua kiriuhi wheua iti e te kikokiko e karapoti ana.

I roto i te ano he reira tino kikokore, engari i te wa ano, kaha kiriata e tito nei o te kiko tūhonohono tino mātotoru, e kua kei roto i te waitinana me te toto oko, me raru. E tano ia tapao e ô i te whakamutunga ki te taonga wheua no o te kiriuhi wheua. Ahakoa o ahakoa whakaaro wheua nasal, etahi atu ranei, kua tino he pānga nui i runga i te tukanga whanaketanga i roto i tona matotoru me te mana kiriuhi wheua.

Ko te kahu i roto o te paninga osteogenic ko te wāhi tuatahi i nei wheua i hanga te, a roto ano i te reira i runga innervated e pānga tona tūtohutanga. Ki te tangohia te wheua e o kiriuhi wheua, te mutunga mutu reira ki te waiho i te sphacelating taea, me te tino. A, no te whakahaere i tetahi wawaotanga hāparapara i runga i te whenua, pērā i piere, me mau tonu te kiriuhi wheua waho kore, ki te whakarite i to ratou tupu noa, me te tonu hauora.

Ētahi atu āhuatanga hoahoa

Tata tetahi wheua (anake mo te nuinga nui o cranial, e ngā te wheua nasal) whai mata articular, whakaratohia nei e ratou wahapū ki te atu. papa taua hei utu o te kiriuhi wheua i reira ko te wheua ngohe tahi motuhake, i roto i tona hanganga he kaiota puata ranei.

Roto te nuinga wheua wheua maitai te Kei, whakanohoia nei te i waenganui i te mau papaa parau, ko te taonga tu'ūlutui tika ranei ki te kōhao medullary, a kia waiho ai kōwhai whero ranei.

I roto i te neonates me fetuses i roto i te wheua he reira wheua wheua anake whero, i te mea te hematopoietic me tohu te papatipu ōrite, kukū āhuatanga i hanga o oko toto, me te motuhake kiko reticular. wheua wheua Whero he maha nui o osteocytes, pūtau wheua kei roto. Ko te rōrahi o te mozag wheua whero ko e pā ana ki 1500 cc.

He pakeke kua nei kua puta te tupu o te wheua, kei te āta wheua whero whakakapi e kōwhai, māngai te nuinga i te pūtau ngā ngako, i te tika, ko te utu te tuhituhi i te meka i whakakapi katoa te hinu wheua wheua, kei nei i roto i te awa medullary.

osteology

I roto i te e ko te reira i te kōhiwi o te tangata, me pehea te hononga wheua, me tetahi atu tukanga rere e pā ana ki a ratou, mahi i roto i te osteology. e kore e taea te takoto te maha tangohia o tinana whakaahuatia i roto i te tangata ki te tino, no te mea e taui te reira i roto i te tukanga toulekeleká. ite torutoru iwi e i tamarikitanga ki koroheketanga i roto i te tangata kei te puta tonu pāpaka wheua, kiko mate, me te maha atu ngā tukanga. I roto i te whānui, puta noa i te ora kia whakawhanake ake atu i te 800 rerekē āhuatanga a Ihakara, 270 o nei - ara i roto i te utero.

E tano ia tapao e tauta i te nuinga rawa o ratou ki tetahi ki tetahi, i te tangata he i roto i te tamarikitanga, me te taiohi. Kei roto i te tuahiwi tangata pakeke te katoa o 206 wheua, i roto i te tua ki te tamau i roto i te pakeke kia hoki puta dice tauiui noa, meinga te takanga o nei e te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga takitahi me ngā mahi o te tinana.

kōhiwi

Ko te wheua o nga wahi, me te tahi atu wahi o te tinana tahi me ratou hononga hanga he koiwi tangata, i te mea he huinga mātotoru o ngā hanganga kikokiko, i roto i te kaiao ora amo nui anake mahi aunoa. I roto i tenei take, tu pūtaiao hou kōhiwi totoka e whakaatu ana ano wheua, me te ngawari, e ngā katoa o tuhonohono e, kiriuhi me tahi cartilaginous motuhake.

pea te wheua takitahi me hononga, me te te kōhiwi tangata rite te katoa, i roto i te tinana ki te mahi i te whānuitanga o ngā mahi. Na, kei te nuinga mahi nga wheua o nga wahi o raro, me te kātua rite te tautoko kiko ngohengohe, i te nuinga o nga wheua he hua, e piri te uaua ki a ratou, te whakarato toitoi mahi. tukua rua āhuatanga ki a koe homai tika ki te karanga i te kōhiwi huānga rawa hāngū o te pūnaha musculoskeletal tangata.

tohu kōhiwi Human hanganga antigravity counteracting te kaha o te mahara. Te riroraa i raro i tona mana, kua te tinana tangata ki te kia aki ki te whenua, engari i te utu o ngā āhuatanga e kawe nga pūtau takitahi o te wheua, me te koiwi rite te katoa, e kore e nga huringa āhua tinana e puta ana.

wheua mahi

Ko te wheua o te angaanga, papatoiake me te kātua whakarato he mahi tiaki ki ngā pakaru whekau faufaa, kahiwi karere ranei oko nui:

• Angaanga Ko te ipu oti mo nga okana taurite, titiro, rongo, me te roro;
• awa filosilivá ngā te ua;
• whare herehere rara tiaki te pūkahukahu, ngakau me raru nui, me oko toto;
• wheua papatoiake e tiakina i kino te tōngāmimi, tōu, me te ngā kikokiko ā-.

Maitai te nuinga wheua i roto kei wheua wheua whero, i te mea he okana hematopoiesis motuhake me te pūnaha ārai mate o te tinana tangata. E tano ia tapao e te tiaki i nga wheua reira i kino, me te hanga i ngā āhuatanga pai mō te höu o ngā pūtau toto rerekē, me te trophism.

I tua atu, kia utua tokanga makehe ki te meka e kua whai wāhi tika nga wheua i roto i te kohuke pākia, rite kua takoto ratou he rota o ngā āhuatanga matū, i roto i nei nohoia te wahi motuhake e te konupūmā me te ūkuikui. Ko te kupu, ki te whakahaere i te rauropi te konupūmā iraruke i muri e pā ana ki 24 haora whiwhi neke atu i te 50% o te taonga i roto i te wheua.

whanaketanga

kawea wheua hanganga i roto i osteoblasts, me i reira e rave rahi ngā momo o ossification:

• Endesmalnoe. Kei te kawea te reira i roto i tika i roto i te hipoki kiko tūhonohono, wheua tuatahi. Mai i ngā ngā o ossification i roto i te kiko tūhonohono kukune tukanga ossification tīmata ki te horapa rite hihi i runga i taha katoa. paparanga Mata o te kiko tūhonohono te kupu noho i roto i te puka o te kiriuhi wheua i te wheua e haamata ki te tupu i roto i te matotoru.
• Perichondral. He i runga i te mata o timatanga wheua ngohe o te perichondrium whai wāhitanga hāngai waho. Ngā mihi ki te mahi o osteoblasts, e kua kei raro i te perichondrium, āta wheua roa, te whakakapinga wheua ngohe, me te hanga taonga wheua tino kiato.
• Periosteal. Ko reira e tika ana ki te kiriuhi wheua, puta ke nei te perichondrium. Mua, me nga momo o te osteogenesis e whai ake nei tetahi ki tetahi.
• Endochondral. Whakatinana i roto i mea timatanga wheua ngohe o te whai wāhitanga tika perichondrium whakarato kai ki te tukanga wheua ngohe kei roto i te oko motuhake. Tenei kiko kosteobrazovatelnaya āta whakangaromia e ossification wheua ngohe izvetshaly me hanga tika he wāhi i roto i te pokapū o te tauira wheua cartilaginous. Ki tufaki atu ossification endochondral i te pokapū ki te taha whakamana te hanganga wheua trabecular.

Pehea te haere i te reira?

tīmata ossification te functionally meinga ia tangata ki te wāhi a'ei o te wheua pokapū. Huri noa i te tuarua o te ora i roto i te kopu marama tīmata ki te puta i te wāhi tuatahi i ai te whanaketanga o te diaphyseal, metaphyseal me tinana o wheua roa. I muri ossified ratou e endochondral hanganga wheua, me te perichondral, engari e tika ana i mua i te whanautanga ranei i roto i te torutoru nga tau tuatahi i muri i whanau, timata ki te puta wāhi tuarua, i nei te whanaketanga epiphyseal.

I roto i te tamariki, me te iwi i roto i te taitamarikitanga, me te pakeke kia puta atu motu ossification, te wahi tīmata te whanaketanga apophyses. Various wheua, me o ratou wahi takitahi, arā, o te taonga tu'ūlutui motuhake, i runga i te wā ossification endochondral, i nga mea timatanga e Kei roto tona taonga tu'ūlutui me kiato mema, ossify peri- me endochondral. Ko tino whakaata ona tukanga e tika ana mahi o phylogeny Ossification o ia wheua.

tupu

I roto i kawea te tupu e anōtia me te displacement wheua iti. A haamata ki te hanga i osteons hou, me tenei kei te hoki i kawea i roto i roto i te rezorbatsiya whakarara e tohu ana i te resorption o osteons tawhito, whakaputaina nei e osteoclasts. Nā ki to ratou mahi kaha te mutunga memeha tata katoa diaphysis wheua endochondral, a hei utu i hanga i te oti kōhao wheua wheua. Hoki utu te tuhituhi ko e te faaotiraa, me nga papa perichondral wheua, engari hei utu riro wheua takoto atu paparanga i te kiriuhi wheua. I roto i te rezultatet tīmata wheua ki te tupu i roto i te matotoru.

tupu wheua i roto i te roa whakaratohia e ngohe epiphyseal, he paparanga motuhake i waenganui i te metaphysis me epiphysis, tonu hoki te iwi taitamariki me tamariki.