Cell: te kaha, me te hanganga. Ko te uara o nga pūtau mana. Tauira o ngā pūtau mana

Kua whakapumautia Modern rangahau whakamātautau e te pūtau ko te kōwae hanganga me te mahi matatini o tata katoa rauropi ora, ki te kahore wheori, e he puka ora kore-pūtau. rangahau Cytology te hanganga me te mahi pūkoro: respiration, kai tōtika, te whakaputa uri, tupu. Ka ēnei tukanga e kōrero i roto i tenei pepa.

hanganga pūtau

Mā te whakamahi i ōmataora marama me te irahiko karu kua kitea e roto i te tipu me te kararehe ngā pūtau wae mata (nadmembrannye me submembrane complexes), cytoplasm me organelles. I roto i ngā pūtau kararehe i runga i te membrane he glycocalyx kei roto whākōkī, me te whakarato te mana pūtau waho te cytoplasm. I roto i te tipu ngā pūtau, prokaryotes (huakita me te cyanobacteria) me te harore i runga i te membrane i hanga te te pakitara pūtau, e ngā o cellulose, lignin murein ranei.

Ko te pata, ko te organelle whakahauanga o eukaryotes. Ko te rauemi tuku - DNA he i te pūira puka. Kei roto huakita me te cyanobacteria nucleoid, mahi rite kawe o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic. mahi ratou katoa te mahi tino motuhake, meinga tukanga pūtau pūkoro tinana.

He aha te tikanga tatou e te wā "kai pūtau"

faaiteraa Life pūtau he kahore, engari te whakawhitinga o te pūngao, me te tahuri i te reira i te momo tetahi ki tetahi (rite ki te ture tuatahi o thermodynamics). Energy, kei roto i ngā matūkai i te ngaro, t. Haere kāwanatanga E. herea ki rāpoi ngota ATP. I runga i te pātai o te mea kaha ngā pūtau i roto i te koiora, i reira he he whakahoki e tango ki pūkete te mau marôraa mana'o e whai ake nei:

1. He pūtau hei pūnaha koiora tuwhera titau te rere tamau o te pūngao i te taiao.
2. matū Organic e kua hiahiatia hoki te mana, e taea te whiwhi te pūtau i roto i ara e rua:

he) i te reo wahopūtau, i roto i te puka o pūhui rite;

b) takitahi synthesizing pūmua, te warowaihā me te ngako, i te hauhā, haukini, me ētahi atu

Na reira, kua wehea rauropi katoa ki te pākia heterotrophic me autotrophic e ngā akoranga matūora.

Pākia me te Energy

matū Organic tomo i te pūtau amohia e wāhinga, tukua ai te pūngao i roto i te puka o te ATP NADP-H2 ranei. Ko te huinga katoa o tauhohe o whakawhenumi me te dissimilation - reira o pākia. Kei raro titiro tatou ki nga wāhanga o te pākia pūngao, te whakarato kai tōtika ngā pūtau heterotrophic. Tuatahi, kua pakaru pūmua, te warowaihā, me lipids iho ki o ratou waetahi: waikawa amino, kūhuka, nonireka me te fatty waikawa. Na, i roto i te nakunaku hāora-free, he ngohengohe ki te pirau atu (nakunaku hāorakore) ratou.

I roto i tenei ara reira te powered intracellular pirinoa rickettsia, chlamydia, me te huakita pathogenic pērā i Clostridium. Rauropi pūtau harore-rewena piri kūhuka ki te waihā, huakita waikawa lactic - ki te waikawa lactic. Ko te kupu, glycolysis, waipiro, butyric, FERMENTATION waikawa lactic - he tauira o te pūtau mana rite ki te hua o te nakunaku hāorakore i roto i heterotrophs enei.

Autotrophic me ngā āhuatanga o te ngā tukanga pūkoro

No te kaiao ora i runga i te whenua, i te puna pūngao matua ko te ra. Ngā mihi ki a ia, tutuki nga hiahia o nga tangata o to tatou paraneta. E synthesized etahi o ratou matūkai e tika ki te pūngao marama, kua karangatia e ratou phototrophic. Etahi - me te awhina o te pūngao o tauhohe pitihāoratanga, kua karangatia e ratou chemotroph. I roto i te pükohu pūtau-tahi kai tōtika pūtau, whakaahua o nei aroaro te raro, kia photosynthetically.

Kei roto tipu Green chlorophyll, i te mea wahi o te pūkano tipumata. tavini ia hei pūihi, hopu quanta o te marama. Te marama me ngā wāhanga pouri o te ahotakakame puta tauhohenga enzymatic (huringa Calvin), te hua o nei ko te hanganga o te hauhā o matū waro whakamahia mō te kai. Na reira, he pūtau nei mana he tika ki te whakamahi o te pūngao marama, tuku autotrophic phototrophic ranei.

ngā rauropi ka karanga hemosintetikami, mo te hanganga o ngā matū waro te whakamahi i te pūngao tukua e tauhohe matū, hei tauira, pūhui o huakita rino oxidize rino ferrous ki ferric, a ka haere te pūngao tukua ki te ariā o ngā rāpoi ngota kūhuka.

Ko te kupu, nga rauropi whakaahua-waihanga hopu pūngao marama, me te tahuri te reira ki te pūngao ki Pālesi kotuari me polysaccharides. Na ka haere nga hononga o mekameka kai pūngao e whakawhitia ki te pūtau o kaiao heterotrophic. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, whakawhetai ki te ahotakakame, i reira ko nga āhuatanga hanganga katoa o te ao koiora. Ka taea e tatou te mea e te pūtau e tae mai te mana ara autotrophic, "whāngai" kore ia anake, engari ano hoki i nga tangata katoa o te ao whenua.

Ka rite ki te whangai kaiao heterotrophic

Pūtau e tei kai i runga i te taenga atu ki reira matū organic i te taiao o waho, ka karanga heterotrophic. Kaiao pērā i te harore, kararehe, iwi, me te huakita pirinoa wahia iho warowaihā, pūmua me ngako ki te awhina o whākōkī kūnatunga.

Na, kua riro nga waetahi hua i te pūtau, a whakamahia ana e ia ki te hanga i ona organelles me te ora. matūkai memeha tomo te pūtau i pinocytosis, me matūriki kai mārō - phagocytosis. Ka taea te wehea kaiao Heterotrophic ki saprotroph me te werau. Ko te tuatahi (hei tauira, huakita oneone, harore, etahi ngārara) whangai i runga i te mea organic mate, me te muri (huakita, kutukutu, harore pirinoa) - pūtau me te kopa o kaiao ora.

Mixotrophy, ratou tohatoha i roto i te āhua

Ko te tino onge te kai Mixed i roto i te āhua me te ko te taputapu puka (idioadaptatsy) ki ngā āhuatanga o te taiao. Ko te mixotrophic huru matua - ko te aroaro i roto i ngā pūtau me organelles kei roto chlorophyll mō ngā pūnaha ahotakakame me te whākōkī e wahia iho ngā matūkai rite e haere mai ana i te taiao. Hei tauira, he kararehe pūtau-tahi matomato Euglena kei chromatophores hyaloplasm ki chlorophyll.

A, no te te awa ki, ai te Euglena noho, tahuna pai, kai reira ki runga ki te tipu, ie. E. Autotrophically i ahotakakame. Ka rite ki te hua o te hāorarua waro synthesized te kūhuka, i te mea te pūtau, ka whakamahia rite kai. heterotrophically kia u Euglena powered po matū organic e whākōkī kei roto i te vacuoles kūnatu. Ko te kupu, ngā pūtau mana mixotrophic, pūtaiao whakapono te tohu o te kotahitanga o te take mai o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe.

tupu pūtau me ona hononga ki trophico

Te whakanui ake i te roa, te papatipu, rōrahi, rite te tinana katoa, me ona whekau, me te kopa, ka karanga tupu. e kore e taea e ia, kahore he supply tamau o ngā matūkai ki te pūtau e mahi rite nga poraka hanga. Ki te tiki i te kupu whakahoki ki te pātai o te pehea, ki te tupu pūtau e puta autotrophic kai tōtika, he mea e tika ana ki te whakamārama i ranei he reira he tinana motuhake ranei he wahi o te kōwae hanganga o te takitahi multicellular. I roto i te take tuatahi, ka te tupu e whakamana i roto i te interphase o te huringa pūtau. Te reira i tere tukanga kirihou pākia puta. Power kaiao heterotrophic correlatively e pā ana ki te aroaro o te kai haere mai i te taiao o waho. Tupu o te kaiao multicellular puta hua i roto i te faaitoitoraa o te kopa biosynthetic mātauranga, me te te nuinga o ngā tukanga anabolic, tauhohe catabolic i runga.

Tūnga o te hāora i roto i te kai ngā pūtau heterotrophic

kaiao takohe: etahi huakita, harore, kararehe, me te iwi whakamahi hāora mo te oti nakunaku o matūkai pērā i te kūhuka ki te hauhā me te wai (huringa Krebs). Puta te reira i roto i te kopu punaraungao kei roto i te pūnaha enzymatic H + -ATP-Ase, e synthesizes he rāpoi ngota o ATP i ADP. I roto i ngā kaiao prokaryotic, pērā i te huakita takohe me te cyanobacteria, puta hāora dissimilation taahiraa i te membrane wē o ngā pūtau.

Pū supply o tohuhema

I roto i te koiora rāpoi, me te mana cytology pūtau taea te whakaahuatia poto rite te tukanga puta matūkai reira, ratou ariā me te wāhinga o etahi moni o te pūngao i roto i te puka o ngā rāpoi ngota ATP. tohuhema Trophism: ova me parāoa, te mea etahi āhuatanga e pā ana ki te pū nui o ratou mahi. Ko rawa pono o te pūtau uri wahine, takoha ki te whakaemi i te supply nui o ngā matūkai, te nuinga i roto i te puka o te hua toene tenei.

I muri kikiritanga, ka whakamahi i te reira ratou e hoki kuru me te hanganga o te ira. whiwhi te spermatozoa i roto i te matuatanga (spermatogenesis) te matū organic i ngā pūtau Sertoli, kei roto i te tubules seminiferous. Ko te kupu, momo e rua o tohuhema i te auau pūkoro tiketike, i te mea ka taea e tika ana ki te arataukai pūtau hohe.

Ko te tūranga o te kai tōtika kohuke

e kore e taea ngā tukanga pūkoro tinana, kahore te tomonga o tīhiko me ng ngota e hanga ake nga tai kohuke. Hei tauira, e tika ana mō te katote ahotakakame konupora, hoki ngā pūnaha enzymatic pungaraungao - katote pāhare me te konupūmā, ki te mau tonu pūreirei kaha hyaloplasm - te aroaro o katote konutai me te pākawa waro waikawa tīhiko. Solutions o Mariao kohuke tomo te pūtau i pinocytosis tūringiringi ranei i roto i te membrane pūtau. kai tōtika kohuke tūturu i roto i rua pūtau autotrophic me heterotrophic.

Hei whakarāpopoto, kua kite matou e te uara o te pūtau kaha tino nui, mai arata'i tenei tukanga ki te hanganga o te rauemi whare (warowaihā, ngako me te pūmua) o te hauhā i roto i kaiao autotrophic. whangai pūtau Heterotrophic i runga i matū pararopi i hanga e tika ana mahi autotrophs. Ko te pūngao hua whakamahi ratou mo te uri, tupu, nekehanga, me ētahi atu tukanga faufaa.