Chehova Antona Pavlovicha te auahatanga. Rārangi o nga mahi pai

Ko te ahurei mahi a Chekhov. Whakarite e korero ana, ia - tetahi o nga Repaima o te tuhinga Russian koura o te mutunga o te rau tau XIX, te kaiwhakarewa o te tikanga auaha hou. whakapono hoki Anton Pavlovich kaitito hope. Kua whai wāhi ana mahi ki tenei ara o te whare tapere motu Russian. He tino minaminatia i runga i nga wāhanga o Russia me te ao ariā tino whare tapere tonu ratou.

Talafungani tata Tauhira

Leo Tolstoy i tino maiohatia mahi o Chekhov. Tohe Tolstoy e Chekhov - he kaituhi ahurei i roto i te ao. Ko tona kiripuaki o te "koekoea" kaituhi ki tonu i te ngākau: "Chekhov - he tuhi o Pushkin!" kaituhi ti'araa teitei i huaina ia he artist faito ore, e hanga taua momo o tohi, e kore ia e tutaki.

tikanga auaha kitea Chekhov tona whakautu me i te takutai o Albion. kaitito Ingarihi me te kaituhi Dzhon Golsuorsi tuhia e anake te pānga painga i runga i te reo Ingarihi tuhituhinga Chekhov. i wiriwhiria Kaupapa o whakawhetai auahatanga ki a ia, i roto i ngā, i Bernard Shaw. Hei tauira, tona "Heartbreak Whare" ka karanga te tākaro o Ingarangi "i roto i te kāhua Russian"

I runga i te tikanga auaha o te kaituhi

Ko e mo'oni, ka Chekhov he hou, whakarerea e toa whai wāhi i roto i te mahi waho whakaritea e āwenewene hanga hinana, e āta hoatu i te kaituhi tona mahi whakangahau. I roto i te hokinga mai mo tenei katoa, ko Anton Pavlovich kua neke te arotahi matua o ana mahi ki te mea atu i ahuareka ai. I roto i te kōrero o ana mahi takaro huringa vaiolini tuatahi o te kāwanatanga hinengaro o te pūāhua, te akiaki o tona fakafepaki ki te huru, mahi whare.

hoatu Anton te whakaaro ki te hanga i te ao, he pai, kaihoroi, ki runga ake i i te tihi o tona toi. auahatanga o Chekhov, te whai i tenei parau tumu, rapu reira ki te faaara i te "wairua ora" i roto i te kaipānui. Tauhira i roto i te mahi whakaatu noa te tangata i te mea he ia. E kore e te kaituhi ohovale ki te whakarongo, e kore e ia e ngana ana ki te pa ki a ia, e kore embellishing tetahi. Ana pūāhua tino - kuraina downmix iwi ratou ki te futlyarnoy ora i runga i te teka, me te kopu kaihanga nesytoy, me te māngai o te iwi faahitihia rawakore me te whakaweti ki te āhua o te pakeke, tau'a.

Ko reira ano hoki nui ki te haapapu e te mahi o Chekhov whai nga parau tumu, ko reira tuwhera:

1. karanga te fuonounou o whakaaro aronui kore he taranata o tona tuahine i roto i te noa. pai ia poto, pehi kōrero. He tino o ana kaipānui, e, i roto i tona whakaaro, e kitea e ia te tikanga ia, ara ki te te hua, me te matatini.
2. I roto i te mea o Chekhov tākaro he wāhi nui, taipitopito ngali iti tonu. e kore e kitea noa i roto i nga mahi ratou, kia rite ki te hunga he take i kiia ai te matua, te kokonga o tona whakaaro.
3. Hoki kāhua Chekhov āhuatanga e whakaahuatanga paetahi ore, no te mea ka mau i te reira e kia hanga i te whakatau te kaipānui.
4. Czechs mō ngā tamariki e kore tata i tuhituhi āta ( "Kashtanka" me "White-te kōkiri a" - he okotahi). whakapono ia e kia he tamaiti kia pānui ki te whiriwhiri i te pai o te tuhinga "pakeke".

Heoi, te hanga i te tirohanga noa i runga i te mahi o nga Talafungani, e waiho reira arorau ki te ahu mai i te kunenga mai o te hanganga o tona tikanga auaha. Ko te ahanoa o to tatou ako ka waiho i te haurongo me mahi o Chekhov.

Ko te wheako tuatahi o te auahatanga

I whanau Anton Chekhov i runga i Hānuere 17, 1860 i roto i te Taganrog i roto i te utuafare rawakore o kaihokohoko. Here puta ia i hākinakina te pa o. Ahakoa i roto i te akomanga puta ko ia te kaituhi o te mahi pakeke whakaputaina i roto i te mau ve'a rongonui "Alarm", "kapokapowai", "Kongakonga". Heoi i te kuao tau ki te imi i te moni, arohaehae e hiahiatia ana mo te whānau, Chekhov.

Na, ko te whakarau o te tangata taitamariki faaineine tamataraa: whitu, i tukua e ia he mumura nui o te peritoneum, e, kia rite ki te kotahi putanga, whakaaro te faaiteraa tuatahi o tona mate kohi. E ai ki tetahi atu putanga, whakahuatia e Ahorangi VI Razumovsky, a Anton Chekhov te kino ki te hopu i te reira i roto i te akomanga whare wānanga o te Medical Faculty.

Mai i 1879 ki te taitamariki timata Chekhov he rangahau uaua, me te wa-kai i Moscow University me kaha mahi kairīpoata. E ai ki nga pukapuka o Anton Pavlovich, ko reira rawa uaua ki te ngā whakangungu ki te mahi auaha kaha, whai rua hares - rongoā me te tuhinga. Ko te meka i ko ia ki ona matua, e wha nga teina, me te tuahine e noho ana i roto i te fare iti i roto i Moscow. Na ka maha akiaki whānau ohorere tae e rapu ki tuhituhi Chekhov.

Tuhinga Kōrero Harakēhi hanga e ia he kohinga o "kikino o me e kiriora" (1882), e kore i whakaputaina e te take te aukatinga. Ko te kore tuatahi anake faauruhia te kaituhi pihi. Ia i muri i roto i te waihanga kōpeke angamaheni korero e pā ana ki tona faka'ai'ai whaiaro ki te mahi, "whakanui ora e kore e taea e poke."

Katahi ka whakahōhā te tere pukumahi o te ora te mate. I roto i te 1884 pukapuka i te kaiwhakaputa o te moheni "maramara" amuamu rua tekau-wha Chekhov o kirika me te ngoikore ki te whai wāhi i roto i te mahi anō. arotahi ia katoa i runga i mahi tuhituhi. I roto i te 1884 whakaputaina e ia tona pukapuka "Tales o Melpomene," i raro i te pseudonym Antosha Chehonte, a i roto i te 1886 - "Te kōrero ātaahua." I roto i te pukapuka tuarua o ngā kōrero pārekareka hoatu Chekhov atu ïa - te parody. Here whakakitea tona taranata ano i roto i te momo o te tekitiwhi kōmeke. tamata kaituhi ia i roto i momo maha. Ia ngā. A kore hiahia, tona parody o te pukapuka rongonui e rongonui.

Heoi, i te waiata a muri hiahia tonu i roto i te tuhinga nui. Ko roto i tenei kōrero i tuhituhi Chekhov te whai. "Vanya" (1886) parau te kōrero o iwa pani pia tiaa Aliakhin, nana, ka aukatia ki te tamaiti, ka karanga atu ki tona koroua Constantine Makarych tango ia ia i roto i o tenei "mahi pūtaiao." Neke atu i te te tamaiti, he pani, whakaweti pia matua, ana ngā patu me unuhia e te makawe ano hūmeka. tuhi Boy i roto i te po i mua i-Christmas. Memories me tumanako unu e tona whakaaro, lelei hopoi mai kaipānui Chekhov. Vanka - he tamaiti, a ka ia ka tukua ia he reta ki te naivety mo o te tamariki "i roto i te kainga o toku papa ruau." Nä, mārama te kaipānui e kore i kite noa Constantine Makarych, a kahore he tauiraa i roto i te ora raruraru o te tamaiti.

kaituhi tū Chekhov

Mai 1885, tīmata ki te mahi ki a reira tānga tuhituhi nui: "Fakakaukaú Russian", "Northern Herald". Kei te whakaputaina te reira i kōrero poto "Day Ingoa", te kōrero "Ko te koraha", "He Kōrero hōhā," "Kashtanka" Chekhov. I roto i te 1887 whakaputaina e ia e rua kohikohinga o ngā kōrero ( "kupu Innocent" me "I roto i te kakarauri"), i roto i te 1888 - "Stories" i roto i te 1890 - "iwi pouri." Ki a ia tae mai āhukahuka. I roto i te 1888, whakawhiwhia te kaituhi i te Pushkin paraihe iti (hawhe).

Ko reira huru e te nuinga o nga mahi o tenei kaituhi, ara vnezhanrovym, te taranata o te kaituhi ki te whakarite i te taumata tika o ratou rongonui. Hei tauira, aroha "Kashtanka" Chekhov i whakatupuranga o ngā tamariki. Ia toutou kiriata. e mea he e kia māmā ake ki ngā kōrero e pā ana ki te āhua o te kuri (he ripeka i waenganui i te Dachshund me te poriro) tuatahi ngaro ariki, a ka, tata hoko he circus, kitea rawatia ake kitea e ahau i te reira. ohie o Chekhov katoa: kahore maori, kahore he mermaids. Heoi, kua te aamu aroha tonu tamariki.

Journey ki Sakhalin

Ko reira taa'eraa e te haurongo me mahi o te evince a Chekhov i roto ia ia i te tangata, ko te kore noa i te tino fakatokanga, engari rawa kaha, me te mahira. I roto i te 1890, Ka whakaaro ia i runga i te haere ki Sakhalin. Ana ongo o te tata e toru-marama ara i roto i Siberia, whakaatu te reira i roto i te raupapa o tuhinga roa "i Siberia". Na e toru tetahi marama Ahatia te kaituhi i runga i Sakhalin, te wahi tamata ia ki mahino te hinengaro, me te ora o herehere, a te mutunga hoki ki Odessa i te moana, te toro Hong Kong tauranga i runga i. Ceylon, Singapore, Turkey. I runga i ngā rauemi mai i te haere-tau e wha, ka tīmata ia ki te mahi i runga i te pukapuka o tuhinga roa "Sakhalin". Rere te kāinga, hokona ia i roto i te Moscow kawanatanga whenua o Melikhovo picturesque.

Melikhovo - he mahara ki ngā kitenga Sakhalin. Ko te atamira hou o te ao

Haurongo me mahi o Chekhov, rite ki te tuhinga, te whakapaipai ki te wā rawa motuhake, ka karanga te rangi me ona ingoa o "Melikhovo". I taua wa, ua matarohia pumanawa motuhake Anton Pavlovich he huringa i roto i te hapori, e pā ana ki te displacement o te hapori feudal e, me te ki te ite whaia te kino tōrangapū reactionary. Heoi, e kore anake i runga i te kohinga o "Sakhalin" mahi Anton Pavlovich, e riro, te mutunga, he taonga, i roto i tona wahi picturesque fo'ou.

Ko te rongonui pono kaituhi manapori - he nui. E mooni marara kaihoko ki A. whata pukapuka tapanga P. Chehov "nga kōrero me ngā pukapuka." ariā kōrero "Ward №6» i oti i roto i te tau Melikhovo wā tuatahi o te auahatanga. Mano image Chekhovian ahurei o te kainga repera hina whakamataku, i reira katoa te auaha roa-paremo, te wahi i te "wae" ko te hōhipera tika engari he herehere, patua nga kaipānui ki te pono nanakia katoa, hanga fifili koe: "He aha, e tatou he ...". Kino, maka te mau parau tumu o te humanism Dr. Ragin nei kaha kei roto i te fare ma'i, tona mate (te utu o te whakapono) kia whakaaro koutou e pā ana ki te āhua o mau kia ora te iwi.

mahi New e Chekhov convincingly whakakitea mārama ahu kaituhi ahurei nei ka whakatika ki te atamira hou o te auahatanga.

Melikhovo. Awareness o te āhuatanga o te koraha

Anton Pavlovich, whakawhetai ki te haora ia rā o te mahi, kua meinga he ariki pono he'ene olopoto. ako e ia kia kite i te ngako o te mea ra i ko i te reira i mua i te kanohi o milioni o ana teina, engari kihai i mohio ai e ratou.

Russia i tona matua ko te whenua kaiahuwhenua. Ko reira i roto i Melikhovo whakahaere ia ki te kite te mea i pupuri rangatira puku populists. Inquisitively whai nga ora o kainga wheketere Kryukovo me Ugryumova A. P. Chehov. Kōrero "Mātai Take a", "panekoti", rite ki kaiwhakaatu, i roto i te taipitopito whakaatu iwi tūturu, tae atu ki te pirinoa - kaihokohoko Hrymin, i roto i te hono mo'oní ko "kino."

whakatuwheratia Czechs hoki pānui kaiahuwhenua tūmatanui Russia. Hoki demagoguery, takoto te aroha hipoko populists me ratou māramatanga o nga wawata o nga peasants, i reira ko tetahi whakatakotoria ana o puku. Tona tona kōrero Chekhov "peasants" ngatata. I roto i whakaaturia tona aronui nuitia e peasants maha "kino atu kararehe ora." Ko ratou hoki te wahi tino appallingly "neuhozheny rawakore, haurangi, paru." E ratou e underdeveloped 'ulungaanga fakalaumālié, he maha ratou "te wehi, me te parenga" tahi e te tahi. Ēnei iwi mamae i ofati ratou i te tika tangata o ratou mana tangata. Me ratou ki te whakaako, kia tiakina ratou mana!

mahi anaanatae Chekhov. To'utangata mahara e maha tahuna te marama i roto i tona mahi i roto i Melikhovo katoa te po.

He papatae kanorau o te aronui

Kia pehea te kanorau papatae o tenei ariki, haamaramarama nei te reira e i roto i te raupapa o mahi nui o Chekhov ohorere tuhi kōrero a ngā tamariki "White-te kōkiri a". Mau, tetahi o nga fakaangá tuhituhi, me te kore i mahara te "kaipūkaha o mau varua tangata" Ka ohorere vnezhanrovogo pūāhua kōrero. Na ko ohie te whakahoki: aroha ia tamariki. E kore kua te ati katia reira: o ratou tamariki i te kaituhi nui ki kohi, e kore i taea e. Heoi, ka mau ia ki te tiaki o nga tama a peasants, te whakatairanga i ratou ki te kura i runga i to ratou ake moni whaiaro.

Ia - he kaituhi pūkenga. nōna ki whakaaro, i raro i te mana o te ru io meinga e tona moe kino, kitea rawatia ake hanga he mahi whakaongaonga, me te aroha "te Monk Black", e lhianga tuituia raruraru o poto me te hanga.

Haunga pakeke kiko, hanga Chekhov me mahi ki ngā āhuatanga ā-(te pūrākau "toku Life"). I roto i "Te Whare ki te pakihi" me "hīnawanawa" classic parau te aamu o te taha taa ritenga o te pūmatuatanga o nga kainga: te whakangaromanga o "Nest Noble" me te kore o te varua i roto i hou te "rangatira o te ora", te kaihokohoko. Ko te kōrero whakamutunga-whakahuatia ki "te tangata i roto i te Case" me "Mō Love" Ko te huinga toru.

I te rave rahi "Melikhovo" whakaari

I roto i te Melihove Hangaia Anton Pavlovich te tākaro ngingila "Uncle Vanya". Ka rite ki ia mahino faaite te reira aau mehara ore tangata, me te hepohepo i hanga e te reira! Vanya pono kaimahi whenua ope, Prof. hoatu ia utu iti. whakatau te rangatira ki te hoko i te reira, e kore e manukanuka i te whakarau o te tangata, "i whakararatatia ia" (te faahitiraa parau whakamutunga - i "te Little Prince" Exupéry).

Whakaaro huritao i runga i ngā huarahi ki te kawe mai i te toi o te kaitito ki te waihanga i tētahi faahiahia hou - "te koekoea" tākaro. Te reira i Chekhov i runga i pūrākau e o pūāhua rerekē arata'i te whakarongo ki te matau he aha te mea te toi tūturu te roa ahurei mo tona ara pūkenga o te mahi pakeke o te wairua, ki tonu i te riri, patunga. Ko te reira i te tākaro i te wahine pūrotu o Nina Zarechnaya, tamau e whai ake nei karangatia, me te hoko i te kaitapere wahine. Ko reira huru e te whakapakoko o te mahi - te iwi tūturu tirotiro i Melikhovo me te tākaro nui pūrākau e i roto i te noa ki o ratou ora'i.

Yalta wā o te auahatanga

I roto i te 1898, te mauähara o te mate matarohia, a ka whakatutehu ia ko tona hapu ki Yalta. Tae noa ki Noema 1899 (wā i raro i te whare hanga) haere Anton ki Moscow, te wahi reti ia he fare. whare hanga e kotahi drawback nui mo te tangata e mate ana: he mea makariri i roto i te hotoke. Kei te tika whakatakotoria i roto i oumu kaihanga. fokotu'u Tāurunga kaituhi e ko te hotoke i roto i tona pāmahana tari 11-12 nekehanga.

I roto i Yalta, te kaituhi mārama kihai i rite. I tua atu, i konei i tangohia e ia o te mua mo Melikhovo kai ahuwhenua hou. whakaritea te mea i ka wā tae mai te tuahine Maria Pavlovna. Heoi, e kore i te reira maha.

Talafungani tuhituhia i roto i Yalta, i ana tohinoa, nui kino atu i roto i Melekhovo. I te tau 1901 ka tuhituhi ia te tākaro "Sisters toru", kōrero poto "Te Lady ki te Dog", "episekopo". E ai ki a Melikhovo ongo hanga i roto i 1903 whakaoti te mahi o "Engineers o mau varua tangata" - ". Te Cherry Orchard" te tākaro Kei te āhuatanga i te reira na roto i te tāhuahua te heke mai o Russia rite te uru huarākau here.

I roto i nga tau tata nei, ka ora te mate kaha atu. ka mate te kaituhi i runga i te 2 no tiurai, 1904 i roto i te pa kaukau Tiamana o Badenweiler.

mutunga

Mai tamarikitanga, to tatou oraraa ngā pukapuka a Chekhov. Ko reira te hanga o te kaituhi-moemoea, e i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau XIX i taea ki te whakaatu convincingly ratou compatriots nga mahi e kia ora rerekē. Ko ia he hoariri pūmau o te whakahāwea me te i te wa ano, he ariki ahurei o te kupu. ka karanga a Anton ki te hanga i te ora hou, kakara, me te ataahua rite te kari here.