Chloroform - he aha te mea te reira? Takanga me te tono mahi o te chloroform

e kore te mea whakaae, me te kōpeka te kitea o ngā matū maha, i roto i te kōtuitui, ranei ako o te āhuatanga o te taonga. Heoi, he tokomaha o te aitua kitea riro rawa nui te taonga, e whakamahia ratou i kore anake i roto i te matū, engari ano hoki rongoa, ahumahi me te tahi atu mara. Just i roto i te wa mo aua matū me te chloroform pānga, ka e kia kōrero atu.

ingoa

He maha ngā momo te ingoa o te taonga. I roto i te meka, rite ngā pūhui matū waro katoa, pupuri reira nga ture o ngā rāpoi ngota nomenclature noa ingoa mama me te taitara, i runga i te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota.

Na reira, ki te chloroform reira e rave rahi putanga o te ingoa:

• trichloride waro;
• chloroform;
• trichloromethane.

Chloroform: he aha te mea te reira? Ka taea e koe te korero ki i te pūhui taitara, a taea whakaaro te hanganga āhuahanga o te rāpoi ngota.

hanganga rāpoi

Kei chloroform rāpoi ngota o toru ngota o māota me te kotahi ngota hauwai, hono ia ngota e ki te waro pokapū. Hono mo'oní, rāpoi ngota trichloromethane - he hua whakauru tuwhena o ngota hauwai e ngota māota i roto i te rāpoi ngota mewaro, ka whai wāhi ki etahi tikanga.

I roto i tenei take, katoa o te C-CL rawa rite, kaha neke. C-H here whakaritea ki ētahi atu here puta i roto i te rāpoi ngota riro riro atu ara vahiraa tino whakaraerae. Na reira, i roto i te atu tukatuka o te rāpoi ngota P-H here te ngāwari haea, ka whakakapi hauwai e te tahi atu ngota (hei tauira, māota, rawa, me te hanganga o te waro tetrachloride).

Fakakaukau ki he founga titiro chloroform. Ko te tātai, ko te: CHCL _3. Ko te tātai hanganga o te puka e whai ake nei:

hanganga rua tohu he taonga matū e mauria e te chloroform. E whakaatu ana te tātai e he kainga te muingota me ki ariu tikanga tino me te tono.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

Ka taea te āhuatanga āhuatanga ōkiko e whai ake: trichloromethane:

1. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa (te pāmahana rūma, te pēhanga kōhauhau noa o 100 kPa, haumākū kore ki runga ake i 80%) o te taonga, ko te kaha wai a Whakaruru, he kore tae. Ko te kakara o te chloroform koi nui taimaha, tapo'ii, rite te kakara o te Etere. Ko te reka o te mea reka, engari e kore koe e taea e tamata i te reira, no te mea he reira tino paitini.
2. Te wai rewakore, nehenehe o whakamemehatanga anake i roto i te momo rerekē o whakarewa organic. Mai te wai e taea hoki te hanga i te-kukū iti (0.23%) otinga.
3. Ko te ira koropupū o tenei pūhui ko raro atu i o te wai, ko te pā ana ki 62 ⁰ C.
4. ira whakakoero koi kino, -63.5 ⁰ C.
5. kiato chloroform nui atu te kiato o te wai , me te moni ki te 1,483 g / cm ^3.
6. Kaha āhua paitini korerotia o te taonga i runga i nga pānga i runga i te rauropi, e pā ana ki te rōpū o pūhui whakapōauau.

A, no te rewa i roto i te waro trehloristy wai ahei o hanga ranunga azeotropic. I roto i tenei otinga chloroform ko 97,5%, me te anake 2.5% te wai. Ko te ira koropupū o te otinga kua heke whakaritea ki taua o trichloromethane parakore me he 52 ⁰ C.

āhuatanga matū

Ka rite ki mewaro chlorinated katoa, whakaatu chloroform kahore tauhohenga. Na reira, i reira he iti tauhohe, angamaheni mo ia. Hei tauira, maimoatanga o ngā rāpoi ngota māota i roto i te tukanga o te faaineineraa o pärönaki o te mewaro chlorination. Ki riro i tēnei wai te chloroform, anoo tauhohe rite ki te momo o te huarahi tuwhena rapua e radiation hihi katinga rite te titauraa me quanta marama.

CHCL ₃ + CL ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCl

E ai ki te whārite tauhohe whakaatu e te hua ko tino mewaro chlorinated - waro tetrachloride. Peheé tauhohe e tetahi ara o te whiwhi waro tetrachloride i roto i te ahumahi.

Hoki ngā āhuatanga matū ranunga azeotropic ki te wai, i te mea nehenehe o hoatu chloroform. He aha te mea te reira? Ko, he otinga taua i kohua e kore e wāhanga amohia e tetahi huringa. Na roto i te kohua tenei ranunga kore e taea te wehea ki hautau.

Ko tētahi atu momo o tauhohe, e kia tomo chloroform he whakauru o ngota kōnakonako atu ngota rōpū mahi ranei. Hei tauira, i te tauhohenga ki waiwai te konutai waihā , hanga reira konutai tāpia:

chloroform + NaOH (aq) = Konutai tāpia + Konutai pūhaumāota + wai

I tua atu, ngā tauhohenga nui ko te tauhohe o te chloroform ki haukini me te konurehu waihā (otinga hāngai) rite te hua o taua pāhekoheko, he cyanide.

Chloroform + haukini + konurehu waihā = KCN + konurehu pūhaumāota + wai

chloroform Storage

I roto i te trichloromethane marama decomposed te ki te hanganga o kino, hua paitini:

Chloroform phosgene = + waikawa pūmāota + māota + hauhā rāpoi

Na reira, kia motuhake nga tikanga o te rokiroki o chloroform - oko o karaihe pouri ki te stoppered raru. Bottle kia penapena atu i te rā iho.

fariiraa

kawea takanga o chloroform i roto i roto i te maha ngā huarahi.

1. He tukanga multistage te chlorination o te mewaro e puta i te tikanga tuwhena i raro i te mana o te marama hihi katinga me te wera. I roto i tenei take i te hua ko te chloroform kore anake, engari ko te atu e toru hua: chloromethane, dichloromethane me te waro tetrachloride. Ko te tauhohenga ko e whai ake:

CH ₄ + CL ₃ = CH ₂ CL + HCl - chloromethane i hanga, me te hauwai pūhaumāota

CL + CH ₃ = CH ₂ CL ₂ CL ₂ + HCl - dichloromethane me te hauwai pūhaumāota i hanga

CH ₂ CL ₂ + CL ₂ = CHCL ₃ + HCl - trichloromethane i hanga (chloroform), me te hauwai pūhaumāota

CHCL ₃ + CL ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCl - puka tetrachloride waro me te hauwai pūhaumāota

I roto i tenei tikanga, te ahumahi trichloromethane kōtuitanga.

2. Ko te pāhekoheko i waenganui i te bleaching paura me te Ethyl waipiro. Tenei tikanga taiwhanga.

3. Te faaineineraa o te chloroform -hiko (nāianei hiko) ki te pūhau whakarewa alkali i roto i te huru o te hauwaiwaro Ethyl waipiro ranei. Ano he tikanga taiwhanga mō te whakaputa trichloromethane.

horoi

I muri riro chloroform te, me te reira ki te kia horoia. I muri i te katoa, ki te te whakamahia reira mō ngā take hauora, he Kāore noa te ihirangi o poke i roto i reira. Ki te nga ngā tono ūnga, kia iti te ihirangi o ngā matū ke.

He kia kia ngā poke e Kei roto chloroform. He aha te mea te reira? He aha e ratou?

• waipiro Ethyl.
• pūhaumāota hauwai.
• Phosgene.
• Māota.

E rua ngā huarahi matua ki te horoi i ēnei poke i chloroform:

• copious horoia ki te wai aru e maroke (tukua ki rawa te pehea o te waihā);
• horoia trichloromethane ki te waikawa kaha, ka ki te alkali kaha, aru i te wai. maroke maimoatanga muri e te whakamahi i te māngai dehydrating - konupūmā pūhaumāota. Kei te ka fractionally maturuturu te rauemi i runga i te tīwae.

History o whakahura

Mai ka te mohiotia hoki chloroform? He aha te mea te reira me aha he whakamahia reira i mua? Whakamātauria ki matau.

Ko te whakahua tuatahi o tenei taonga te tono ki te 1831. Ko ka riro he kēmihi i Guthrie Harbour i trichloromethane. Heoi, kihai i te whakaaro o reira te taonga, ko reira te hua i-pai. Ko te kēmihi hoki rapu whakarewa mo rapa, Kāre me aitua ka chloroform.

I roto i te taua tau, me te tau i muri mai e rua tetahi pūtaiao takitahi i whiwhi e ngā tenei taonga. Te reira i Yustas Libih (nei i hanga i te takoha nui ki te whanaketanga o te matū) me Eugen Subereyn. Ratou mahi i ki te kitea he rongoā, a kitea ana e ratou i te reira. Heoi, ka kitea e matou i roto i pā ana ki tenei pānga o chloroform ka timata ki te whakamahi i te reira i muri mai, anake ki te 1840.

Ko te tātai hanganga me te ngā o ngā ngota i roto i te rāpoi ngota ki te ako me te whakahaere hanga kēmihi Dumas i te 1834 tau. whakaarohia e ia a noaa te chloroform tona ingoa, i homai i roto i te honore o te popokorua. I roto i Latin formiata korerotia popokorua, pera i roto i roto i enei pepeke waikawa formic taea ki te hanga i i chloroform ko. I tenei kaupapa, me ki te tautuhi i tona ingoa.

Te pānga koiora i runga i te tangata

kaiwhakatika te reira i ona whakamahi hei chloroform whakarehu. Pānga i runga i te iwi, ko te tino motuhake, hipoki te maha ngā pūnaha okana nui.

Ko te tohu o te mana tei runga i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i:

• hau kukū taonga;
• te roanga o te whakamahi;
• ara o te whiwhi i roto.

A, no te haere mai te reira ki, chloroform parakore hauora, ka tona whakamahi te tino tika, me te rohe dosed. Na reira, whakatinana he torutoru noa contraindications taea. Ki te korero tatou e pā ana ki te chloroform ki whakaeto i te rangi, me te wahi hau o tona tangata, he nui atu taumaha me te kino te mahi i konei.

Ko te kupu, inhalation o trichloromethane i roto i te 10 meneti e taea puta airway edema, spasm pūkahukahu, mare, nui korokoro. Ki te te pānga e kore mutu te poisoning puta tonu. Ka patua te reira e te pūnaha io (me te matenga, me te ua), pea mate.

Hoki pānga te waipiro i runga i te ate, whatukuhu, me whekau kūnatu he chloroform. Ko rawa ino tona pānga ki te riro ki otinga. Kitea e whai ake nei tauhohenga o te rauropi ki te fariiraa o te chloroform:

• whanoke;
• ruaki me te whakapairuaki;
• pāhoahoa tamau;
• pokapū korekore pūnaha io me rite ki te hua, rohirohi;
• kirika;
• rashes mate pāwera, whero kiri.

Rangahau me ngā i ngā kararehe kua whakaaturia nga hua e whai ake:

1. whakamahi wā-roa o te chloroform ki te wai ai arumanga o hapūtanga, māuiuitanga maha, me te mutagenesis o whakatupuranga heke mai.
2. A, no te i pouri te ra kōhauhau o kararehe chloroform, puhoi, me te te tino heke te roanga o ratou ora.
3. I runga i ngā ki kiore, i mutu ai carcinogenicity trichloromethane.

i whiwhi ēnei hua Whārangi ka rata i roto i te ako o ngā pānga i runga i ngā kaiao o chloroform ora.

Whakamahia i roto i te rongoā

Ko te whakahua tuatahi o whakamahinga hauora o te taonga hutia te i roto i te tau 1847. Ko reira ka e te kaiputaiao, he tākuta, he kēmihi Holmes koti tuatahi whakaarohia te whakamahi o te chloroform hei rongoā. he pai pānga i runga te iwi i reira i runga i te wā mahi - he katinga oti o mahara, te ngaro o tetahi mana'o.

Otira i muri, ka kite i te manawanui mahara, i whakakitea ai e kore e mutu ia whakapairuaki, ruaki. Na kua oti whakapumautia ture atu pau o tono o te taonga ki te ape i taua mau hopearaa.

He wāhi tino nui i roto i te whakataki ki rongoa chloroform takaro English obstetrician Dzheyms Simpson. Ko ia te tangata e whakamatauria te pānga pai o te pūhui, me i roto i te tukanga whanau.

Heoi, i reira i atu tikanga hou, haumaru me te hou o te rehunga atu chloroform i runga i te wā. Ko tōna whakamahi i roto i te rongoā te ngā ngaro. I teie mahana, Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te puka o:

• hinu wae mō te tono waho;
• hei toronga o te faataoto i roto i ngā ki ētahi atu matū, me anake i nohanga rawa iti;
• rite pata whakakapi whakapairuaki, me te ruaki.

tono ahumahi

Kua whakamahia hoki te ahumahi chloroform. Ko tōna tono pā ana ki ngā whāiti matū, te wahi nui ai te tūranga o te degreaser whakarewa, tuatahi ranei wāhanga tuarua mō ngā matū nui whakamahia i roto i ngā wāhi katoa o te mahi a te tangata.