Kainga Sex-hono (whakamāramatanga)

Te nuinga o nga rauropi (ki okotahi onge), no te heke mai ki tenei ranei takoto taua sex koiora kei i te wa ka puta te kikiritanga, me tei runga te aha te huru o pūira sex taka ki te whakatō kākano. I roto i tenei take, i reira e te tahi mau āhuatanga e kia ahurei ki tane ranei wahine o te tetahi momo. Taua tohu rite ki te hono whäriki ki tetahi o nga tane, "hono" ki te patunga witi. He aha te mea he tupu sex-hono me aha pā etahi mate tangata anake wahine anake ranei? Ka tamata tatou ki te whakautu i tēnei pātai uaua.

Boy kotiro ranei?

I mua i timata koe ki te whakahoki kupu i te pātai, he aha te mea tupu sex-hono, he mea e tika ana ki te mārama me pēhea te te ara ano i reira ko te hanganga o te tinana wahine toa ranei. Ka rite ki no nga kaipānui o tenei tuhinga ki te sapiens momo Homo, pono ka waiho ratou tino pārekareka ki te ako e pā ana ki te āhua o kawea tenei tukanga i roto i roto i te tangata. E hiahiatia ana he māramatanga o te mea nga iranga o sex: te tupu o huru, sex-hono, puta i runga i ngā tikanga tino motuhake, me te hiahia ki te matau i te ture taketake o te hanganga o te rauropi o tane rerekē.

Na, i roto i nga pūtau tangata he 46 pūira. O enei, māngai o rerekē koiora sex 22 ngā takirua. E huaina ēnei pūira "autosomes." kotahi anake takirua - pūira sex - te māngai o te sex kaha, me te ataahua i te tahi mau rerekētanga. I roto i nga wahine, he ōrite pūira sex: E ratou e rua X (X) - pūira. I roto i nga tangata, i te pūira takoto i te hanganga rerekē, tetahi o i te X-hono, me te tuarua - V (y) - pūira. Ratau, te maua e te Y-pūira he maha iti o ira. Tei tauira kainga Sex-hono i runga i nga ira e kua tohatoha i runga i te pūira takoto.

Atoa, e kore he momo katoa sex kainga tupu. e kore e ētahi manu mau te toa i roto i ona pūira genome Y: enei nekehanga whaea anake X pūira. He hoki momo i roto i nei titau te whanaketanga o te tinana wahine i te pūira Y, te toa, i runga i te anga ke, e nga kawe o te X pūira e rua.

Homogametic me heterogamety

Na roto i te aha take kotahi kākano "tiki" rua pūira X, ētahi i he Y-pūira? Ko tenei e tika ana ki te meka i roto i te matuatanga o tohuhema, arā te whāiti pūira, te tiki i nga hua katoa ki 22 "noa" pūira sex me kotahi pūira X. Ko, i roto i te tinana wahine, he tohuhema ōrite. Ko te taua pūtau parāoa, i reira e rua ngā momo: rite hawhe o ratou te maua e te pūira X fakasekisualé, i ētahi atu "tiki" Y-pūira.

Floor, hanga ōrite gamete e pūira sex i huaina, ko te "homogametic". Ki te he gamete rerekē - heterogametic ia. People heterogamety tangata, wahine homogametic hoki.

ka wairakau he hua manu i parāoa tei runga i tupono. Ko te kupu, ki te tūponotanga o 50/50 kākano e tango rua X-chromosomes X me Y pūira ranei. Noatia, i roto i te take tuatahi, ka whakawhanake te kotiro i roto i te tuarua - te tamaiti. O te akoranga, i reira kia kia etahi okotahi i etahi huru, ko nga kotiro i roto i te genome o U-pūira he kawe o te huinga oti o ira, e ko ranei, i roto i o ratou pūtau i reira he kotahi anake pūira sex. Heoi, ko tenei - he take rawa onge.

He aha tohu taea te "hono" ki te patunga witi?

Na e matau ana te kaipānui he aha te iranga ira tangata, tupu, whakaemi ka ki te patunga witi, kia mohio ki pai tikanga. Pūira he pāpāho ahurei: te haputanga o ia tinana tangata riro te rangatira o te "whare pukapuka" o 46 buka, e kua kaha rawa whakaahua āhuatanga katoa me ngā āhuatanga o tana tinana. Ko te nui o te kōrero i roto e te i roto i nga pūtau tangata, ki runga ki te 1.5 gigabytes! I tua atu, kei ia pūira he wahi motuhake: kanohi me te tae huruhuru, maihao harataunga, te rōrahi o te mahara wā-poto, he hehema ki kia taumaha ... e tino motuhake pūira: he kawenga hoki te pākia e etahi, i ētahi atu - mo te tae kanohi, te auau o te tukanga io ranei .. . Heoi, no te ira nui tuhia ngā mōhiohio kei runga i ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua - whākōkī, e whakatau nga āhuatanga o te mahi o te rauropi tangata.

Wāhanga o te mōhiohio ā-ira whakawaeheretia me pūira sex. Na, ko te tohu e kua "tuhituhia" i roto i enei pūira, taea anake te whakawhiti ki ngā māngai o te sex koiora: ko te wahi tupu ira sex-hono tenei. Ko te kupu, e nehenehe tatou e utu i te mutunga nui. Ki te kei te ira i runga i tetahi o nga pūira sex, nga ōmataora kōrero e pā ana ki te āhuatanga o te tupu o huru, sex-hono. I roto i tenei take, he maha o ngā āhuatanga i te kainga o enei mau huru kua: he ratou i roto i maha ara ka whakaatu ano i roto i rerekē kaiao tane.

Ko te rangahau tuatahi

Genetics tuhia e te tupu o te tae kanohi i roto i āhuatanga Drosophila he tika ti'aturi i runga i te ira tangata o te mau taata e he kau ma'u o ngā irarā rerekē. Ko te ira e whakatau te whanaketanga o te-kanohi whero he ngoi i runga i te ira "ma-kanohi". Ki te nga kanohi tane whero, i uwha - ma, ka i roto i te whakatupuranga uri tuatahi whiwhi te maha rite o uwha me tane ki whero ki kanohi ma. Ki te whiwhi tatou i te uri o te tane ki te kanohi ma, me te wahine whero-kanohi, whiwhi koe i te maha rite o tane, me te wahine whero-kanohi. Ko te kupu, te momokite toa i roto i te huru ngoikore faaite ake ake pinepine atu i te uwha. takoha tenei ki te mutunga e kei te tae ira kanohi kei i runga i te pūira X, e te tikanga e te tupu o te tae kanohi i roto i Drosophila - ko te wahi tupu o ngā āhuatanga, i honoa e ki te patunga witi.

Pū e hono ki te kainga o te patunga witi

He etahi āhuatanga kainga Sex-hono. E hono ana ratou ki te meka e mauria e te Y-pūira he maha iti o ira atu te pūira X. Na, mo te ira maha, e kua kei i runga i te pūira X, i tupu i roto i te tinana toa, kahore irarā i runga i Y-pūira. Na reira, e kore e taea e tetahi ira ngoikore e tahuri i runga i te pūira X hei ira allelic i runga i te pūira Y, e te tikanga e te reira tika ka puta i roto i te tohuāhua.

kia whakamārama te reira i te runga ake. Irarā Ko te ahua o te ira kotahi. Ka taea e irarā kia o rua nga momo taketake: te tino, me te ngoikore. I roto i tenei take, te irarā ngoi i roto i te tohuira tika faaite ake tohuāhua, me te ngoikore - anake, ki te tukua atu i roto i te āhua iraruarite. Ke fakatātaa'i, ka taea e koe meinga te kainga tupu o te tae kanohi i roto i te tangata. tei te tae i runga i te nui o melanin i roto i te ngarahu iris. Ki te ka kanohi iti melanin kanapa, ki te te rota - pouri. I roto i tenei take, mo te tae pouri kanohi irarā ngoi he kawenga ki te he ia i roto i te genome, ka kia parauri-kanohi te tamaiti. Aita e hi'oraa e, ahakoa ira e rua he tetahi tino ngoikore ranei, e ko, ahakoa te tamaiti i runga i te papa whenua o tai'ata e iraruakē ranei. Ko te kanohi puru - āhua "taitamariki" irakētanga, te mana nei e te irarā ngoikore. He kawe o rua ngā irarā ngoikore iwi puru-kanohi katoa, arā, he iraruarite mo te pūtake o te tae kanohi ratou. ira tino, he mārama i tona ingoa rite, ngoi ana te ngoikore ki te kotahi tamaiti i roto i te genome o te ira e regulates te tae o nga iris, e kore e taea e tino, irarā ngoikore faaite ratou tohuāhua.

Heoi, he rerekē ngā pūira takoto i roto i tenei take. Ko rerekē i te pūira X i roto i to ratou rahi me te āhua Y-pūira o te tangata: i te reira tino titiro kore te mea rite te ripeka, rite te toenga o te pūira, me te Y. reta reira, ka whakaatu ake etahi o nga ira, e kua kei runga reira noa, ki te reira e kia kotahi anake ngoikore tārua: he rerekē i ētahi atu momo o te tupu tenei hononga sex.

X-hono mate ngoikore

Sex hononga, he o faufaa nui mō te iranga hauora, no te mea i te kau i reira e pā ana ki toru rau ira ngoikore e kua paetata i runga i te pūira X me meinga mate ira. Taua mate ngā hemophilia, myopathy, Duchenne, ichthyosis, pakarukaru X pūira syndrome, wairoro, a he tokomaha atu mate.

whakamana Sex-hono kainga i roto i te tangata kei te whai ake nei. Ki te kei te ira rerekē i roto i tetahi o nga pūira X o te wahine, whiwhi ana tamahine hawhe, me te hawhe o ana tama. I roto i tenei take, te kotiro, ko tona genome ko pūira hapa, hei kawe o te mate: i roto i te tohuāhua o te ira mutant kore e pāngia rite te tamahine e tango te pūira X tonu i tona papa. Engari ka tukua e te tamaiti i te mate, i te mea ki te "whiwhi" ia e kainga i tona whaea, no te mea o te irarā ngoi o te ira i roto i te pūira Y e kore. He nui tenei take ki te whakaaro, no te whakatau i runga i nga mahi kainga takoto-hono.

Kainga X-hono mate ngoikore he huru kaua uaua. Hei tauira, te tikanga i roto i whanaunga o te manawanui, kitea he mate rite, kei roto i te matua keke whaea me whanaunga, kua whanau nei i tuahine o te whaea.

mate Dominatnye X-hono

Ka taea e ēnei mate tupu i roto i tane e rua. Ka taea e tetahi faahiti tauira o tupu taua, sex-hono rite kōiwi hypophosphatemic me korahirahi niho pouri.

E mate ana i te X-hono whakararuraru, tino o te wahine ko tonu e rua ngā wā neke atu i nga tangata. wahine e mate ana ki te tūponotanga o te 50% o te katoa whakawhiti te mate ki a ratou tamariki, me te tangata mate - anake tamahine.

I te tahi taime, kainga tupu sex-hono Ka taea te kitea te reira i roto i mate ngā onge e e whakamate ki fetuses tane na wahine faarahi te tūponotanga o te materoto māhorahora.

Ka taea e meinga tauira kainga ore, sex-hono. Kia te mate pērā i ngarahu mimi melanoblastoz ranei Bloch-Sultsberga. ngarahu mimi kitea anake i roto i te wahine: he ira whakamate ki te kukune tane. kōtiro Body e mate ana i tenei mate, i reira he rashes i te puka o mirumiru. I muri haere te hunga ponana, he angamaheni i te puka o te rehu me eddies ähua kiri. 80% o tūroro, i reira e te tahi atu maumaui: malformations o te whanaketanga roro me whekau, kanohi, me te pūnaha kōhiwi.

hemophilia

He he maha o mate tuku, e kitea anake i roto i te kotahi sex. Ka rite ki te tauira o te aha te hononga sex, he tata hemophilia katoa pukapuka. Hemophilia Ko te mate i roto i nei e kore e te toto tepe. E whakatapua maha mahi ki hemophilia ki sex kainga tupu hono: Ka taea e koe te mea e he tata he tauira pukapuka tenei. Ahakoa te meka e he onge hemophilia, mohiotia tona oraraa e ki tata katoa. E kore te mea poitirere tenei: kei te nuinga o whakaritea ai te akoranga o te hītori Russian. i tukua e ia mona te kainga o te kingi Nicholas II Tsesarevich Aleksey.

Ahakoa he tapahia iti i te wa ano e taea meinga nui mate toto. Heoi, te ati e kore anake e fānoa 'e pā ana ki tapatahi kiri waimaero. He riri nui ki nga oraraa o tūroro e intraenteric, toto intracranial, me korokoro, me te toto i roto i te hononga. I roto i tenei take, toto tepekore e kore e mahu: tūroro whai he ora ki te farii i taero whakauru, e kore e nei i te āhuatanga e pai tiketike.

mamae e wahine i toto tepekore?

hape whakapono tokomaha iwi e kore wahine e mamae i te hemophilia. Heoi, e kore te mea pera reira: te sex ataahua, rawa, mamae i tenei mate e wehingia ana. Heoi, tupu te reira rawa uaua. He nui ake maha, he wahine kawe o te ira e predetermines te mate.

Ko te wahine-kaimau o tetahi o nga pūira sex kua te ira ngoikore predetermining incoagulability toto. Ki te reira te mea he tohuira o irarā ngoi o tenei ira, e kore e te mate faaite mai ano. Heoi, ki te he te wahine he tamaiti, e tomo te ira ngoikore, e faaite mai ia hemophilia. Otiia ki puta hemophilia i roto i te mau tamahine e hiahia ana ki kawe wahine o te ira i marenatia ki tetahi tangata ki te hemophilia (engari ara i raro i taua huru, ka hei te tūponotanga o te whanau o te kotiro rite ki te 25%). whakauaua kitea ngā take pēnei i: tuatahi, ko te tino onge te ira hemophilia, a tuarua, iwi e mate ana i tenei mate kino uaua ora ki te tau uri.

Meaning huanga ako sex hononga

He o faufaa nui mō te tangata Investigation o pehea haere tupu o ngā āhuatanga sex-hono. Ko te tika tenei matua ki te meka e sex-hono riro maha mate, tae atu kino ki te ora te tangata. Pea i roto i te heke mai, ka waiho reira taea ki te hanga i te tikanga auaha o te rongoā taua mate, e hāngai ana i runga i te pānga tika i runga i te genome tangata, i te mea he kawe o te irarā pathological. I tua atu, taua rangahau whai wāhi nui i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā tukanga mō te tātaritanga tere o mate sex-hono. He nui rawa hoki mate e kua e pā ana ki disorders pūkoro tenei: Ko te mua tīmata koe maimoatanga, ka e taea ki te whakatutuki i te angitu ake.

Genetics noho te wahi nui i roto i te oraraa o te taata. I muri i te katoa, ka taea e tenei pūtaiao whakamārama pēhea te te mahi o ira tangata, tae atu te hunga e he tohu pathological. He he he rōpū o ngā tohu meinga e kainga e pūira sex. He aha te mea he tupu sex-hono? kī ana te whakamāramatanga e te whakawhiti o tohu, mo e te ira haepapa, e kua kei i runga i pūira sex.