Fullerene - he aha te mea tenei? Āhuatanga me tono o fullerenes

Rāpoi ahua allotropic o waro ranei tona whakarerekētanga, fullerene, - he aho roa C _{n (n>} 20) tautau ngota, e kua katia matarau ohu nei i hanga o ngā ngota waro me te he i te mata pentagonal hexagonal ranei (i konei i reira he okotahi rawa onge). ngota waro i roto i te fullerenes unsubstituted ahu ki te hei sp ² āhua -Hybrid ki te maha ruruku o 3. Ko te kupu i hanga te he pūnaha hamanga haumi porohita rite ki here honohono, ariā.

whakaahuatanga whānui

Ko te tino thermodynamically pūmau i raro i noa puka tikanga o te waro - graphite, e titiro rite te tāpae whakauaua hono ki tetahi ki tetahi whārangi Graphene: he mea ripekapeka papatahi, arā, o ngā pūtau hexagonal, te wahi akitū - ngota waro. e pā ana ia o ratou te ki e toru ngota tata, a te wha o nga irahiko honohono, hanga he-pūnaha pi. Na, fullerene - ko reira ïa tenei puka rāpoi, arā he kitea te sp pikitia ² -Hybrid āhua. Ki te whakamōhio tatou i roto i te whārangi Graphene hē āhuahanga te taniwha, hanga he hanganga kati. Hei tauira, pera kohakore he mowhiti e rima-membered (kanohi pentagonal), rite te taua, me te noa matū waro hexagonal.

kī ture tauwehe o Hēura e trohkoordinirovannymi te hanga o te matarau kati ki akitū taea ki te whakamōhio tatou ma rua pentagons, ahakoa o te maha o mata hexagonal. No reira, te rahi iti o te fullerene - he ōkawa PF ₂₀ tekau mā rua. Heoi curvature hanganga rite, he maha iti o ngā ngota waro he tiketike, a na reira ki te SP kore he tino pai ² -Hybrid kāwanatanga, mai pai waro planar ruruku. Ko te aha te iti rawa i roto i tona puka parakore fullerene whiwhi - ko C _60, he te hanganga o te matarau tekau auau rāpopototia. I roto i te reira e wehea kanohi hexagonal i ia atu te pentagonal katoa. Fullerene Matū karanga tenei meka te taparima tikanga motuhake, a ko reira raro ki te fullerene tino wātea.

tātai

denoted Gidrantirovanny C ₆₀ fullerene (C ₆₀ HyFn). Tenei matatini roa hydrophilic supramolecular, e ngā o tetahi rāpoi ngota o te fullerene C ₆₀ i roto i te tukuwai anga tuatahi, me te rua tekau ma wha rāpoi ngota wai. Ko te fullerene nei tātai tenei - C ₆₀ (H ₂ e) _24. Kei a ia ko e rua tekau hexagons me ma rua pentagons, waho rite te pōro poiwhana. I tua atu, he maha o te fullerene C ₇₀ tāpiringa rite hanganga takawaenga, e pai kia he taratahi nga pentagons katoa, e kore e tīari. Mai C taea ₇₈ hanganga fullerene ki mau e rave rahi poinanaha pūmau o ia kōhiwi waro. Takahi ko reira taea e reira fullerenes ki ngota waro o tetahi ara tau, "fullerenes teitei".

puta te faaineineraa o fullerenes i pewa atu maha ranei tikanga irahiko-kurupae me i taiaho te whakaetonga o te graphite i roto i te huru haumāmā. Ngarahu, i condenses i runga i te mata o te piere tukinotia, kei roto i refluxing benzene, toluene, xylene atu whakarewa organic ranei. Kei te mimiti te otinga, hanga he condensate pango, kotahi tekau ki te rima ōrau arā, o C ₇₀ me F ₆₀ fullerenes me te moni iti rawa o fullerenes teitei.

Ko te ōwehenga i waenganui i furellenami rerekē kia rerekē, i runga i te tawhā ariā rānei, engari te nuinga ₆₀ kaha C, ko reira e rave rahi taime nui. I roto i te C tino teitei _78, C ₇₆ ko C _84. I roto i te pikitia whānui reira he he heke i roto i te ōwehenga o te fullerene kōtuitanga o ngā hua katoa. he tika, tino pea tenei, ki te tūponotanga iti o huihui hanganga nui o tautau iti tuatahi mimiti.

Water kei roto fullerenes

Ko te tino noa, me te ngā ako he C _60, i reira tetahi rāpoi ngota o te taonga mau i rua tekau-wha rāpoi ngota wai. Tenei rāpoi ngota fullerene he hangarite tiketike, kei hea he ōrite nga ngota katoa. Ko tōna ahua porohita ko te tawhiti i te pokapū o te karihi ngota ki pā ana ki 0.36 nm, me te pūtoro o e pā ana ki 0.5 nm. hanga te reira i te karaihe rāpoi i roto i nei rāpoi ngota he ripekapeka pūtoru, e toru-apa mara tarapēke porohita mata-faatumuhia. I nui te pāmahana, ₆₀ C sublimes kahore hanga he wāhanga wai. Kei te memeha Best o katoa te reira i roto i te matū kakara o te momo o whakarewa waro disulfide, a neke - nui kino. He elongated ellipsoidal āhua ₇₀ C, me te fullerenes teitei He āhuatanga tinana tino rite ki C _60.

A i te mara o te matū e nui ake ohaoha ratou, ka hoatu faingamālie katoa ki te tiki i to ratou akomanga rerekē o pärönaki: Metallofullerenes, heterofullerene. Family o ngā hua taonga ekzoendralnogo katoa (outer-) hononga, no te mea ia ngota waro - te pae tauhohenga e wātea ana. Ko nga āhuatanga o fullerenes enei. E piri ratou na roto i te te hanga hua hou, ngota kōnakonako me te hauwai, Radicals organic, hononga e taea ara huringa puta. Ko te kupu whiwhi rauemi polymer kei roto fullerenes Multigrade pūhui. hono ₆₀ K C ki e wha tekau-waru substituents waho whakangaro i te kōhiwi waro. Ko te kupu, hei tauira, i whiwhi e F ₆₀ F _48, a kua whakamahia maha pūhui pera, ai he fullerenes te turanga.

tono

Tata e hiahia i roto i ngā wāhi tino rerekē fullerenes. I roto i te tirohanga o ratou āhuatanga hiko taea te whakaaro ratou me o ratou pärönaki rite Semiconductors. Fullerenes noa mimiti UV radiation, to ratou kaha irahiko-kati tiketike. enei āhuatanga katoa kia taea ki te tono ia ratou i roto i te photovoltaic, pūoko-hiko, pūrere solar-powered o ngā hikohiko rāpoi. E whakamahia Fullerenes i roto i te rongoa rite āpiha patu huaketo me antimicrobial, rite māngai i roto i te therapy photodynamic me m. P.

Kua whakaaetia hangarau Modern āhua hohoro ki te whakapiki ake i te katoa maha o ngā waeine ki te tiki he pai me te ake pai tikanga mahi mo ratou maimoatanga hoki atu fullerenes. Ko Ko te aha te utu o, mo te tauira, kua peka C ₆₀ nui i runga i te tekau tau o mua, me te hawhe (ki mano kotahi tekau ki te tekau ki te rima tara ia karamu). Na e fehangahangai tatou ki te āhuatanga i reira mo tūturu tono ahumahi me fullerenes hinga ki te tangata. Kei te tipu haere ratou whakamahi, me te tipu i nga ra.

Hoki ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te whakatuwheratanga

Fullerenes ingoa i muri i te kaihoahoa rongonui, me te kaipūkaha Richarda Bakminstera Fullera, e runga i te pūtake o to ratou hanganga whakaaro te hanganga anga kōpiko. I te tuatahi, iti tenei piha o pūhui te ki te hanganga, i ngā te anake e ono-a pentagonal mata. Ki te te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota fullerene i roto i te tua ki ngā ngota waro e hakari ngā āhuatanga matū, ka e kei ratou i roto i te kōhiwi waro, aua fullerenes endohedral huaina. Ki te Kei te ngota o ētahi atu āhuatanga i waho te fullerenes e whiwhi exohedrally. O ratou ingoa, kihai i tenei puka rāpoi rawa roa i mua - i roto i te 1985, ka hanga he rōpū o kairangahau te kitea ohorere o te fullerene. Iti, Kroto, ako Utaina Kōrino me ētahi atu takirua graphite i whiwhi nei e taiaho ablation (irradiation) totoka. i kitea tihi i i te kaha tīwera maximal e ōrite ana ki te tautau o te ngota waro e ono tekau, me te whitu tekau.

Heoi tatau tatou i te rāpoi ngota C ₆₀ me F _70, me te te whakapae i hanga e te te rāpoi ngota tuatahi i roto i te āhua o te matarau tekau rāpopototia. Ko te reira i te tino noa C ₆₀ te ingoa bakminsterfullerenom me te toenga o te rāpoi ngota - tika fullerenes.

E pai matau Scientists-Utaina i roto i te hoahoanga me te mahara Fuller, nana nei i hanga te kikorangi i runga i te whare pera - pentagons, hexagons tino mawehe ana, e ko te turanga o te hanganga o te kōhiwi rāpoi o o fullerenes tino katoa. Heoi, ko tenei - he kōrero ātahu, a kahore i waho te hītori ngā. I runga i te taea o te oraraa o taua rāpoi ahua mua i tuhituhia ai i roto i Japan (1971), me te pūtake ariā i whiwhi, ka whakaputaina i roto i te USSR (1973). Otiia, i te reira riro Kroto, Kōrino ko Iti te Nobel i matū.

Nature me te hangarau

Ko taea faaineineraa o fullerene parakore i te kōtuitanga tāwhaiwhai. Ēnei pūhui tonu inarā i ako i roto i nga whenua rerekē, te whakatakoto tikanga i raro nei puta ratou hanganga, me te whakaaro hanganga fullerene me o ratou āhuatanga. He piki tipu mara o tono. I kitea te reira e te nui nui o fullerenes roto i te pungarehu, i hanga nei i runga i electrodes graphite i roto i te rere pewa. e kore noa mua tenei meka kite ano.

A, no te hua nga fullerenes i raro tikanga taiwhanga, rāpoi waro me anga ki te kia kitea i roto i te natura. I roto i Karelia, i kitea e matou ratou i roto i shungites tauira, India me te United States - i roto i te furulgitah. Hoki rāpoi waro maha, me te auau i roto i meteorites me waipara i te raro, e te mea e kore e iti iho i nga tau e ono tekau-rima miriona. I te whenua e taea te hanga e fullerenes parakore i uira me te ngingiha o te hau tūturu. tauira Air tangohia i runga i te Mediterranean, kua ako i roto i te 2011, a ka kitea taua mea e tauira katoa tangohia - i Istanbul ki Barcelona - i reira ko te fullerene. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te taonga meinga te hanganga noa. Ano e kitea moni nui o te reira i roto i te wāhi - ko i te āhua haurehu waihā, a i roto i te puka mārō.

kōtuitanga

Ko te ngā tuatahi o te noho wehe o fullerenes puta i roto i kohu whātatahia o graphite, i whiwhi i te irradiation o taiaho irradiation o tauira graphite totoka. Whakahaere ki te tiki tohu anake o fullerenes. i roto i anake 1990 Utaina i whakawhanakehia Huffman, Reme a Kretschmer he tikanga hou o te hanga o fullerenes i roto i ngā rahinga karamu. ngā te reira i roto i te mura electrodes graphite i te pewa hiko i roto i te huru o te haumāmā, me i raro i te pēhanga iti. He te horo o te pitoake me te puta mai nga taiepa ruma ki te ngarahu fullerenes kei roto.

I tua atu, rewa ngarahu te i roto i te toluene benzene ranei, a ka tu te otinga hua karamu rāpoi parakore C ₇₀ me C _60. Ratio - 1: 3. I tua atu, uru te otinga o taimaha, me rua ōrau teitei fullerenes kia. Na ko reira ngāwari: whiriwhiri i te tawhā tino pai mō te whakaeto - te hanganga o te kōhauhau, te pēhanga, kawehiko diameter, o nāianei, me te pera i runga i, ki te whakatutuki i te tukua mōrahi o fullerenes. Ko ratou ki runga ki e pā ana ki te tekau ma rua ōrau o te rauemi pitoake tūturu. Ko Ko te aha fullerenes kia utu e.

production

whakamātau katoa ki pūtaiao whakamātautau i mua i roto i noa: te tikanga hua me iti o te whakaputa fullerenes he. E kore i momoho te mura mura o waiwaro kōtuitui matū ranei. kua tikanga pewa hiko kua te hua tino, taea ki a koe riro e pā ana ki tetahi karamu o fullerenes ia haora. Kua whakawhanakehia e te kamupene Mitsubishi te tikanga o hokohoko te parariraa o waiwaro, engari e kore e ratou fullerenes parakore - i roto i ratou rāpoi ngota hāora. A pera tawhiti tonu reira mārama te huarahi o te hanganga o tenei taonga, no te mea he tino iu i te wāhi thermodynamic o tirohanga nga tukanga pewa, a ko reira rawa kaha inhibits whakaaro o te ariā. Anake taunakitanga papû e kohikohi ngā ngota waro fullerene takitahi, i.e. C ₂ whatiwhatinga. Heoi, ko te pikitia mārama o te hanganga o tenei taonga e kore kua i hanga e.

whakaritea te utu nui o te fullerene te loto iti kore noa ina tahuna. Wehe, purenga, wehenga o fullerenes o papatipu rerekē o te ngarahu - he rawa matatini enei tukanga katoa. Rawa āwangawanga reira wehe i te ranunga ki hautau rāpoi motuhake, e kua puritia e wai tūrara tīwae me te pēhanga teitei. I te wā whakamutunga o te toenga whakarewa e nekehia atu i te fullerene kua totoka. Hoki tenei tauira i pupuri i raro i mārua hihiri i te pāmahana o runga ki te rua rau e rima tekau nga nekehanga. Ko te painga, ko e i roto i te whanaketanga o te fullerene C ₆₀ a farii i te reira i roto i ngā rahinga macroscopic tupu kē matū waro kua peka motuhake - te matū o fullerenes, riro nei kua rongonui mīharo.

painga

E whakamahia pärönaki Fullerene i roto i mara ngā o te hangarau. E whakataka ana me tioata fullerene - Semiconductor he photoconductivity i raro i irradiation whatu. Tioata C _60, ki te ngota doped o konganuku kawakore, whakawhiti ki te āhua o te wharetīoke. rongoā fullerene whai āhuatanga whatu nonlinear, a reira e taea te whakamahi rite te pūtake o shutters optical e he tika mo te tiaki i te radiation kaha. Hoki fullerene whakamahia rite te whakakōkī mō te taimana te kōtuitanga. Kei te whānui Fullerenes whakamahia i roto i te koiora me te rongoā. kaimahi te reira e toru ngā āhuatanga o enei rāpoi ngota: whakatau membranotropnyh lipophilicity, elektronodefitsit hoatu kaha taunekeneke ki Radicals free, engari ano hoki te kaha ki te whakawhiti hāora muingota tikanga ratou ake āhua oaoa, me ki te tahuri i te hingareti hāora.

matū urupare taua patu i biomolecules: waikawa karihi, pūmua, lipids. E whakamahia momo hāora urupare i roto i te therapy photodynamic mō te maimoatanga mate pukupuku. toto o te manawanui whakaurua te photosensitizers, te whakaputa momo hāora urupare - mau fullerenes ranei pärönaki ona. Te rere toto i roto i te puku he ngoikore atu i roto i te kopa hauora, me te mea kohikohi photosensitizers roto reira, a i muri i te aronga irradiation o te rāpoi ngota e whakaohokia e te whakaputa momo hāora urupare. pūtau mate pukupuku faaruru apoptosis, ka ngaro te puku te. I tua atu ki taua - fullerenes whai āhuatanga antioxidant me mahanga momo hāora urupare.

Fullerene Whakahekea HIV mahi integrase, he pūmua e te kawenga mō te kōmitimiti o te huaketo ki te DNA i te pāhekoheko ki reira mā te huri i te conformation me ia hau ia o te ware i te mahi matua. taunekeneke tika ētahi o pärönaki fullerene ki DNA me te tautāwhi i te restiktaz mahi.

Ētahi atu e pā ana ki te rongoā

I roto i te 2007, ka anga nga fullerenes wai-wairewa ki te kia whakamahia mō te kai ratou āpiha rite antiallergic. i whakahaeretia Studies runga i te toto tangata, me ngā pūtau e kua kitea pärönaki fullerene - C60 (kupenga) x me C60 (OH) x. I roto i ngā i runga i ora kaiao - kiore - he pai nga hua.

Kua, he taonga e whakamahia ana rite te pere tuku tarukino, no te mea te ô i te wai kei roto fullerenes (te auporo hydrophobicity C ₆₀₎ Ko te tino ngāwari te membrane pūtau. Hei tauira, erythropoietin - tomo tika tākihi taiaki ki te bloodstream, he inā i roto i te nui nui, a ki te te whakamahia reira tahi ki fullerenes, te piki kukū ki neke atu i te rua, no te mea riro te reira ki te pūtau.