Graphs i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko: definition, momo, tauira tono. ariā Kauwhata i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko

E ngā kaute i roto i te tikanga rorohiko mō te whanaungatanga whakatau huānga. Ko nga taonga taketake o te ako i roto i enei kauwhata ariā.

whakamāramatanga taketake

He aha te mea i roto i te kauwhata i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko? Kei roto te reira i te plurality o ahanoa i huaina kōpuku ranei akitū, etahi takirua o e hono e m. N. rara. Hei tauira, te kauwhata i roto i (te) te ahua ngā o wha kōpuku, denoted A, B, C, ko D, B o nei hono te ki ia o te tahi atu e toru akitu rara, a kua hono hoki C me D. He pātata E rua ngā kōpuku ki te e hono ratou e te mata. E whakaatu ana te ahua he ara angamaheni o pehea ki te hanga kauwhata i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko. Porowhita tohu nga akitū me nga rārangi honotanga ia rua o ratou, ko nga rara.

huaina aha kauwhata undirected te i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko? He hangarite ia whanaunga i waenganui i nga pito e rua o nga rara. Rara hono ratou noa ki tahi i te tahi. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, Heoi, he tika ki te whakapuaki i te hononga hangarite reira - mo te tauira, e ki te ngā B, engari e kore e hurihia. Tenei whāinga Ko te whakamāramatanga o te kauwhata i roto i te rorohiko, tonu ngā o te huinga o ngā kōpuku ki te huinga o ngā tapa whakahaua. Ia mata hāngai ko te hononga i waenganui i akitu nei aronga he tikanga. kauwhata whakahaua whakaatu, rite whakaaturia i roto i te Whakaahua (b), tei faahoho'ahia e te pere ratou taha. A, no te e hiahia ana koe ki te haapapu e kauwhata kore-Anga, huaina ai ko undirected.

tauira whatunga

Graphs i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko, he tauira pāngarau o ngā hanganga whatunga. E whakaatu ana te ahua e whai ake nei i te hanganga o te Internet, ka whanau te ingoa o te ARPANET, i Hakihea 1970, ka ko ia 13 anake ngā. Ko te kōpuku He pokapū tukatuka me te rara te hono i te rua akitu, mö mua therebetween. Ki te kore koe e whakarongo ki whakaritea te United States i te mahere, ko te toenga o te whakapakoko, he kauwhata rite ki te tetahi o mua 13-kōpuku. I roto i tenei take, e kore te mea faufaa te tūnga tūturu o te akitu. He mea nui ki te e hono nei kōpuku ki tahi i te tahi.

Taupānga o kauwhata i roto i te rorohiko ka taea ki te kite i te āhua o e rānei tinana arorau ranei tuati-i roto i te hanganga whatunga mea. Ko te tauira o te whatunga kōrero i roto i nei e taea runga rorohiko atu pūrere ranei tuku karere 13-kōpuku ARPANET, me nga taha tohu hono hāngai i runga i e taea te tuku mōhiohio.

ara

Ahakoa kei te te kauwhata whakamahia i roto i te maha ngā wāhi rerekē, kua ratou āhuatanga noa. Kauwhata ariā (pūtaiao rorohiko) ngā pea te nui tino o ratou - te whakaaro e maha neke mea me te taha, raupapa neke i kōpuku ki kōpuku, kia reira he pāhihi he torutoru rerenga ranei mōhiohio tuku i te tangata ki te tangata i roto i te whatunga pāpori, ranei he kaiwhakamahi rorohiko, ngā wā haere ki te maha o ngā whārangi tukutuku i te whai i te hononga.

Tenei whakaaro turai te whakamāramatanga o te ara rite te raupapa o kōpuku hono e taha. I te tahi taime te mea e tika ana ki te whakaaro i te huarahi e kore e kei wāhanga anake, engari ano hoki te raupapa o taha honotanga ratou. Hei tauira, te raupapa o akitu MIT, BBN, RAND, UCLA ko te ara i roto i te kauwhata ipurangi ARPANET. kia korerotia ai irava o kōpuku me tapa. Hei tauira, SRI, Stan, UCLA, SRI, Utah, he hoki MIT he ara. Ko te ara i roto i nei e kore e nga rara toutou, ka karanga te mekameka. Ki te kahore e faahiti te kōpuku, huaina ana e ia ko te mekameka ohie.

huringa

momo tino nui i roto i te kauwhata rorohiko - te reira huringa e tohu i te hanganga mowhiti, pērā i te raupapa o kōpuku LINC, CASE, CARN, HARV, BBN, MIT, LINC. He rerekē ngā ara ki te iti rawa e toru rara, i roto i nei te kōpuku mua, o muri ko te taua, me te toenga, tohu he kauwhata huringa i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko.

Tauira: huringa SRI, Stan, UCLA, SRI ko te poto, ko SRI, Stan, UCLA, RAND, BBN, Utah, SRI tino nui.

Tata nga mata ARPANET o te kauwhata no ki te huringa. I meatia āta tenei, ki te kore tetahi o ratou, e te taea o te whakawhitinga i tetahi kōpuku ki tetahi. Huringa i roto i te kōrero me ngā pūnaha ikiiki he hakari mo te hapanga - whakarato ratou ara rerekē mō tetahi ara huringa. He maha nga whatunga pāpori huringa kite. A, no te kitea e koe, mo te tauira, e te hoa kura tata o te whanaunga o to koutou wahine mau mahi ki tou teina, he mea he huringa e ngā o koutou, koutou wahine, tona whanaunga, tona hoa i te kura, i tona kaimahi (ie. E. tou teina), a te mutunga koutou ano.

kauwhata tūhono: whakamāramatanga (pūtaiao rorohiko)

Ko reira māori ki te fifili ranei ko reira taea i ki ia kōpuku tiki ki tetahi atu kōpuku. hono te kauwhata kei te mea i reira te mea he ara i waenganui i nga rua o akitū. Hei tauira, te whatunga ARPANET - hono kauwhata. Ka taea e te taua te mea e pā ana ki te nuinga o te kōrero, me te waka whatunga, rite ratou whakaaro ko ki te whakatikatika waka i tetahi kōpuku ki tetahi.

I te tahi atu te ringa, i reira he kore he take priori ki te titau e he whānui enei momo o kauwhata i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko. Hei tauira, e kore te mea uaua i roto i te whatunga pāpori ki te whakaaro iwi e rua e kore e nei e pā ana ki ia atu.

wāhanga

Ki te te kore te hono te tīwae ki te rorohiko, ratou fakanatula taka ki roto ki te huinga o nga whatiwhatinga i pā ana, ngā rōpū o te kōpuku e Kei te noho taratahi me kore e whakawhiti. Hei tauira, whakaatu ana Figure toru taua wahi: ko te tuatahi - A me te B, te tuarua - C, D, me E, me ngā te tuatoru o nga toe akitu.

Wae o te kauwhata tohu te huinga o ngā kōpuku, i roto i nei:

• ia Huingaiti akitu he ara ki tetahi atu;
• e kore he huinga wahi o te huinga nui i roto i nei ia kōpuku he ara ki tetahi atu.

A, no te e wehea te kauwhata i roto i te rorohiko ki o ratou wāhanga, ko reira anake te whakamārama tuatahi o te tikanga o to ratou hanganga. kia whai taonga i roto i te hanganga ā-tenei wāhanga, he mea nui hoki te tikanga o te whatunga. Hei tauira, te tikanga ōkawa o te whakatau i te faufaa kōpuku ko ki te whakatau i te tini o nga wahi ka wehewehea tatau, ki te nekehia atu te kōpuku kei te.

wae mōrahi

He he he tikanga mo te aromatawai kounga o wāhanga hononga. Hei tauira, i reira te mea he whatunga pāpori ao ki hononga i waenganui i te iwi e rua, ki te he hoa ratou.

Kei te hono reira? e kore e pea. Hononga - taonga kaua he pakarukaru, me te whanonga o tetahi kōpuku (he huinga iti o ratou ranei) e taea te whakaiti i te reira ki te kahore. Hei tauira, he tangata kotahi ki kahore he hoa ora ko te wāhanga tënei o te akitu kotahi, a reira, e kore e hono ki te tatau. Ranei te motu pārūrū mamao, arā, o te iwi e kahore whakapā ki te ao waho, ka waiho ano he wāhanga iti o te whatunga, e haapapu tona ta'e.

whatunga ao o hoa

Ko reira he tahi mea atu. Hei tauira, kua he kaipānui o te pukapuka rongonui hoa e kua tupu ake i roto i ētahi atu whenua, ka hanga ratou e kotahi wae. Ki te tangohia e tatou ki pūkete nga matua o enei hoa me o ratou hoa, he enei iwi katoa ano hoki i roto i te wāhanga kotahi, ahakoa ratou e kore i rongo e pā ana ki te kaipānui, korero he reo rerekē, me kore kua muri ki reira i. Ko te kupu, ahakoa te whatunga ao o te auhoaraa - e kore hono, e kia whakaurua te kaipānui i roto i te wāhanga e tino nui, ngoto ki nga wahi katoa o te ao, e ngā iwi i maha ngā momo āhuatanga rerekē, i roto i te meka, kei te wahi nui o te taupori ao.

Ko te taua puta i roto i te huinga raraunga whatunga - maha i nui, whatunga matatini he wae mōrahi, e ngā he wähanga nui o ngā kōpuku katoa. Ano, ka ngā te whatunga he wāhanga mōrahi, he reira tata tonu kotahi anake. Hei matau he aha, he mea e tika ana ki te haere hoki ki te tauira o te whatunga ao o te auhoaraa, me te ngana ki te whakaaro i te oraraa o rua wāhanga mōrahi, ia o nei whai wāhi miriona o te iwi. Me te reira ki te whai i te rara kotahi i runga i etahi o te wāhanga tuatahi ki te tuarua ki mōrahi wähanga e rua hanumi ki tetahi. Mai anake mata kotahi, i roto i te nuinga o te wā ko te reira i rapaeau, e kore i hanga e te reira, a konei wähanga e rua mōrahi i roto i whatunga tūturu e kore e kitea.

I roto i ētahi wā onge, ka te wāhanga e rua o te mōrahi tahi-vai mo te wa roa i roto i te whatunga tūturu, i ohorere, whakaari ratou uniana, a, te mutunga, i nunu'a catastrophic.

hanumi wae aituā

Hei tauira, i muri i te taenga o ngā Pākehā i roto i te ao o te Tooa e pā ana ki te hawhe te mano tau ki muri, i reira ko tetahi aituā ao. Mai i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te whatunga, ka titiro reira rite tenei: e rima mano nga tau o ao whatunga pāpori, pea ngā o rua wāhanga Rapa - kotahi i roto i Te Tai Tokerau me Amerika ki te Tonga, me te tahi atu - i roto i Eurasia. Hoki tenei take, kua tipu te hangarau takitahi i roto i te wāhanga e rua, a, tae noa kino, pera whakawhanakehia me te mate te tangata, a na i runga i. D., no te pae hopea ka te wähanga e rua i roto i te hangarau pa me te mate hohoro a disastrously puke ana tuarua.

American High School

he pai hoki whakaaroaro ana e pā ana ki ngā whatunga i runga i te tauine nui iti te ariā o te wae mōrahi. He tauira ngā ko te kauwhata whakaatu i te hononga i roto i te kura nui US mo te wā 18-marama. Ko te take i roto i te reira i te wāhanga mōrahi he faufaa ina tae mai te reira ki te horapa o mate, mate paipai, e ko te whakaaro o te ako. kia kua i ngā ākonga kotahi anake hoa i roto i taua wā o te wā, engari, ahakoa, kahore te ite i te reira, kua wahi o nga wāhanga o te mōrahi, ka reira, he wahi o maha ara pea o tuku. whakaatu ēnei hanganga i te hononga e kua mutu ai roa, engari hono ratou mau taata i roto i te mekameka roa rawa, ki te kia te tumu parau o te tirohanga kaha, me te kawekawe korero. Otiia, he ratou mau: me pehea e kore nei e kitea meka pāpori, engari puta macrostructures tukunga rite te hua o te takawaenga takitahi.

Tawhiti me whanui-tuatahi rapu

I tua atu ki te kōrero e pā ana ki ranei e hono rua kōpuku ara, kauwhata ariā i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko taea ki a koe ako e pā ana ki tona roa - i roto i te waka, kōrero whakahörapa o rongo me mate ranei, me te e haere ana i roto i te maha o tihi maha ranei.

Ki te mahi i tenei, te tautuhi i te roa ara rite ki te maha o nga kaupae e kei roto i te reira i te timatanga ki te mutunga, ie. E. Ko te maha o ngā tapa i roto i te raupapa e ko. Hei tauira, MIT, BBN, RAND, UCLA ara kua he roa o te 3, ko MIT, Utah - 1. Mā te te roa o te ara, ka taea e tatou te mea e ki te e whakaritea e rua ngā kōpuku i roto i te tīwae tata ki ia tawhiti atu tawhiti ranei i waenganui i nga tihi e rua tautuhia te rite te roa o te ara poto i waenganui ia ratou. Hei tauira, te tawhiti i waenganui i te LINC me SRI ko 3, ahakoa, ki te whakarite i tenei, he mea e tika ana ki te manatoko i te ngaro o te roa rite ki te 1 ranei 2, therebetween.

Hātepe rapu whanui-tuatahi

Hoki tawhiti kauwhata iti i waenganui i rua ngā kōpuku tātai ngāwari. Ko hoki matatini reira he he hiahia mo te tikanga pūnahanaha o te whakatau atea.

Ko te ara tino taiao ki te mahi i tenei me, reira, te whai hua tino ko te (hei tauira, he whatunga ao o hoa) e whai ake nei:

• Kua whakapuakina hoa katoa kei i te tawhiti o te 1.
• hoa katoa o hoa (e kore tatau i te kua whakahuatia) e kauwhautia i tawhiti 2.
• ratou hoa katoa (ano, e kore e tatau te iwi tapanga) ua faaite i tawhiti mamao 3.

Tonu i roto i tenei ara, kawea te rapu i roto i roto i ngā papa muri, ia o nei - i runga i te wae i runga i te kotahi o mua. titoa Ia paparanga hou te o kōpuku kihai i i uru i roto i nga mea o mua, me e hinga mata i te akitu o te paparanga o mua.

huaina ana tēnei tikanga ko te rapu whanui-tuatahi, kia rite ki rapu ia mo te tīwae roto o te kōpuku tuatahi, matua uhi i te muri. I tua atu ki te whakarato i te tikanga mō te whakatau tawhiti, ka taea e te mahi i te reira rite te anga ariā whai hua ki te whakarite i te hanganga kauwhata me te pehea, ki te hanga i te kauwhata o te rorohiko, he tihi e hāngai ana i runga i to ratou tawhiti i te wāhi tīmata pūmau.

Ka taea e rapu whanui-tuatahi kia tono ki te whatunga o hoa kore anake, engari ano hoki ki tetahi kauwhata.

ao iti

Ki te haere koe hoki ki te whatunga ao o hoa, ka taea e kite koe e te tautohe e whakamārama no ki te wāhanga mōrahi tino whakapaia e te tahi mea atu: he ara ki hoa kore te kaipānui anake, hono ia ki te wähanga nui o te taupori ao, engari he poto Koinei enei ara .

huaina ana tēnei whakaaro ko te "tītohunga ao iti": te mea iti te ao, ki te whakaaro koe e pā ana ki te mea hono i te ara poto i tetahi iwi e rua.

Ko te ariā o "ono handshakes" i tuatahi experimentally whakawakia e Stanley Milgram me ana hoa i roto i te 1960. Kahore he he i tetahi huinga o raraunga whatunga pāpori, me ki te pūtea o $ 680, ua faaoti ia ki te tirohia i roto i te whakaaro rongonui. Ki tenei mutunga, ka ui ia ki tamata 296 tīmata tīpako matapōkeretia ki te tonoa he reta ki te tapihooraa, e noho i roto i te wahi o waho o Boston. i hoatu tīmata etahi mōhiohio whaiaro e pā ana ki te whakaaro (tae atu wāhitau, me te tikanga), ka i ratou ki te tonoa he reta ki te tangata i mohio nei ratou i te ingoa, me te taua tohutohu, na e tae te reira i te whāinga rite hohoro rite taea. Kua haere ia pukapuka i roto i te ringa o te maha o hoa, ka hanga e he mekameka kati mo brokers take i waho o Boston.

I roto i nga mekameka 64 e kua tae te ūnga, ko te roa toharite ono, te whakau i te maha o te ingoa e rua tekau tau i mua i roto i te tākaro i te taitara Dzhona Kera.

Ahakoa nga tōnounou katoa o tenei ako, faaite te whakamātautau tetahi o nga āhuatanga tino nui o to tatou māramatanga o te whatunga pāpori. I roto i nga tau e aru i i hanga ai mutunga whānui: ahu whatunga pāpori ki te whai ara poto rawa i waenganui i te noho o te iwi takirua. A tae noa ki te kahore taua hononga autaki ki kau taki pakihi me kau taki tōrangapū e utu mo ratou i runga i te kaupapa o ia rā, te oraraa o taua ara poto whai wāhi nui i roto i te tere o te mōhiohio whakahörapa, mate, me te tahi atu momo o te mate i roto i te hapori, me te whai wāhi ki te whai wāhitanga e whakarato Itenati iwi ki rawa nga mau huru ritenga.