He aha te ako pūtaiao tōrangapū? Science Tōrangapū Social

Akoranga i roto i te mara whitinga e arotahi ana ki te te whakamahi o ngā tikanga me ngā tikanga i roto i te matauranga o whakahaere o te rautaki kāwanatanga, whakahaere pūtaiao tōrangapū. Ko te kupu, ko te kaimahi rite mō te whakaoti rapanga ngā o te ora o te kāwanatanga. pūtaiao tōrangapū e tino tono ki te ngakau, kia rite ki te ātete ki te pūtaiao o "parakore". Ko te tino whānui Range o raruraru i roto i tenei vahi, na kia pātata ki te tōrangapū tino tetahi te ako, e kore te pūtaiao pāpori anake, engari ano hoki te tinana, koiora, pāngarau, oraraa totiare.

Nuinga tata i roto i te whakapā atu ki te huarahi e whakamahia ana e te pūtaiao tōrangapū he pūtaiao tōrangapū, pāpori, te whakahaere, te ture, whakahaere terenga wai me te tūmatanui, hītori. Knowledge o ara tono maha i ngā wāhi o pekanga rohe pērā i rangahau ngā mahi, ngā pūnaha tātari, cybernetics, whānui pūnaha ariā, ariā o kēmu, a na i runga i. riro te ahanoa o ako tenei katoa, ki te āwhina i kitea i te otinga ki te take o te faufaa motu, a e rave nei i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū.

Pito, me te tikanga

E whakahaua Studies i roto i te ara, pērā i ki whakamārama i te whāinga, arotake kē, ki te tāutu i ngā ia me te tātari i te āhuatanga, me ka ki te whakawhanake i tētahi whakatau kaupapa here etahi o nga raruraru kāwanatanga. e kore e He hiahia ki te kōrero e pā ana ki ngā uara taketake, Me matou he whakaaro o te meka ki kia uiui e, a mo te tenei ki te pūtaiao tōrangapū. Ko tere te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao tōrangapū ki te whai wāhi ona māngai ake i roto i te kōwhiringa o ngā taumata, te matapaki i te pai unsuitability ranei o nga moni whakatakotoria atu te kōwhiringa, me te ite i te mau hopearaa o whirinoa.

Te nuinga o nga pūnaha tōrangapū hou, me te hītori tika whakarere, ka mawehe atu tetahi o nga wahi tino nui "i te urungi" tohunga highbrow e whakahere ratou mōhiotanga me ngā pūkenga o te ngā o ngā kaupapa here kāwanatanga. Ko te tino pūtaiao, ruruku huarahi pekanga ki te whai huatanga o ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui whakawhanakehia he kore pera roa i mua. e kore Hanganga o te pūtaiao tōrangapū i timata i mua i 1951, ka ko te wā i tapa e te kaimātai hinengaro American me, muri, te pūtaiao tōrangapū Harold Lasswell. Ko reira mai taua wa kua pūtake wāhi takitahi pūtaiao tohunga i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū i roto i te hanganga katoa ki te whakarite kaupapa here tūmatanui. Na ko te tino whai hua mahi tahi whitinga.

Te whakarato o pūtaiao kaupapa here

He aha te ako pūtaiao tōrangapū? tirotiro ratou mea katoa, i runga i te āhuatanga rānei. Kei te tino pai te fakatātaa'i tenei i te whai wāhitanga i roto i te waihanga o ngā rautaki pērā kaupapa rite te tātari pūnaha, kei te whakawhanake i te mahere tuatahi, ka papatono, ka pūtea i tetahi hōtaka ngā kāwanatanga. E te peroo nga rohe i waenganui i ngā pekanga te kaha katoa, me te kaupapa here tino tumanako e hohoro ka ngaro ratou i toe. āhuatanga tēnei akoranga o ngā e te meka e te tukanga tōrangapū i roto i te integrated tono he momo o te matauranga pūtaiao. Pea he tika ratou, a ka e ako ia pūtaiao tōrangapū, ka meinga ratou supradistsiplinoy.

Here e ti'a ia tatou mōhio e kore ko te pūtaiao tōrangapū iho (e ko, pūtaiao tōrangapū nui) tenei, - ko reira atu pea e te whakautu a i roto i te taitara - te tautoko pūtaiao o te rautaki kāwanatanga. Kua tomo te wā ki te whakamahi - tono pūtaiao tōrangapū, he ahua o te paari o te pūtaiao tōrangapū e pā ana ki te ture o te takanga o ngā tītohunga i roto i te mīhini āhua nui. Tenei hononga me ngā tukanga e pā ana ki te ora te whenua o. Applied Tōrangapū Science hoki ara kitenga pukumahi me ngā puka o mahi, te whanaketanga me te whakahaere tikanga i roto i te tukanga tōrangapū, e te reira tiaki o te mahara tōrangapū, me te ahurea.

e kore pea te rohe wahi kihai i kitea taua mea i te whakamahi o te pūtaiao tōrangapū. e kore e taea te mutu te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao tōrangapū, no te mea e hipokina te reira tata katoa mahi a te tangata. pūtaiao tōrangapū rite pūtaiao parakore te ako i te āhua tūturu o te ora tōrangapū o te āhua, engari e hāngai ana te tono i te ako me te matauranga o te tukanga tōrangapū, me te whakawhiti ratou ki te whānui whānui o taea iwi.

Ahanoa me ngā kaupapa

he tika ki te wehewehe i waenganui i mooni whāinga, i te mea motuhake o te kaupapa mohio reira, a ka Akoranga ia te tumu parau, e ko, ako etahi āhuatanga, te kounga, te taha o te ahanoa. Kei te whiriwhiria tonu te kaupapa i roto i te pā ana ki te whāinga me ngā whāinga o te tūhuratanga ngā, me te ahanoa - ko reira he mooni e kore e, tei runga i tetahi mea. Ka taea te rangahau te ahanoa rite nui rite Tikanga maha.

piha Social, hei tauira, ako hinengaro me te pāpori, me te pūtaiao tōrangapū, me etnology, a tae noa te maha o sciences rerekē. Heoi, he ona ake tikanga me ona ake kaupapa o ako ia o ratou i roto i tenei whare. Philosopho o tatou tatarahapa pūtaiao natulá, me te hi'o, tūhura te piha haapiiraa pāpori o nga raruraru tu'uloa o te tangata, ka āwhina i hītori ki te hanga i te fakahokohoko o ngā o te piha haapiiraa pāpori, te taua economists ahu mai i te āhuatanga o ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao o tenei wahi o te hapori. Na whiwhi pūtaiao tōrangapū hou ona mahu'inga tūturu i roto i te ora o te kāwanatanga.

Ko kaitätari tōrangapū e ako i roto i te kaupapa kotahi katoa e pā e te ana ki te kupu "tōrangapū" i roto i te ora o te iwi. (Ko te roa) tenei hanganga tōrangapū, pūtahi, waiaro, pükenga, whanonga, me pera i runga i. tenei katoa tikanga e te ahanoa o ako mo pūtaiao tōrangapū - tōrangapū ao o te hapori, rite te kairangahau e kore e taea e te huri i te reira. e kore e taea e ngā kaupapa rangahau tōrangapū anake kia rerekē, engari te pai kia puta ke te tohu o te ako me te whakatairanga mo te pai (ahakoa i reira he tauira ritenga, ka i ti'aturi rawa i runga i te take tangata te hua, me te whakatakoto i ngā whāinga i tika i roto i te pā ana ki ētahi atu pūnaha tōrangapū, engari te mea he ao pūtaiao -political, tika i raro o reira).

Ko te tikanga me te aronga

Applied Science Tōrangapū - te pūtaiao-taonga, kei te whakamahia i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā wāhi rangahau me ngā tikanga rite ki nga rauemi ngā ki te raupapa. Na roto i te ako etahi kāwai o pūtaiao tōrangapū, hua tangata mana i runga i te akoranga o te whanaketanga o mua o te hapori, tāpiri ki te täoro o tikanga whai hua o te mana, whiwhi tikanga rangahau motuhake. O nga wāhi matua o te rangahau - pūtahi tōrangapū, a ko reira te kāwanatanga me te mana o te tika, rōpū rerekē, nekehanga pāpori, e ko, nga mea katoa o pūtahi tōrangapū ōkawa e kore ranei. He aha Me mohio ki e tenei wā? te reira tetahi te atu rohe kaupapa here ki te huinga o pumau tikanga me ngā ture, te mau parau tumu, me ngā tikanga, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te hononga e taea te hopoia whakaritea ranei.

ka whakaaro Tikanga o Tōrangapū Science, hei tauira, te faanahoraa o te peresideniraa ki te pōtitanga o ona tikanga o tukanga, nga rohe o te mātau, te tikanga tango i tari, a na i runga i. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga nui ko te ako o te tītohu tōrangapū me ngā tukanga, e titiro nga ture whāinga tāutuhia, tātarihia ngā tauira o te whanaketanga o te pūnaha katoa o te hapori, whakawhanakehia ngā rautaki tōrangapū mo te tono mahi o ratou i roto i tenei rohe. Ko te rohe tuatoru tūhura te mahara tōrangapū, hinengaro, me te Māoritanga, te ahurea, whanonga, hihiri, tikanga kōrero me ngā rautaki whakahaere enei ari katoa.

History o Science Tōrangapū

Tuatahi takahi ahuwhānui mōhiotanga e pā ana ki tōrangapū tamata i roto i te tawhito. i mahi ai i te pūtake o tenei ako rite te whakaaro taumauri me matatika te nuinga mana'o. Philosopho o tenei aronga, i hiahia matua kore e te kāwanatanga tūturu, engari tino, te ara i roto i nei kia waiho te reira i roto i to ratou whakaaturanga Aristotle a Plato. I tua atu, i roto i te anotau Middle, i tino ariā fakalotu Western, a na reira kua he ōrite ariā tōrangapū o tikanga, no te mea tetahi whakaaro, tae atu ki te hunga o te āhua tōrangapū, i taea e anake whakawhanake i roto i ngā wāhanga o te tauira minita. kore kua mara o pūtaiao tōrangapū ano whakawhanakehia, me nga hiahiatanga mo tenei ka waiho i te tino roa te wa.

tukinotia whakaaro tōrangapū i rite tetahi o nga wāhi maha o te teolosia, i te mea te mana teitei - te Atua. puta Civic ariā i roto i te whakaaro tōrangapū o anake i roto i te rautau tekau mā whitu, i hoatu he whakanui ki te putanga me te whanaketanga o te tikanga pono motuhake o te ako o ngā tukanga tōrangapū o nāianei. Whakahaerenga o Montesquieu, Locke, ka Burke te pūtake o te tikanga pütahitanga, na whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū tīpakongia hou, ahakoa kahore ano whakawhanakehia ano pūtaiao tōrangapū. ka mau tenei ariā āhua anake i roto i te rau tau rua tekau. Otiia, i roto i te iwa me te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau, ko reira te ako o ngā pūtahi tōrangapū i te hinengaro pai i roto i to ratou mahi. Ko tenei tikanga he he hiahia ki te titiro i roto i te taipitopito atu.

tikanga pütahitanga

Tenei tikanga, kia rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, ka taea e koe te tūhura i te ngā pūtahi tōrangapū: te āhua, ngā whakahaere, rōpū, nekehanga, ngā pūnaha pōti, me te maha atu ngā mana i roto i nga tukanga o te hapori. Ngā wāhanga o Tōrangapū Pūtaiao i roto i tona whanaketanga āta he taea ki te haere tonu akoranga o te mahi waho o āhua me te tukanga kaupapa here-hanga te ao. Institutionalization huaina streamlining, Waeine me te whakaōkawa o whanaunga pāpori i roto i te mara o te ako o te mahi a te tangata. Ko te kupu, te whakamahi i tenei tikanga e riro te reira e ia ite i te wahi nui o te hapori te whaitake o te taua faanahonahoraa pāpori, me e te whakaōkawa ture o whanaunga me te whakatūnga o ngā ture noa ki te katoa o te hapori, me te whakahaere i te ora tūmatanui katoa, kia taea ki te whakarato i te whanonga whakaritea o ngā kaitapere katoa i roto i te pāhekoheko pāpori.

Tenei tikanga, me te neke te tukanga o te institutionalization. Applied Tōrangapū Science e tenei tikanga tirohia pūtahi tōrangapū o ratou ture ture, te whaitake tūmatanui, me te mahitahi. Here e ti'a ia tatou mahara e te ariā o whakaritenga ä he tino hira hoki te whanaketanga o te hapori. Kua riro Tetahi maumaui tikanga pütahitanga tikanga, me te te whakawhitinga ki nga ture hou o te kēmu, kahore mālohi ārahi tika ki pakanga pāpori o rerekē pakeke. I roto i te tono i te tikanga o te rangahau pütahitanga riro kitea rite te pūnaha oti o ngā pūtahi pāpori e whai ratou ake hanganga me ture o te mahi te ao tōrangapū.

tikanga oraraa totiare, tikanga tangata, me te hinengaro

Te tāutu tītohunga conditioning pāpori ka karanga ki te tikanga rangahau oraraa totiare. āhei te reira ki a koutou ite i pai te āhua o te mana ki te whakatau i tona rautaki rite te pāhekoheko o te hapori pāpori nui. Applied Tōrangapū Science fakatahai mo tenei whakaaro, he momo o te pūtaiao tōrangapū pāpori e whai wāhi i roto i te kohinga, me te tātaritanga o te tino meka, e ko, mātai take motuhake. Ko te kupu takoto te turanga mo fale'i tōrangapū, e arotahi ana ki runga ki te whakamahi o te hua i roto i te mahi o te hanga mahere mō te whanaketanga atu o te whakamātautau o te tukanga tōrangapū.

tikanga tikanga tangata o te tātaritanga o te tītohu tōrangapū, ki te whakaaro tatou anake te āhua collectivist o te takitahi. E ai ki a Aristotle, e kore e taea e te tangata e ora anake, motu ke, no te mea ko ia he oranga tōrangapū. Heoi, whakaatu ana te whanaketanga whanaketanga pehea te roa o e hiahia ana koe ki te whakapai ake i te whakahaere pāpori, ki te tae te atamira te wahi e waiho reira taea ki te neke ki te whakahaere tōrangapū o te hapori, te wahi iwi te wa katoa e ngana ana ki te tutakina ratou.

Hihiri me ētahi atu tikanga whanonga whakaaro te kairangahau e whakamahi tikanga rangahau hinengaro. Ka rite ki te ako pūtaiao, ahu tenei tikanga i roto i te rautau tekau mā iwa, Heoi, takoto te pūtake mo ona whakaaro o Confucius, Seneca, Aristotle, ka tautokona e te whakaaro tawhito, pūtaiao o nga wa hou - Rousseau, Hobbes, Machiavelli. Here, te hono tino nui - psychoanalysis, whakawhanakehia e Freud, e rangahau te tukanga mauri e taea whai i te pānga nui i runga i te whanonga o te takitahi, tae atu ki te tōrangapū.

tikanga whakatairite

Whakataurite ranei tikanga whakatairite haere mai i tenei ra i nga wa onamata. whakaritea atu Aristotle a Platon nga tikanga whakahaere tōrangapū rerekē, me te takoto puka matau, me te he o te tufaa, a ka hangaia, i roto i to ratou whakaaro, te ara pai ki te whakaritenga o te raupapa ao. Na te whānui whakamahia te tikanga whakatairite i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū tīpakongia, ara tupu he peka motuhake - tōrangapū whakatairite - a ka he rawa he wāhi motuhake te hanganga whānui o te pūtaiao tōrangapū.

Kei te whakatairite i te ngako o tenei tikanga te ari rerekē, me te rite - tikanga, nekehanga, rōpū, pūnaha tōrangapū ranei ratou whakatau, ara o te whanaketanga, me te pera i runga i. Na e taea ngāwari koe te tautuhi i te ngā, me te whānui i roto i ngā pae ako katoa me tautika aromatawai i te mooni, ka tāutu i ngā tauira, a reira - ki te kitea te rongoā tino tino pai ki ngā raruraru. I muri i te tātari, hei tauira, whenua rerekē e rua rau, a ko te hunga i rite taea o ratou āhuatanga āhuatanga, i te whakarite tīpako āhuatanga rite, me te rerekē katoa tipologiziruyutsya ari rite, te tāututanga o kē taea. A ka taea e tatou te whakamahi i te wheako o ētahi atu āhua i whakawhanake ratou ake. Tauritenga - nga tikanga pai o te whiwhi mātauranga.

Wāhitau kē Science Tōrangapū

hāngai ana tikanga Behavioristic te i runga i te kitenga pono tëtehi. ako tatou i te whanonga pāpori o te takitahi me te rōpū takitahi. Ka whakamahi te reira i tenei matua, ka ako ngā āhuatanga takitahi. E te, e kore e tikanga tōrangapū pāpori whai wāhi i roto i enei akoranga. Kua tēnei tikanga kua whakaaro a ako te whanonga pōti o ngā kaipōti, me te ki te awhina o te hangarau whakawhanakehia pakanga. Ki katoa e te takoha ki te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga tëtehi o rangahau wāhitau kē hanga he nui, engari ano hoki ki te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao tōrangapū tīpakongia, he tino iti te wāhi o te tono o tenei tikanga.

Ko te drawback matua o te wāhitau kē i roto i taua homai reira matua ki te ako o te takitahi, i whakarerea i te hanganga whānui me te taiao pāpori, ngā rōpū atomized takitahi ranei. e kore e tango i tēnei aratuka ki pūkete tetahi tuku iho hītori parau tumu morare ranei. Mea katoa i roto i reira - noa rationality whanau. Ehara i te he kino tenei tikanga. e kore he ao ia. he tika Amerika. Na Russia, hei tauira, e kore e. tangohia Ki te hapori te o pakiaka taiao, i nei tupu tona hītori, i roto i reira i ia takitahi - rite te ngota, mohio ia kotahi anake herenga waho, no te mea te ite i te pēhanga o te tahi atu ngota. whāititanga tūturu i roto i te takitahi taua, e kore, e ia te kore taimaha e tetahi ngā tikanga uara morare ranei. Ko te kaitākaro noa, me te whāinga i ia tetahi tenei - ki te whiua nga ētahi atu.

Poto e pā ana ki maha

tātari Pūnaha, whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū tīpakongia, i whakawhanakehia e te karaipiture o Plato ko Aristotle, tonu Tohu ko Spencer, a oti Easton ko Aramona. Ko te rerekē ki te wāhitau kē tenei, i runga i te ao tōrangapū katoa hei pūnaha whaiaro-ture wāhi, kei nei i roto i te taiao o waho, me te kaha taunekeneke ki reira. Mā te noa ki ngā pūnaha katoa ariā, tauturu te tātari pūnaha streamline te whakaaturanga o te ao tōrangapū, te whakarite ngā kaupapa o te kanorau, ki te hanga i te tauira o te mahi. Na ka puta te ahanoa i raro i ako tinana kotahi he i kore tikanga te moni o nga āhuatanga o ona āhuatanga takitahi nei āhuatanga.

Ko āhua hou tikanga synergetic me te ahu i te pūtaiao taiao. Ko tōna ngako Ko e te hanganga, ngaro maau i roto i te matū me ngā tukanga tinana taea whaiaro whakarite-. Ko te tika uaua, me te wahi nui o te pūtaiao tōrangapū tono, e taea ai hoki te titiro hou e kore anake i te take, me ngā puka o mea tenei, engari ano hoki ki te whiwhi i te māramatanga hou o ngā tukanga hītori i roto i te mau taata pāpori, ōhanga, tōrangapū, me te tahi atu o te mahi a te tangata.

Sociology i mahi tahi ki te pūtaiao tōrangapū hoatu whanau ki te pera-ka karanga ariā o te mahi pāpori. I mua, tirohia ia hapori rite te kotahitanga, engari ahumahi me te pou-ahumahi, a muri hanga he āhuatanga i reira hanga etahi nekehanga pāpori ratou ake hītori, te hanga i te mara raruraru, me te whakarite pakanga pāpori. Ki te mua i reira taea ki te karanga ki te tika i roto i te temepara ranei i roto i te whare, i roto i te āhuatanga nei e kore e tauturu i te reira. Ano, kua haere tata te ariā o te tapu. I roto i to ratou wahi, tupu nga pakanga taketake hei utu o te rangimarie tika nui rawa. Kei te hoko te kaupapa o enei pakanga tōrangapū inaianei e kore te rōpū, e kore akomanga, me nekehanga pāpori.

Kei te whakawhanake pūtaiao tōrangapū ariā tikanga noa mo te ako o te ao tōrangapū tūmatanui. Heoi, ariā katoa hopoia arotahi tonu i runga i ngā mahi mahi, me te e taea i roto i te nuinga o te wā ki te whakaoti ia ratou. Applied Tōrangapū Science tirohia āhuatanga tōrangapū motuhake ia, whiwhi te mōhiohio e tika ana, te whakawhanake matapae tōrangapū, homai tohutohu mahi me te tūtohutanga ki te whakatika i puta raruraru pāpori, me te tōrangapū. Hangaia hoki tenei whakaaro me nga tikanga i runga ake o te rangahau tōrangapū makamaka. pūtaiao tōrangapū tīpakongia e kore whakaahua noa te pūnaha tōrangapū, te ari me te whanaungatanga, tamata i te reira ki te tāutu i ngā tauira, ngā, tātari te whanaketanga o whanaunga pāpori me te mahi o ngā pūtahi tōrangapū. I tua atu, i te reira paturuhia whakarongo ko te ako o ngā āhuatanga faufaa o te ahanoa, ope taumu'a o mahi tōrangapū me te mau parau tumu i i hāngai tenei mahi te.